BHS 150.2 Biochemistry
Notetaker: Laurel Hammang
Date: 02/08/13, 1st hour
Page1
HW #4 distributed
Q1: Receptor mechanism of action for glucagon and insulin. Know mechanisms for final exam.
Q2: Think about glycogen synthetase, glycogen phosphatase, pyruvate kinase, and the effects of high
levels of insulin. Insulin activates a phosphatase, which removes a phosphate group. Activates things to
store glucose. Pyruvate kinase is important to convert it to acetyl coA.
*Remember that adding/removing phosphate only changes activity level of enzymes. Think logically.
*See table at end of homework for summary of pathways
Q3: Early into fasting period. Glucagon levels are starting to increase, and glycogen is starting to be
broken down. Gluconeogenesis isn’t really starting yet because there’s still glycogen available and it’s
less energy intensive to use that as a fuel source first.
Q4: Not quite into starvation mode yet. Gluconeogenesis is really “kicking in” now, and muscles are
being broken down for amino acids, so are lactate and glycerol to make glucose.
*Process of changing between different types of metabolism is a gradual change, none of the pathways
have a definite start/stop point.
*Know which primary sources of energy are used for muscle and brain. What are cells using in each of
the three states? What’s increasing, what’s decreasing?
*Know main enzymes in glycogen
*Know 4 bypass enzymes for gluconeogenesis
*Be familiar with names of enzymes they’re bypassing, too.
REVIEW FOR FINAL
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100 Questions
Saturday at 9 am
Covers pages 201-370
All eye-related things are tested as if it were new material
Aqueous, Trabecular Meshwork (TM), Ciliary Body
Tested as if new material
Substances found in aqueous-what do they mean? What’s their function?
See chart pg 202
Production: pumps and channels
TM-function of structural components (ie what do GAGs do?)
Drugs: alpha-agonists, beta antagonists, etc
Diabetes-related
Lens
Tested as if new material
Proteins: location and function
Metabolism: location, what do pathways provide for the lens?
Accommodation
What are the problems leading to presbyopia?
Treatments (?)
Development: growth factors, Rb protein, changes at equator (differentiation)
Molecular p225-297
Describe processes for replication, transcription, translation
Know major players, basics
Coding vs. template strand
Less ordering of events, comparing processes, more of what is the point of each process?
# of base pairs: characteristics (melting temps, can you id how many base pairs? Etc)
Direction: copied/read? synthesized?
Mutations
Sunlight (XP) and smoking damage: nucleotide excision repair
Regulation of growth: oncogenes, proto-oncogenes
Crystallins, cataracts, diabetes
Tested as if new material
Vitreous
Structural components: functions of
Changes with age and development
diabetes
Function of lactate, ascorbic acid, glucose: what does it mean if any of these are present?
Retina
Rod pathways and connections
Metabolism
Pathways into brain
P and M cells, simple and complex cells
Phototransduction
Neurotransmitters, production
Liver
Glycogen and its structure (alpha 1,4 and 1,6)
major enzymes and regulation
Structure
Insulin and glucogon
Gluconeogenesis
Major enzymes (4)
Regulation against glycolysis
*nothing on the amount of energy needed to make glucose
Integration of Metabolism
See table at end of homework and Questions 2-4
Diabetes-anything eye-related
Low Insulin and high glucose