Erica Baruch
Test 1
CHAPTER 16A
Reconstruction=rebuild the Union after the South’s military defeat – how to move forward
Minimal Reconstruction=quick restoration of the Union with no protection for the freed
slaves beyond the prohibition of slavery
White House
Radical Reconstruction=readmission of the southern states as long as “loyal” men
replaced Confederates in high positions so that blacks would get basic rights / citizenship
Congress
Northern Radical Republicans: radical reconstruction
-Abolitionists – antislavery
-Wanted to remake the south in the image of the north
-Tariffs
-Supported subsidization of railroads
-Wanted to help freedmen get full rights and citizenship because then they would support
the Republicans in gratitude
-Want the Republican Party to remain in control
-Supported political punishment of confederate leaders who stood in the Republicans’
way  want to weaken planter aristocracy
*Still, they are supporters of property rights so they don’t want to seize land
Northern Moderate Democrats and Republicans: speedy / minimal reconstruction because
anything radical would take years to achieve and would be expensive (troops)
-Opposed Lincoln’s plan
-Didn’t want to implement civil and political equality for blacks
-Let southern states back in quickly (leniency)
-Pardon the confederate leaders
-Capitalist
-Limit federal power and government interference with state decisions (so they wouldn’t
have to give the blacks rights)
-Limited support for black suffrage
*Not interested in major changes
Planter Aristocracy: they have to explain to the south why they made such a sacrifice for
nothing so they say it was all for protecting states rights
-Amnesty, pardon confederate leaders
-Blame the war on northern aggression – the south was simply protecting itself
-Want to restore the old south – same wealthy planters in power
-They need cheap labor because they don’t have slaves anymore
-Paternalism=they say that they will help the blacks
Southern Yeoman Farmers: speedy reconstruction because they want the northerners out but
they don’t want the planter class to be back in power
-Want diversified economy and manufacturing because of job opportunities
-They want schools and hospitals
-Give voting rights to selected few who were educated
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Black Freedmen: radical reconstruction because they will only be protected if the troops are in
the south – they are scared of the southern whites
-They want the government to seize the planter class’ land and redistribute to freedmen
-Black suffrage, civil rights, equality of opportunity
-Educational opportunity
Lincoln’s Plan: 10% plan – at the end of the war, troops were already occupying the south
Specifics: as long as 10% of the voting population swears allegiance to the Union, the
entire state can reenter the Union
Objectives: moderate – he just wanted to end the war
*Republicans were a sectional party so Lincoln was trying to get southern support
for his party – gives blacks suffrage, excluding many southern whites
Wade Davis Bill: Congress passed a Reconstruction bill in 1864 – 50% of the voters in a state
must take an oath of loyalty before the restoration process began, the state must pass the 13th
amendment before reentering the Union, and the federal government will repudiate state debt and
declare bankruptcy so the wealthy landowners would lose money
Attack on aristocracy
Did not include black suffrage
Gave federal courts the power to enforce emancipation
Excluded all Confederate leaders
Lincoln’s response: this would nullify his plan  pocket veto=refused to sign this bill
because he did not want to be committed to any single Reconstruction plan
LINCOLN IS ASSASSINATED, VP JOHNSON BECOMES PRESIDENT
Johnson is intolerant of opposition, stubborn, and overly prideful. He is a southern
democrat (Lincoln wanted him to be VP because he wanted to unite the country) but he
hated the aristocracy because he was a yeoman.
Johnson’s Plan: placed southern states under provisional governments lead by southerners who
weren’t pro-Confederacy during the civil war and required states to ratify the 13th amendment
before reentering the union
-Excluded: Confederate leaders and officeholders, anyone who owned taxable property
worth more than $20,000 – kicked out the wealthy planters
-Didn’t care about black suffrage – white supremacist
*Ends up pardoning all of the aristocracy
th
13 Amendment abolished slavery
Southern Reaction: the legislature is still white and racist
Black Codes: subjected former slaves to a variety of regulations and restrictions on their
freedom – excluded from the vote, barred from owning land – forced to work, denied a
free choice of employers, prevented from testifying in court  so similar to slavery
Each state makes their own
Election of ex-Confederates: Johnson pardoned members of the old elite, even though
he was fundamentally against the planter class, so they ended up taking new positions
Radical Republicans are very upset by this
Ku Klux Klan: started off to protect blacks from whites in 1867 but reinvents itself in
the early 20th century as a violent hate group (all races)
Radical Reconstruction – by Congress
Civil Rights Code=to end or override the Black Codes
Johnson vetoes it but Congress overrides the veto – first time
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Freedmen’s Bureau=help freedmen get jobs and start lives
Johnson vetoes it but they override the veto
14th Amendment=federal government has the responsibility to guarantee equal rights
under the law to all Americans
1. National citizenship – everyone born in the U.S. is a citizen
2. If the south doesn’t give voting rights to blacks, their congressional
representation will be reduced  most didn’t
3. Denied federal office to those who supported the Confederacy
4. Repudiated the Confederate debt
Opposition: Johnson thought that it created a centralized government and
denied states the right to manage their own affairs
15th Amendment=denial of franchise because of race, color, or past servitude is illegal
Federal Relief Bill helps blacks that are kicked off plantations and have nothing
First Reconstruction Act: divided the south into 5 military districts to be run by a
general – overrode Johnson’s veto
Tenure of Office Act 1867 – Congress said that the president needs the Senate’s consent
before removing anyone from cabinet (the cabinet was all appointees of Lincoln and they
wanted it to stay that way)
Problem: if you are in charge, you have to be able to fire employees
Purpose: Johnson wanted to fire Edward Stanton, secretary of war, because the
army was in charge of Reconstruction and he wanted to stop Radical
Reconstruction  Johnson fires Stanton because he is in charge and has to be in
control of his branch
Command of the Army Act – Johnson had to give military orders to Grant, couldn’t
give any orders to the officers in the South directly
Grant ignored Johnson’s wishes because republicans hated Johnson and Grant
needed their support in the coming election
Issues that divided Johnson and Congress: they disagreed on what Reconstruction was
supposed to accomplish – he wanted to restore the prewar federal system (without slavery) but
many in Congress wanted to ensure that blacks would no longer be subjugated in the south
First they accuse Johnson of involvement in Lincoln’s assassination but since that is too
far, they accuse him of going against the Tenure of Office Act 
Johnson: the act is unconstitutional because the president can’t have any power in
his branch if he can’t fire his employees
Congress: if the president needs Congress’ approval to appoint people then he
needs their approval to fire, too
How was the trial resolved? The House of Representatives voted for impeachment but could
not convict him of anything  finished his term
??The Impeachment Trial Document
On what issues does the document differ from your text?
What indications are there of bias in the article?
Johnson achievements
Mexico owed France / European countries a lot of money so the French conquered
Mexico, which is against the Monroe Doctrine (the world is closed to colonization – no
European conquest)  Johnson uses the Monroe Doctrine to get France out of Mexico
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Fenians=Irish nationalists who want to invade Canada because they hate the British but
Johnson suppressed them because he doesn’t want problems with the British
Alaska: the United States buys it from Russia (oil)
China: European nations started claiming China (British) but the United States says, for
the first time, that China should keep its integrity
CHAPTER 16B
African-Americans and Reconstruction
Negro Baptist Church=all black churches put emphasis on the Old Testament because
of the slavery and the notion of reward in this world, not just in the next world
Little land ownership: they didn’t get land – in 1850 only 5% of blacks owned land, so
they were dependent upon the whites for work  no political power
Textbook: many did have land – General Sherman issued an order in 1865
that set aside islands and coastal area of Georgia and South Caroline for
black occupancy, Freedman’s Bureau was given control of hundreds of
thousands of acres of abandoned / confiscated land
Northern Economic Conservatism: the Republicans had promised the blacks 40
acres and a mule but they don’t get it because the Republicans valued private
property so they didn’t want to seize southern land and give it to the blacks
Educational improvement: in 1880, 40% of black children were in school and 60% of
white children were in school – the south always lagged behind in public education
Howard, Fisk – black colleges (doesn’t help so much because there are so many
blacks and not enough colleges)
Republican allegiance: because the Radical Republicans are leading Reconstruction
Radical Reconstruction
Southern Response: used violence to intimidate blacks and prevent them from voting
Blacks formed their own militia groups to defend themselves from the mobs and to get
political rights
Ex parte Milligan (1866)=military courts are illegal where civilian courts exist
Coercive reentry=southern states were forced to ratify amendments before reentering the
union – the Radical Republicans were so powerful that they could limit the power of the
federal government
Force Act=it was a federal crime to interfere with the right to vote (outlaws KKK) and
allows the suspension of habeas corpus
Grant’s Platform – Republican
Black suffrage because they will join the Republican Party
Anti “Rose Water” reconstruction: against the soft Reconstruction – Lincoln was
moderate, not radical enough
“Twisting the Lions Tail” = annoying the British to gain the support of the Democratic
Irish (Lion=British symbol)
“Bloody Shirt” – they held up the uniform of the Union soldier to remind the people that
the Republicans won the war for the north and many lives were sacrificed for the Union
*Grant is a war hero
Hard money policy=deflation: McCulloch (secretary of state under Johnson) initiated
the withdrawal of greenbacks – paper money issued during the civil war – from
circulation
4
Proponents: northeasterners (mostly Republicans) because they own the banks
and they will get more out of the debt if it is paid is hard money=gold/silver coins
Opponents: anyone in debt (south/west) – they are the ones paying back and they
will end up paying more if they pay in hard money
Seymour’s Platform – Democrat
Speedy Reconstruction – not radical, soft
Amnesty for the big guys in the south because they are prominent Democrats
Paper money – makes it easier to pay off debt and worse for the creditors=Republicans
Taxes on bonds because northeasterners buy bonds and most of them are Republicans
End Freedmen’s Bureau because it costs a lot of money (Democrats want to lower taxes)
and it encourages support for Republicans
Grant wins because of the electoral votes – popular vote was very close (results were a
distortion) which shows that there was an enormous support for Democrats (many of Grant’s
votes were from blacks)
CHAPTER 16C
Reconstruction and the South
Rise of an independent Black culture: they use songs to tell stories and morals because
many are illiterate (limited education)
New economic structures:
Crop Lien System=blacks borrowed money from a plantation owner and then
paid back with a certain share of their crops
Sharecropping=blacks worked a piece of land for a fixed share of the crop
Good for tenants but bad for workers because when there was a bad crop
they still had to pay up at the end of the season (also bad because they
were used to working through the Gang System=in groups)
Contract labor system=workers committed themselves for a year in return for
fixed wages, a substantial portion of which was withheld until after the harvest
Transformed political structure: the Yeoman – Republicans – control the south and the
blacks go along with them because they share a hatred towards the planter class
Corruption: the Republicans controlled the Senate and the House so there were no
Democrats to watch their every move – they did whatever they wanted
Credit Mobilier Scandal: Credit Mobelier was a construction company that
served as a device for transferring profits that should have gone to the
stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad which received massive federal grants
Whiskey Rig Scandal: federal tax officials had been working with distillers to
cheat the government out of millions of dollars in liquor taxes
*Grant’s administration is one of the worst in history – his cabinet is so corrupt
New infrastructure: the south was devastated by the war because not only was it fought
on southern soil, but during Sherman’s march to the sea they destroyed everything on
their path  they didn’t have money to pay for new railroads (they used wooden
rails=much slower and weaker) so even though there was soaring debt, the Republicans
taxed the south like crazy because they needed to rebuild (also, the south had been under
taxed for years – they had relied on private schools and private hospitals)
Decline of Southern Republicanism: southern Republicans switch to Democratic party because
the democrats promise to lower taxes, promote states rights, etc.
5
The planter class needs the Yeoman to be on their side in order to have any leverage in
government – the Democratic Party is their only option because the Republican Party is
already taken by the west and north – so they play on prejudice (blacks will take your
jobs, mixing of races is bad, etc.)
Decline of Reconstruction
Expensive: reconstruction required the upkeep of a large army in the south so if they
could lower the military expense, they could lower taxes
Death of radical leaders: ideologues are dead  Rise of “Business” Republicanism:
the new generation isn’t as radical – care about tariffs and railroads, not black rights
Increasing Northern prejudice: the north was in favor of free soil but 19 northern states
didn’t allow blacks to vote – it is one thing to talk about blacks in the south but another to
talk about blacks in your own neighborhood
Also increasing racism in the north (late 19th century) because Jews, Poles,
Italians, etc. are coming and working in the factories
Republican loss of control of the House of Representatives: because of economic
depression in 1873 – the Republicans get blamed because they run the government
Supreme Court Opposition – against civil rights acts
1873 Slaughter House Case – narrow reading of the 14th amendment: it applies to
the federal government, not the state government, so the states can decide who
actually gets citizenship
They ignore the blacks because the Supreme Court was filled with
business Republicans
1883 Civil Rights Cases – prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection, public
transportation, and public accommodations
1896 Plessey v. Ferguson – legalizes separate but equal
Social Darwinism: if you are not succeeding, it is you fault – don’t help people who are
suffering because they are fundamentally incapable
Election of 1876: Hayes – Republican, war hero
Tilden – Democrat, governor from New York
Popular vote: Hayes – 4 million, Tilden – 4.3 million
Electoral vote: Tilden needed one more to win and there were 20 votes left – 19
southern - 3 states still run by Republicans (Louisiana, South Carolina, Florida)
and one from Oregon  establish a committee made up of 7 Democrats, 7
Republicans, and 1 Independent, to figure out who gets the votes
The Independent dropped out and was replaced by a Republican so Hayes
won  the Democrats bring government to a standstill until they read the
Compromise of 1877: the Republicans, to ensure the election, secretly
negotiated with southern Democrats who just wanted the federal troops
out of the south *Hayes was planning on removing the troops so he didn’t
actually compromise on anything
END OF RECONSTRUCTION: federal control of the south is over
Wipes out Republicans in the south
Blacks are deprived the right to vote:
Jim Crow Laws=segregation – “separate but equal”
Grandfather Clause=if your grandfather was a slave you can’t vote
Literacy Tests: blacks got a harder test than whites
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How has our attitude toward Reconstruction changed over time and why?
Early 20th century: southerners wanted to know why the south lagged behind in
industrialization  they blamed it on the northern corruption
Carpetbaggers=northern Republicans who came to the south to make money
Scalawags=southerners who supported the Republicans
James Long Street – Robert E Lee’s right hand man – they blamed him for
losing the war because he joined the Republicans after
1920’s: economic interpretation of history – the civil war was because the north was
trying the change the agricultural south, who resisted the change through war
Reconstruction=securing the place for an industrial capitalist America
1950’s: civil rights – physical activism in the south (Montgomery bus boycotts, freedom
riders=white college students tried to get blacks registered to vote, etc.) makes people
understand that there were northern idealists who helped blacks during Reconstruction
Historians: reconstruction was humanitarian and failed because it didn’t go far
enough or long enough
**Historiography depends on time: textbooks – now they are based around cultural
themes and more focused on the average person (social and gender) NOT chronological
and not focused on presidents and kings/queens
CHAPTER 17
Gold Rush: as soon as word reaches that there is gold in California and Colorado, people rush
there  since there are more people in those areas, they need laws and regulations so no one
takes your stuff (protection of mines)  statehood
The West Transformed
Waves of Development: first people in the west were fur trappers because the north was out of
fur so the mountain men went to the west. They were self-sufficient, they found the way to get
around, and they set the stage with the natives there.
Mining Industry: helps fund the civil war
Cattle & Sheep Industry: there were large ranges of land and lots of wild animals so
they just had to brand an animal and feed it on government owned property (good for the
country because of the beef)
Cowboys are not farmers, they live in ranches and raise cows: ride out on the
range and see a cow and brand it so it is yours
Drive System=move to the south during the winter so there is grass for their cows
to eat (Texas to Kansas)
Reasons for decline
Rangewars=wars between cattlemen and shepherds – sheep take food
Barbed wire creates private property and keeps cattle out of land of new
settlers so the cattle drivers run into a dead end – animals can’t eat freely
Bad winter – they lose cattle
Farming
Barbed Wire – farmers don’t have to worry about animals eating their crops
Sod Houses=made out of piled grass and dirt
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Dry Farming=since it was the west, there was less water  planted seeds that
don’t need a lot of moisture
New plow can cover / protect the seeds
They drill deep down for irrigation
Government Role: wanted people to go west because there would be less crowding in the
denser areas and it would produce more resources
Homestead Act 1862 – 160 acres as long as one a pledge to live on the land for 5 years
Didn’t work because the rich get the good land and the homesteaders get
whatever is left over – bad land – and they are poor already so they invest 5 years
to fail
Dawes Act 1887 – Americans are trying to make Indians into white men so they give
them land but they don’t know how / want to farm (and the land is bad)
Railroad Grants – government gives railroads cheap land to build railroads *essential to
farming because they have to transport the crops
Hatch Act 1887 – government set up a series of stations that experimented with different
seeds and taught people about farming *the government wanted to help farmers
Timber and Stone Act 1878 – corrupt: get people to convert different types of land to
farmland  gave them very bad land
Indians in the west: the government had pushed them west and now they want to push them
further into reservations.
They are nomadic – when Americans kill the Indians’ horses it is genocide because they
can’t move around and find food.
The Grange – to break isolation in the west
-Social organization to meet people and improve agriculture – not political
-They don’t want people to be at the mercy of railroads anymore so they end up getting
political to gain control of state governments and to pass laws to regulate railroads
Munn v. Illinois 1887 – property that is vital to public interest (railroad, water) must be
controlled by the public
Wabash Case 1886 – congress declares that the federal government is in control of
interstate commerce  problem when railroads become interstate and not intrastate
Turner Thesis: written because the west shaped American culture by introducing independence
and self reliance – American culture was changing because they were going out and closing the
gap with the other side of the country (California, etc.)
-Western expansion made Americans keep experimenting because when something
didn’t fit they kept going or started over – Americans were unrelenting
-Americans are experimenters: Mormons go west and cultivate the desert of Utah
Referendum=state legislatures ask people to vote for decisions so that it is fair
Recall=vote to recall a government official before the term is up
American Exceptionalism
1. Individuality – self reliance
2. Religion – many are religious, chosen people
3. Patriotism
Europeans are less nationalistic because of the European Union – they don’t
control their own borders or currency
Manifest Destiny=Americans are destined to expand
8
-When the U.S. was busy filling in the Midwest, Europe was being imperialistic  it
looks like now America will do the same because they have the Spanish American War
(Puerto Rico, Philippines)
-Most say that the rich went west because they could afford to live off of savings for the
first year, while they got started, but Turner says that the poor went west to get away
-Turner thinks that women’s suffrage started in the west, most disagree
-In the west they started going against the monopolies – get rid of state legislatures
electing senators for them = referendum
America was able to grow up because they had this huge open area to experiment and learn
CHAPTER 18
Contributing Factors to Industrial Development
Civil War Catalyst – usually war is bad but the civil war helps industrialization because
they needed supplies for the war
Population Growth – population grew 200% from 1865 to 1900
-Natural
-Immigration: propaganda – educated people on the economic potential here
getting here didn’t cost a lot because the U.S. exported grain and
cotton, which were cheap raw materials but very bulky so they
needed huge ships  lots of room for passengers and the ship has
to get back anyways
Labor Location – coastland because easiest for immigrants to get there
Capital – Europeans invest in industry (1/3 is European owned) because they see that
after the Civil War, America is done with internal fighting so they attract foreign capital
Government Support – protective tariffs, give land to develop railroads
*Government is pro business so they don’t restrict monopolies
Peaceful Foreign Policy – no big wars
Technological Innovation – change things so they work more efficiently
Refrigerated train – ship perishable goods
Industrial Society
Workers had long hours, low wages, and very few vacations. Work was tiring and dangerous –
thousands of workers were injured or got sick. In 1900, 20% of women above the age of 16 were
employed and 1.8 million children were employed.
Industrial Transformation
Cornelius Vanderbilt: he on Staten Island and smuggled fruit for the British during the
War of 1812 – he invested the money he made in steamboats and had a monopoly. He
then sold the boats and bought railroads.
Created the first Railroad Network – faster, more convenient
Helps iron/steal industry and employed unskilled immigrants
Andrew Carnegie: poor immigrant from Scotland – rose in the steel business
Vertical Integration=one person owns companies in a supply chain – each
member of the supply chain produces a different product and the products
combine to satisfy a common need  cut out middleman and bought a company
for each thing he needed so he doesn’t have to pay anyone else
*Huge philanthropist
John Rockefeller: made money in oil
9
Horizontal Trust=don’t have to control every element just one step along the
way so he could set the price – owned 85% of all oil in the U.S. at one point
Pools=agreement between 2 distributors of the same item to sell in separate places
BUT not legally binding
Holding Companies=companies that exist only to control other companies
J.P. Morgan: born rich, good with bargains – in 1859 he brought every rifle from the
government at $3 and sol them back at the civil war for $22
??Finance capitalism
T. Edison: physically inventive – gave inventions practical uses
James Hill
A. Bell – created the first telephone
Wage Earners and the rest of society
Wage disparities – white, skilled, American males get paid more than unskilled, blacks,
women, and immigrants
Job security – because there were so many people who needed jobs, bosses could fire
their workers freely (always another person who needs the job)
Tenuous existence, hard to survive
Workers Recourse
Problems of unionization
-In big companies, the union can’t get to the boss
-Unions seemed foreign or radical
-The labor force was too diverse in craft, ethnicity, etc.
-The labor force was too dispersed to unify, people were too individualistic
-Goals were too short-term
-Disagreements on what a union should represent: mechanization, capitalism, etc.
National Labor Platform – begins in 1866, more idealistic: get paid with goods instead
of script, favored women’s rights and temperance *broad issues
Craft Union=everyone had the same skill
Reason for failure: depression in the 1870s (explosion of supply of labor so the
bosses can choose who gets a job)
Molly McGuire’s – a secret union of coal miners, mostly Irish, that sabotaged mines and
destroyed equipment
Knights of Labor=union founded in 1869 by Uriah S. Stephens and a group of garment
workers as a secret because you have to get a lot of members before making a fuss so the
bosses can’t fire the strikers (since there are so many). They had a broad agenda and
included everyone, regardless of gender, color, ethnicity, and even let employers join.
Arbitration=impartial 3rd party listens to both sides and then chooses a side
Mediation=impartial 3rd party listens to both sides and chooses a side BUT the
decision is not legally binding
Platform: eight-hour day, abolition of child labor, arbitration over strike because
they believed that employers and workers had similar interests  management
didn’t want arbitration so they turn into a regular union and go on strike
1886: 350,000 workers go on strike against railroads and the government
intervened on the side of management because unions were radical
Reasons for failure: lack of backing from political parties, issues were too broad
and varied so couldn’t work together, spectrum of people was too broad (age,
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gender, skills, race) so couldn’t help everyone, co-opt leadership=management
took union leaders and gave them positions so they would leave the unions
Hay Market Riot 1886 – union rally in Chicago where a bomb went off. They blamed it
on the rioters and unions lost a lot of support BUT later they found out that it was the
Chicago Police who bombed the riot.
AFL=American Federation of Labor: founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886 as a loose,
non-political, alliance of national craft unions that organized skilled workers so each
group had common goals
They worked for practical objectives – (didn’t try to make workers their owns
bosses) they embraced capitalism (government doesn’t have to control
everything) and tried to make the lives of workers better through higher wages,
shorter hours, and better working conditions
Closed Shop=once a business in unionized, all new workers have to be
union workers to that the management has to listen to the union
Eugene Debs (union leader) had been involved in the Pullman Strike of 1894. When the
federal government ordered the strikers to go back to work (too violent), Debs refused to
end the strike and was accused of contempt of court
The question at hand was does the federal government have the right to end a
strike – In re Debs 1895 = the government has the right to “ensure the general
welfare of the public” so they can stop a strike  favors business, anti-union
Lochner v. NY 1905 – Lochner tried to limit bakery workers to a 60 hour week and 10
hour day because the job was dangerous and hard  court decided that the state can’t get
involved in management
*Wages did go up – 50% in 35 years – not so much
*Hours did go down – work day in 1816=11 hours, 1880=10 hour work day
*The Supreme Court and government are so powerful and always beat the unions
CHAPTER 19
Urban Society
Transformation of immigration
New “Push Factors” – Italians came to America because there was a fear of
cholera in Italy
New “Pull Factors”
Ethnicity and skills of the new immigrants
Lure of the cities
New factors
Economic
Physical
Cultural
America’s response and the rise of Nativism=keep foreigners out because they take jobs,
drive down wages, crowd cities, etc.
Racism – immigrants are different (look different, speak differently)
Social Darwinism=if you are not succeeding, it is you fault – don’t help people
who are suffering because they are fundamentally incapable
Religious intolerance – don’t like other religions
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Radicalism – don’t want foreigners who will bring in radical ideologies from
Europe like socialism
Health – Americans think that foreigners bring diseases
The new immigration policies
1882 banning of indigents and criminals – don’t want poor people or bad people
1882 Chinese exclusion – racist
1894 Limits S & E European immigration – racist towards Poles, Italians, Jews
1908 Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan – “trick” them into limiting immigration
1917 Literacy requirement – don’t want uneducated people
Lower East Side: filled with Jews and Italian, the cities become isolated from the rest of
the country because they are filled with immigrants. The signs are in different languages,
they get paid different wages, etc.
CHAPTER 20A
Gilded Age 1877-1900 (gilded=looks nice on the surface)
Ironically near parity of political parties: even though it seemed like the Republicans
dominated, they didn’t because Grover Cleveland was president twice and the Democrats
had control in Congress
Resurgent Southern Democrats because they are more anti-black – when the
troops leave the south, Jim Crow laws are introduced (literacy tests, grandfather
clause) and the blacks are economically (and therefore politically because they
would lose their job if they went to vote) dependant on whites
Williams v. Mississippi – literacy tests are allowed
*Both Congress and the South are losing interest in blacks
Democratic strength in rapidly Urbanizing America – massive immigration
(immigrants always vote Democrat) and cities vote Democrat, too
Philosophical appeal of Decentralization – Democrats believe in states power
while Republicans believe in a strong central government
Role of “Swing States”=states that sometimes vote Democrat and sometimes
vote Republican – both parties would try to get their presidential candidate from a
swing state so that state would vote for their party
Ex – New York: upstate-urban=Republican, downstate-suburb=Democrat
Political characteristics of the Age – business stands out more than politics
Bossism=political system where the votes of a party are controlled by the “boss”
or leader of the party or organization
Special Interest Senators
In Congress, the Speaker of the House was more important than the President
Similarity of Parties – big business
Pro tariff
Laissez Faire
Anti-Union
Anti-Women’s Suffrage
Mostly hard money
Leadership often from corporate world i.e. S. Tilden – Corporate lawyer
Marginal Republican dominance
12
Patronage=republicans appoint people who support their party to
government jobs, even if they aren’t the best person for the job
Bloody Shirt=republican candidates were Union generals – becomes less
and less prominent in this time
Hayes Administration
Bland-Allison Act – to get support in the west: mild inflation so the western farmers are
happy but the banks don’t get too upset
*Hayes wanted to address the patronage issue but other republicans get upset so he
doesn’t run in the next election
Garfield (and C. Arthur) Administration
Stalwart=anti-change  Arthur
Half Breed=middle ground  Garfield
Mugwamp=pro-change
GARFIELD IS ASSASSINATED 80 DAYS LATER – CHESTER A. ARTHUR TAKES OVER
Arthur Administration
Pendleton Act 1883 – federal jobs require testing
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 – Arthur vetoes it
They hate foreigners so much that they override the veto and it gets passed
Steel Navy – the steel industry had been selling to railroads but they ended up with extra
steel so the federal government buys it and builds a steel navy (they didn’t need it, just to
payoff industry)
Election of 1884 – Arthur doesn’t run since the republicans are mad at him for the Pendleton Act
and the Republicans nominate James Blaine but Arthur doesn’t support him and he is accused of
corruption since he is rich but never had a job
The Republicans call the Democrats a party of “Rum Romanism & Rebellion”
Rum=not pro-temperance
Romanism=Roman Catholic
Rebellion=party of Confederates
Upsets so many people that Cleveland wins
[Also, there was a huge rainstorm in upstate New York so the Republicans there
couldn’t go to vote  New York went to the Democrats]
Cleveland Administration – Democratic conservative
Repeals tenure of office act
Reclaims land for unfulfilled railroad contracts – alienates wealthy groups
Pension Grab=army veterans who fought for Union in the civil war want a pension
increase but most of the veterans voted republican so Cleveland didn’t want to
Also, Cleveland’s supporters were southern Democrats who didn’t get pension for
fighting for the Confederacy
Interstate Commerce Act 1887 – seeks to gain control of business: outlaws pooling,
rebates, and regulates railroads
Tariff conflict – Cleveland wanted to lower the tariffs, which is anti-Democrat
Election of 1888 – Harrison and Cleveland
Murchison Letter – said that England would favor Cleveland over Harrison
Irish hate England so they vote Republican and Harrison wins
Harrison Administration
13
Reign of Czar Reed – Thomas Reed increased the power of speaker of the house
Disability Pension Act – big bonus is given to Union veterans  excuse to raise tariffs
Sherman Silver Purchase Act – inflationary
McKinley Tariff – very high tariff  harder to get cheap goods
Sherman Anti-Trust Act – American industry was dominated by monopolies so this act
tried to restrain trust and limit monopolies *passed one vote short of unanimous
E.C.Knight 1895 Case – limits power of Unions
CHAPTER 20B
Farmer’s Alliance – people in the west had concerns so they organized under this alliance
Ocala Platform 1890 (objectives)
Government ownership of communication / transportation – concern because
the west has few railroads so monopolies hurt them more
Free coinage – farmers are in debt so they want to increase money
produced=inflation so that they will be in a better position to pay off debt
Agricultural Sub-Treasury: for people who plant the same crop, the farmers
alliance will take a certain amount of the total crop (everyone’s together) and
store it, and ship it out slowly  won’t be as big of a demand for trains so the fee
for railroads won’t go up since the need for trains won’t be as crazy
The farmers pay back the government with interest so the government
makes money but the farmers are fine because railroad prices are stable
Governmental postal savings – people deposited money into postal banks
because they seemed more reliable and trustworthy since the U.S. government
backed the deposits of these banks
Direct election of Senators – they found that senators kept voting to keep
railroads, which is not in the best interest of the people
Secret Ballot – [Australia is the first to have secret ballots] weakens the power of
political bosses because they can’t hide
Initiative and referendum – government leaves issues up to the public
Methodology: they hoped to get the Democrats to adopt their policy but they were too
dependent on big business and industry
Populist Party – 1892 the Farmer’s Alliance forms the party and runs in the presidential election
(not enough electoral votes to win the election – only get south and west)
Income tax: supported by average person because it only applies to certain people
Low-tariff=cheaper goods since factory owners need to compete with foreign markets
since there is no protective tariff to ensure that people buy from U.S. industries (if the
goods are expensive then people will buy foreign goods) appeals to southern exporters
Reasons for Populist failure in 1892 – they only get 4 states
-Corruption
-Southern loyalty to Democrats because they don’t want to risk it all on a new
candidate – populists don’t get the support they expected
-Populists want to bring together all poor people but the blacks and whites don’t
want to join together
-Eastern suspicion of platform: thought it was only benefiting the west
??-Changing nature of farming
-Alienation of immigrants: populists were viewed as anti-immigrant
14
Changing attitudes of unions: unions are frustrated and losing support because
strikes are seen as violent and radical
Significance of Populist and third parties in general
Helped Cleveland get elected – populists take votes from Rocky Mountains away from
the Republicans (Harrison is very unpopular)
Introduced new issues to the national political/ social discourse
Wizard of Oz as an allegory
Yellow brick road=to where president is hiding
Procession=Coxey’s army
Emerald City=Washington D.C.
Gray Kansas=farmer’s is desperate
Munchkins=eastern workers
Tinman=northern workers
Scarecrow=farmer
Dorothy=hope
Good witch=west
Bad witch=eastern bankers
Monkeys=Indians
Populist Cartoon – both parties are bad and corrupt, Jews on wall street taking money,
crucifying Uncle Sam
Cleveland administration
Homestead Strike 1892 – an organized strike by the AA Union (iron workers) against
Carnegie Steel  caused a big step back for unions
Depression of 1893 – because of too much investment in Argentina, which doesn’t
produce, so they sold the stocks and the American market collapses
Cleveland walks into the strikes so people don’t like him
Pullman Strike 1893 – railroad strike: Cleveland puts it down with troops (in re debs)
Coxey’s Army – march into Washington because they have no jobs and they want the
government to give them jobs, but they get arrested for walking on the grass
Repeal of Silver Purchase Act – Cleveland thinks that the reason the economy collapsed
is because they had 2 types of coins so he stops minting silver coins  everyone rushes
to trade silver for gold so gold depletes and Cleveland has to borrow from J.P. Morgan
Wilson Gorman Tariff: income tax in order to raise money (^) – slight lowering of tariff
(lower than McKinley tariff) but ??log rolled=trade votes for income tax
Declared unconstitutional because it is on individuals  16th amendment=can
set head tax on only some people (income tax)
Mid-term election disaster of 1894 – Democrats lose votes all over
CHAPTER 20C
Cross of Gold Speech: given by William Jennings Bryan (important religious figure) – he
wasn’t expected to get the Democratic nomination but this made him get it
*Cross of gold refers to the crucifixion of Christ – reliance on hard money is murdering the U.S.
*Bryan is a man of the people (Jefferson, Jackson)
Purpose: get the Democrats against hard money and to rally people behind bimetallism
(populist idea-don’t rely on gold current/don’t take out silver  use both)
15
Main idea: things have gotten so bad and the solution to the depression in to supplement
gold with silver (anti-repeal of silver purchase act, pro-free coinage)
Gold current is so bad for the common people
Main Issues:
-There shouldn’t be such a huge gap between classes (workers should have as
much say in these issues as the wealthy people/businessmen) or regions (the
farmers went out and braved the west)
-The government should worry about everyone, not just big businessmen
-He is more concerned with the people than the banks
-Steals the income tax from the Populist Party ***most of the time with 3rd
parties in American politics one of the other 2 parties takes their ideas so they can
get back some supporters
-He is against the tenure of office act because Republicans are corrupt and they
get into office and no one makes them leave
-He suggests inflation
-He says we have to protect the people who have loaned money because if we
don’t, they will never lend money again
-The tariff issue is bad but the gold issue affects, and is troubling, everyone
“Trickle down economics” = if big businesses do well then everyone does 
wrong because the success doesn’t translate to workers
-The cities can recover from destruction but the farms can’t
-The cities will collapse without the farms
??Timeliness:
Bryan vs. McKinley 1896
Nature of campaign – Bryan’s campaign appeals to the poor and south/west
Democrats raised $500,000
Republicans raised and spent $150,000,000  the big businesses because they
hated what Bryan was preaching so they overly supported Bryan
Consequences – McKinley won since he got the northeast – has the most electoral votes
McKinley Presidency
Dingley Tariff – raised taxes (counteracted Wilson Gorman Tarrif, which lowered taxes)
CHAPTER 21A
Post Civil War Foreign Expansionism – the US barely engaged in expansion
Alaska 1867 – in 1865 Russia offered it to the US (we had good relations with them)
because Russia and England were on the verge of war and Russia was worried that
England would take Alaska
They offered it for 7 million but Alaska didn’t seem like it had much to offer so
Congress didn’t want it  Russia bribed Congress for 200,000 so the US ends up
paying 7.2 million dollars
Santo Domingo 1867 – Grant wanted it because they could put free blacks there (during
Reconstruction) and its president was corrupt and wanted to sell it
Americans didn’t like it so we don’t get it and it remains independent
Samoa – everyone was interested in Samoa so nothing happens (Hayes presidency)
16
South America & reciprocity – during Harrison administration, James Blaine (secretary
of state) wanted a tariff union with South America (they sell US raw materials and US
gives them manufactured goods) but South American states didn’t like it so it fell apart
Cleveland
Samoa – always goes to war with Germany over it because he was looking to
distract American attention from the depression
Venezuela – had poorly defined border with British Guiana and the US wanted
the British to read a settlement with Venezuela but the British refused so
Cleveland tries to get permission for international mediation  British don’t want
a fight with US because they are having issues with Africa and Europe so they
reach an agreement and settle the border
Hawaii – its biggest export was sugar, in 1890 the US increased tariffs and
Hawaii doesn’t want to compete with them so they overthrow the government and
apply to join the US
Restraints on Expansionism – until 1890, US wasn’t into expansion as much as other countries
Isolationism – by nature the US is isolationist
Racism – they don’t want non-white, non-Protestant people
Naval Requirements – navy isn’t big enough right now
Internal development preoccupation – they wanted to develop themself first
Periodic economic distraction – expansion was expensive
Violation of self-determination – Americans believed in national autonomy
Expansionism Embraced
Social Darwinism – the US is the most fit so they have the right to expand
Closing of frontier – they need somewhere else to expand (west is filled in)
Search for markets – in Europe the tariffs are too high so they need somewhere else to
sell grains, etc.
Fear of European intervention – the US didn’t want Europe to start taking over this
part of the world so they had to beat them to it
National self-image – wanted US to have an image in the world (have flag everywhere)
Alfred T. Mahan – taught at a naval academy and said that the key to success was navy
so the US had to build a navy
Also said that the US produced too much so they needed new markets to sell the
excess to – markets overseas, which will require fleets, which will require naval
protection  need big, strong, navy with strategic bases
3 keys: 1) protect coast and fleet 2) naval force – offensive power 3) keep
Europe away (not within 3,000 miles of San Francisco)
Josiah Strong and the missionary impulse: believed in spreading Anglo-Saxon rule,
wanted to expand American trade, expand the Christian religion to save people in the
Caribbean, Pacific, Asia, Africa, etc.
CHAPTER 21B
Sources of the Spanish American War 1898 – US was interested in Cuba for a while
Wilson-Gorman Tariff – raised tariff on sugar and tobacco, which hurt the Cuban
economy and reignites a revolution in Cuba (so close to Florida)
Yellow Journalism=news that was just to sell – made things up so that people would be
interested and buy the newspaper (meant to incite interest)
17
“Butcher Weyler” – Spanish commander in Cuba that yellow journalism used to
make Americans sympathize with Cubans
Imperialism – US is constantly interested in Cuba, even from before Grant
Humanitarianism – Americans claimed that they weren’t happy with the way people
were being treated and they were getting the Spanish out to help Cuba
Teller Amendment=if the US wins the war, Cuba will gain independence
Dupuy De Lome Letter=Spanish diplomat badmouthed McKinley (current president)
Before the war, McKinley was against the war – gave pretext for war
Economic Investments=failing plantations in Spain were American-owned
Also, economic investments were jeopardized by the revolution
Sinking of the Maine – Maine=US warship that was sent to protect Americans in Cuba
Blown up in Havana Harbor – it was actually an accident but the newspapers blew
it out of proportion in order to blame Spain and go to war
*Spain was so desperate to not go to war that they agreed to international
arbitration (2 days before declaration) but the US ignored the proposition
Spanish American War
Mobilization disaster – the US wasn’t prepared for war so they sent a tiny army and
volunteers to Florida to wait for ships before going into Cuba
Manila Bay: before the war the American Pacific Fleet was in Hong Kong under TR so
Admiral Dewey goes to the Philippines – Manila Bay  US easily defeats the Spanish
and takes control of the Philippines
TR resigns from secretary of navy and forms the Rough Riders – volunteers
San Juan Hill: US goes to Santiago=Spanish naval base – the US fleet is outside the port
and can’t go in because the entrance is blocked by the port so they try to gain hills that
surround Santiago to crush the Spanish
US moves to hills and TR and his Rough Riders charge up San Juan Hill –
Spanish are well fortified on hills but TR and Rough Riders are saved by Buffalo
Soldiers that put down covering fire so they are able to take hill
SPAIN SURRENDERS
Treaty of Paris – US takes Puerto Rico and Guam, buys Philippines for $20 million
US grants Cuba eventual independence – not as humanitarian as promised
Anti-Imperialists League
W.J. Bryan – against it during his presidential campaign
Booker T. Washington – civil rights leader: shouldn’t take on other people’s problems
since we haven’t solved our own
Mark Twain, Jane Adams – imperialism contradicted US ideals: we bullied Spain and
took advantage of them
Carnegie – offered to buy Philippines independence because he was so against it
Governing an Empire – people were mad because revolutionists governed most of the islands
Phillipino Insurrection – revolt against the US led by Emilio Aguinaldo
More deadly than Spanish American war – longer (3 years), lost more men, cost
more (400 million to conquer Philippines)
Tydings McDuffie Act 1934 – US agrees to Philippines independence within 10 years
Don’t actually grant independence because of WWII – Japanese conquered the
Philippines in 1941 (gained independence after WWII)
18
Platt Amendment 1900 – if Cuba is given independence, they cant make treaties that
threaten the US, the US will monitor their economy, the US reserves the right to
intervene if revolt arises, and the US keeps Guantanamo (helps lead to Panama Canal)
Foraker Act 1900 – shows the US is imperialistic: the US will run Puerto Rico directly
and it won’t be incorporated (US will choose a governor – not elected)
Constitution doesn’t follow flag=just because the US conquers territory doesn’t
mean its people get automatic citizen rights
Insular Cases: De Lima v. Bidwell 1901 – every area that the US acquires is not
required to get equal privileges
China – everyone had part of the Chinese Coast
Boxer Rebellion – nationalist rebellion in China (tried to get rid of all the foreigners) that
the US helps to put down *they get involved even though they say that no one should be
taking parts of China
Open Door Policy=everyone should have equal access to China – equal trade
CHAPTER 22A
Progressivism (east)=new wave of reformers: optimistic, things can improve, Hamiltonian – the
government can solve problems (strong federal government) and should control monopolies, etc.
Compared to Populists (west) – agree on income tax and faith in the people to back
government but populists are more pessimistic
Leadership – law, medicine, business, religion, education, social work (worked their way up)
Progressive presidents=TR, Taft, Wilson
Agenda
Unequal wealth: wealth distribution was unequal between the rich and poor
Business abuses
Child labor: opposed by unions – take jobs from people, opposed by parents –
don’t want their children working, opposed by progressives – want children going
to school and sending them to work was wasting resources
Industrial Accidents – management didn’t care about accidents so progressives
used this to rally people
Gender issues – rally people by working specifications or hours
Urban reform
City Commissioners – Galveston, Texas was wiped out by a hurricane and was
rebuilt by city commissioners  progressives emphasized education and
specialization (engineers, architects, etc.)
Model Cities – zoning: separate areas for industrial, commercial, and residential
City Managers – had skills from school, knew how to run the city
State Reform
Robert Lafollete Wisconsin experiment – direct elections of senators, state
commissioners, limits on corporation’s donation to campaigns, state income tax,
initiative and referendum
Muller v. Oregon 1908 “Brandeis Brief’ – a law to limit the working hours
of women was shot down but upheld anyways
Louis Brandeis was the lawyer for Oregon and he used statistics to
prove that for society to benefit, women need to work less
First time statistics were used as evidence
19
Women’s Suffrage
Southern democrats were against it because they thought women would support abolition
and were too softhearted, liquor companies were against it because women were big
supporters of temperance so would vote for prohibition
Minor v. Happersett 1874 – addressed 14th amendment because women said that
since they were citizens they should be able to vote
Decision: just because some one is a citizen, doesn’t mean they get the
right to vote automatically – give the right to vote state by state
National American Women’s Suffrage Association, Carrie Chapman Catt –
believed in peaceful lobbying to win the vote, political
National Woman’s Party, Alice Paul – more active, less political
Prohibition – by 1913 a quarter of the states had prohibited the sale of alcohol (mostly
south and west because of Christian fundamentalism, etc.)
Webb-Kenyon Act=prohibited sale of alcohol during the war  people saw that
they could live without it  18th amendment (not as opposed)
18th Amendment 1919 – prohibits sale of alcohol
By the end of WWI, the liquor industry is weak because the US stopped
producing whiskey since they needed the grain to produce food for the
allied soldiers, and women got the vote so prohibition was pushed through
Civil Rights
Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 – create separate but equal doctrine
Jim Crow Laws – strips away black rights and voting declines
National Association of Colored People (NAACP) 1910 W.E.B. Dubois –
supported by white liberals (Jane Adams, John Dewey)
Leo Frank – hanged for rape of a factory worker, later proved he didn’t do it
Anti-Defamation League=Jews came together to prevent offense
Muckrakers – show what is bad, spread progressivism, encouraged people to vote
Ida Tarbell – History of Standard Oil: her father was in oil but was wiped out by
Rockefeller so she wrote articles accusing illegal activities in the oil business that killed
competition  Rockefellar sued her but he lost because she used statistics
Lincol Steffens – Shame of the Cities: shows corruption in cities around the country
David G. Phillips – Treason of the Senate: shows the Senate is a millionaires club
Gustavus Myers – History of the Great American Fortune: shows how iconic Americans
were actually not that legal
Upton Sinclair (not a muckraker – socialist and novelist) – The Jungle: tried to make
people sympathize with the common man, but it just brought attention the issues in the
meat industry (didn’t make people socialist)
Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives: he was a photographer so he filled his book with
pictures of how immigrants lived  bad living conditions, worked at home, congested
schools, children working, dumbbell apartments (close together, congested)
CHAPTER 22B
New Industrialism
Transformation of Business Organization – new technologies produce more goods so
prices of mass produced products go down
Advantages of consolidation
20
Finance Capitalism=profits are made from buying, selling, or investing in bonds
and stocks
Implications of consolidation – bad for customers because they have fewer choices and
prices are higher
Public Relations – sought to make the image of business better
Millionaires donated to public causes so they would look better
Ford motor company and the new industrialism – assembly line helped increase
production BUT made workers prone to injury because doing the same thing daily
Frederick Winslow Taylor – efficiency expert: broke jobs down into simplest
parts and tried to maximize output (reduced man to a machine)
Five dollar a day wages – Ford’s way of dealing with unions: makes people not
join unions and if he found that some one did join one he fired them and easily
replaced them  he hated unions so much that he would rather pay more to keep
his flexibility (even hired gangsters to beat up union members)
Workers recourse
AFL – labor union that worked for practical objectives and accepted alliance of
National craft unions that organized skilled workers so each group had
common goals – make the lives of workers better
WWW Wobblies=international workers union – very radical
Management Response
Amoskeag paternalism – treated workers like children
Benefits – arranged for cheap loans, visiting nurses, playgrounds, dental plans
Lochner v NY 1905 – tried to limit hours of bakery workers because the job was
dangerous  court decided that the state can’t get involved in management
Hatters Case 1908 (Loewe v. Lawlor) – the Supreme Court ruled that the boycott
of a non-unionized hat company violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act  big
setback for labor movement
CHAPTER 23A
Theodore Roosevelt – youngest president, becomes president after McKinley is assassinated,
believes in improvement and change (progressivism), war hero, governor of NY (regulated bank
and electric industries so they hated him – wanted him to be VP so he wouldn’t bother them)
The Square Deal – conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer
protection (and equal opportunity for everyone)
Northern Securities Case 1902 – TR makes the attorney general attorney block railroads
form joining together because they would’ve made a large monopoly of railroads
Uses Sherman Antitrust Act to defeat the trust  known as the trustbuster
because he prosecutes 25 of 44 trusts in the next 7 years
Coal Miners Strike – TR made management talk to unions when workers go on strike so
they worked out a compromise with a 10% wage increase and a 9-hour day
National Committee On Conservation – TR triples the amount of land set aside for
national parks (influenced by John Miur, big on conservation)
National Park Policy: national parks bring tourism and preserve biological
diversity – microorganisms in Yellowstone, bark of yew tree in Olympia, etc.
National Reclamation Act – attempts to preserve parks
21
Pure Food and Drug Act – made sure Coca Cola didn’t have cocaine in it and made
sure that there was a medical advantage to products
Meat Inspection Act – response to The Jungle
Elkins Act – outlawed rebates=forcing some one to give back money based on what
another person is doing (railroads and oil companies did this)
Hepburn Act – strengthened ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission): regulated
business and demanded a uniform book keeping so it would be easier to find cheaters
Roosevelt and People of Color – last president to reach out to the black community
He supported the NAACP – more proactive in terms of using courts (Brown c.
Board of Ed – overturned separate but equal)
Not Booker T. Washington: turn the other check and help yourself
William Howard Taft – wanted to be on the Supreme Court (only president to be on the
Supreme Court) but was pushed into the presidency (not a politician) because TR likes him
Division with Progressives – fails to prevent a high tariff
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair: Pinchot (chief forester, friend of TR) claimed that
Ballinger (secretary of interior) sold nationally protected land
Taft supported Ballinger  he loses TR’s friends and supporters of
conservation
Uncle Joe Cannon: Joe Canon was the speaker of the house so he got to appoint
people to committees and decided who gets to speak
Liberals wanted to weaken his power but Taft did nothing to weaken him
 alienated reformers
Division with Conservatives
16th Amendment – income tax
17th Amendment – direct election of senators
Anti-trust suits – busted 43 trusts (more than TR)
Alienated wealthy republicans because he thought all trusts were bad
Mann-Elkins Act 1910 – all means of communication were placed under the ICC
Offended wealthy corporation owners
Conservation: he set aside almost as much land for conservation as TR did
Federal Children’s Bureau: regulated working for children
8 Hour work-day for federal government – sets a standard for other industries
CHAPTER 23B
Election of 1912 – TR wants to run to save his party but the conservatives preferred Taft to TR
because TR was even more progressive so they support him. Wilson (Democrat) wins –first
Democratic president since Cleveland, first southern president since Zachary Tyler.
T. R. – New Nationalism=third party: an efficient government that could protect
workers, women, and children (common man)
National Activism
Strong Executive – powerful president and strong federal government
Planned economy
W. H. Taft: by prosecuting 43 trusts, he alienates the wealthy republicans
Eugene V. Debs – Socialist candidate
Woodrow Wilson – New Freedom=emphasized business competition, small
government, and free economy (not planned like TR)
22
Limit Federal authority – states rights, only use federal government for taking
away special privileges and restoring competition
Significance of results – the Democrats got the presidency and control of both houses
Wilson gets 6 million votes, TR gets 4 million votes, Taft gets 3 million votes,
and Debs gets 1 million votes
Clearly people wanted change because Wilson, Debs, and TR all want change
and combined, they get 11 million votes
If the Republicans hadn’t been divided between TR and Taft they would have
won because combined they got 7 million votes – greater than Wilson’s 6 million
[Side note on progressives: the textbook thinks that Taft doesn’t go far enough
Wilson Presidency
Underwood Tariff 1913: classic Democratic tariff – first Democratic lowering of the
tariff since 1857 – lowered by 15%
Problem: government loses money  raise income tax (recent – 16th amendment)
Federal Reserve Act 1913: to provide the US with a sound and flexible economy – first
efficient banking system since the national bank in 1832.
It established 12 regional banks to serve districts – the old national bank was just
in Philadelphia so people felt it only served the northeasterners. The regional
banks answered to a Federal Reserve Board – appointed by the president (14
year term) to govern the nationwide system. It was a compromise between private
and public control of the banking system because private bankers owned the
regional banks but answered to the board.
Monetary Policy=control total amount of money in circulation
Fiscal Policy=control federal spending – harder to manipulate quickly
because it is decided yearly
*They have 3 ways to control the economy:
1. Choose how much money the banks get to keep in the banks
2. Raise or lower percent of interest when borrowed
3. Open market – can buy or sell treasury bonds
*Even though there are 12 banks, New York is still the most powerful
Clayton Anti-Trust Act=even more severe than Sherman Anti-Trust Act because it
punished– made corporate officers personally responsible for antitrust violations,
prohibited unfair trade policies, forbade pricing policies that created monopolies, and
declared that unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade (courts continued to rule
against unions).
Federal Trade Commission=system to investigate the complaints of companies
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act=can’t sell goods made by children interstate
Declared unconstitutional by Hammer v. Dagenhurt 1918 – government can only
regulate immoral and child labor isn’t immoral
Federal Farm Loan Act=farmers are loaned money when farming circumstances are
bad – stabilizes agriculture by created cooperatives
Federal Highway Act=$75 million to build highways – automobiles and trucks are now
sufficient
CHAPTER 24A
America’s rise to Great Power status
23
Growth of the Navy – TR was a scrawny kid who got bullied so he viewed strength as
the most important thing  wanted the country to be strong
Modernized the army under the secretary of state, Root:
-Creates a general staff who plans for wars
-Establishes a doctrine for the army
-Starts military colleges so there are leaders of the army
Theodore Roosevelt
Big Stick Diplomacy=if the army is big, and everyone knows it, then no one will
bother them
Great White Fleet=the other nations of the world had to know that the US navy
was built up in order for the Big Stick Diplomacy to work
TR paints everything white – to show that they come in peace – to sail
around the world so everyone knows not to bother the US
*Congress says no but TR goes anyway and when he runs out of fuel
halfway through (in Asia) so Congress is forced to send him money and he
gets his trip around the world
Panama Canal – needed a canal to get from east coast to west coast
Clayton-Bulwar 1854=the US made an agreement with England that if
they ever built a canal, the two nations would build it together
No one was ready to build the canal then so they just agreed for the
future that they would build it and own it together
Hay-Pauncefote 1901: the US is ready to the build the canal so they send
Hay, secretary of state, to meet with the British and tell them that the US
is going to build the canal and everyone will be allowed to use it
Nicaragua – it was better than Panama because it had a big lake in the
middle so they wouldn’t need to build as much, and Panama had malaria
and yellow fever (even though it was only 50 miles across)
BUT there was a big volcano eruption in Martinique (Mount Pele)
where 30,000 people died – people got scared to be near volcanoes
Soon after, Nicaragua came out with a new stamp that had a
mountain in the background, which people thought was a volcano
Colombia controlled Panama and they wanted a lot of
money from the US in order to build the canal so the
Panamanians revolted  the Colombian army went to put
the rebellion down but the US went to defend the people so
the Colombians leave and Panama gained independence
Hay-Bunau-Varilla 1903=the US gains control of the canal zone – 50
miles long, 10 miles wide (for 99 years)
In 1917, the US buys the Virgin Islands to protect the canal
Roosevelt Corollary (on Monroe Doctrine)=told Latin American countries that if they
didn’t keep their affairs in order, the US would go in to keep them out of trouble
Cuba & Platt Amendment=restricts Cuba and assures US military bases in Cuba
Dominican Republic, Guatemala
Dominican Republic 1904 – TR sends marines there to collect money that they
owed us and then in 1905 took over the revenue system
24
Taft Dollar Diplomacy=uses money for everything in South America (not strength) –
loans money / refuses to loan money
China
Open Door Policy=everyone should have equal access to China – equal trade
Japan – industrializing, emerging as a power that can compete with the west
Russo-Japanese War: Japanese win with the help of the US by defeated 2
Russian fleets – the first non-western power to defeat a western power
Treaty of Portsmith: TR mediates (wins Nobel Peace Prize)
Root-Katsura Agreement 1905: Japanese could control Korea (they
conquered it earlier) and Manchuria (got from Russians after the war) as
long as the US could control the Philippines
Root-Takahira Agreement 1908: the US got Japan to recognize the Open
Door Policy and restrained Japan’s power in China (also, they recognized
each other’s borders)
CHAPTER 24B
Wilson as an idealist – in foreign policy because he elevated principle more than reality
Free market=no barriers to commerce  no tariff
Spread Democracy
Rejection of Big Stick & Dollar Diplomacy
Ideals and Reality – even though Wilson didn’t want to be too interventionist in Central
America, he was very involved / intervened in
Nicaragua – Wilson attempted to help aid the rebels in Nicaragua but eventually he had
to occupy the country by force (same thing he did with Haiti and DR – sent in US troops
to occupy)
Haiti – invaded to collect tariff
Dominican Republic – occupied it in 1916
Mexico – (US neighbor) they were quiet since 1867 and the US had a good relationship
with them (US owned most of their stuff) even though they had a dictatorship (Diaz)
Huerta=the new dictator after revolution in 1911
Wilson is so against dictatorships because his goal is to spread democracy
so he doesn’t recognize Huerta’s dictatorship  Wilson sends ships along
the Mexican coast to intercept weapons that were going to Huerta, which
is illegal interference of Mexican trade
Tampico: the American sailors get off the boats in Tampico to rest and
get oil but it looks like an attack so they get arrested
The US demands a release of the sailors, a salute, and an apology
but the Mexicans said they would only do it if the US recognized
their government  the US occupies one of their biggest ports and
Huerta can’t get them out so he looks bad
Carranza seizes control of the government but Poncho Villa, a major
general, wants to be in control so he starts a rebellion – to fund his
rebellion, he takes over a town in New Mexico and takes all of their
money  US invades Mexico to catch him (even though Mexico doesn’t
want them to so it is illegal) but he escapes and is later assassinated
US LOOKS LIKE A BULLY
25
European Crisis – August 1914 (MANIA)
Militarism=each country builds these huge armies so there is a disproportionate concern
and influence of the military in civil affairs – too many people involved, costs too much
money, involves too many industries
Alliances – Secret Diplomacy=every country has secret alliances with other countries
Nationalism=in the late 19th century there are many new countries (ex-Italy) and
everyone thought that other countries had a piece of their land (problem for empires like
Austria-Hungary)
Imperialism=every country was rushing off to acquire pieces of Japan, China, and little
islands, but eventually they bump heads and run into each other
Example – Germany and France both want Morocco, the British help the French
(Great Britain is mad at the Germans for building a navy)
Assassination=Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, is assassinated by Serbian
Austria wants to send police into Serbia to find the killer – both Russia and
Austria had interest in Serbia – Russia agreed to help Serbia and France joins
them, Germany agrees to join Austria
[Press=newspapers take any incident and blow it up so more people buy it]
CENTRAL POWERS=Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
Germany’s Plan – last to mobilize but first to declare war: called for quick defeat of
France and then focus on Russia so they go through Belgium  England joins the war
ALLIED POWERS=France, England, Russia, Serbia, Belgium, Italy, US, Japan (Greece,
Portugal, Romania)
Allies’ Plan=blockade Germany through English and French navies, and interfere with
all neutral trade
American Policy – nature of neutrality: can’t trade with Germans (made up for it with England)
U-boats=German submarines that were used to attack the British – faster above water
than below so they attacked from above
Alienated neutral powers because they shot at everything, before checking if it
was just an armed merchant ship
Lusitania (5/1915)=English ship that sailed from NY to German war zone – Germany
told the English not to sail the ship but they didn’t listen and it was sunk by Germany
1200 people die – 10% American  makes Wilson, and the US, upset
Arabic Pledge (9/1915)=Germany pledged that they wouldn’t attack passenger ships
Gore-McLemore Resolution (3/1916)=to prevent US citizens to sail into war zones on
armed ships  shot down by Democrats because Wilson didn’t like it – neutral country
should be able to go anywhere
Sussex Pledge (5/1916)=Germany promised they wouldn’t attack non-military ships
because they wanted to keep the US neutral (they had sunk a ferry boat because they
thought it was a minesweeper)
Zimmerman Telegram (3/1917)=England intercepts a telegram that said if Mexico goes
to war with the US, Germany would support Mexico in its endeavors to regain territory
Unrestricted Warfare (1917)=Germany declares unrestricted warfare thinking it could
defeat Europe with enough submarines before the US could enter the war
Russian Revolution (3/1917)=they overthrew the czar so America could now be on their
side since they were a democracy
DECLARATION OF WAR 4/1917
26
Why did neutrality fail?
Submarines – way too brutal so US can’t stay out (also, looked like Germany could win)
??Balance of power – by 1917 Russia was out of the war, which scared the US
??Morality
Propaganda – US was exposed to British propaganda, which made Germany look like
the bad guys
Economic links – the US loaned a lot of money to England so they couldn’t let them lose
Historic rivalry – Germany was the US’s economic rival
CHAPTER 24C
World War One Consequences
Economic
Growth – Gross National Product (all goods and services) doubles from 28% to
48% because a modern society needs services (more than goods)
Also, allies buy US goods
Industrialization – used mass production, specialization, concentration, etc. to
produce more and companies grow to be huge
Concentration – business concentration increases during the war and they only
care about production
Webb-Pomerance Bill=waived anti-trust legislation for all export
companies during WWI – undoes all the that was done work to control
trusts because all that matters is production
Increased governmental role
War Industry Board=increased role of government in industry by
standardizing products and inventory
Introduced daylight savings time to save fuel and provide
more daylight to work during
Bernard Baruch – helps make the American industry more
efficient during the war: established collective bargaining,
standardized railroads by allocating fuel more efficiently,
smoothed out the rough edges of competition, introduces strikes
during the war to get more food to soldiers and less to Americans
National War Labor Board=tried to avoid strike in industry by pushing
companies to talk with workers rather than strike – increases wages
US Food Administration=increased war output in order to feed all of the
allied soldiers
From Debtor to Creditor – before WWI, the US owed 4.5 bullion dollars and
after WWI, other countries owed the US 10 billion dollars
Utilization of 16th amendment – raises taxes to pay for the war (*2/3 of the war
is paid for by bonds – keeps inflation down)
Political
18th Amendment=prohibition – need wheat to sell, not to make alcohol
The US can survive without alcohol and liquor companies had no money
to lobby for themselves
19th Amendment=women’s right to vote – during the war, women showed that
they could do more jobs and were more responsible (can’t say they are incapable)
27
Increased Black Vote – major demographic shift during the war: blacks move
to Midwest because of iron and steel industries  the northeast/Midwest don’t
have voting restrictions (grandfather clause, etc.)
Creel Committee=committee that encouraged war effort / volunteering
Also serves as censorship device (shut down film about Revolution
because it was anti-Allies)
Espionage Act=it is a crime to aid enemy or interfere with recruitment
Sedition Act 1918=it is illegal to criticize the government
Selective Service=kind of draft – prioritize within society who is the most
essential and who goes to war  younger men before older men
Social
Materialism – people saved more during the war (invested money in the
government) so after the war they have the ability and wealth to buy more
Demographic shift – industrialization spreads to the Midwest and there is also an
increase in agricultural productivity
Women in new jobs – men are fighting so women are hired
Militarization of large portion of population – support for military is important
Increased governmental responsibilities – government has to deal with money,
disability pensions, etc.
Neo-isolationism=the US wants to be isolated form war because people felt like
the US was being taken advantage of
The Fourteen Points – Promise and Failure (see page 727 in text)
1. Open covenants – only one person talking at one point (only big 4 – US, Italy,
England, France)
2. Freedom of the seas
Problem: England won’t give up strong suit
3. End to economic barriers – Wilson wants open markets for US goods in certain places
Problem: countries that are rebuilding don’t agree, they want protective tariffs
4. Reduce armaments
Outcome: France won’t reduce army but Germany’s army will be reduced
5. Imperial adjustment of colonies
Outcome: only Germany lost colonies
6. Evacuation of Russia –
Problem: Russians were communists and there was fear that communism was
spreading so they wanted to keep Russians under control
7. Belgium – got independence ACCOMPLISHED
8. France – got Alsace Lorraine ACCOMPLISHED
9. Italy
Outcome: didn’t get everything they wanted
10. Self determination for Austria Hungary – people can choose which to be part of
11. Evacuation of Balkans
12. Self determination for Ottoman Empire
Outcome: England and France take over empire
13. Independent Poland ACCOMPLISHED (with secure access to sea)
14. League of Nations
American Reaction
28
Liberals – hated it because Germany didn’t get a fare share
Anti-imperialists – too imperialistic
Nationalities
Italians – not enough
Germans – not fair
Russians – want to be left alone
Irish – no self-determination
Isolationists – wanted nothing to do with Europe
Republicans – don’t like League of Nations because it supersedes the Monroe Doctrine
and undermines the legislative branch
Congress agrees to sign the treaty only with reservations but Wilson says he can’t
go back and change it because then other countries would start changing stuff
1920 Elections – Harding (Republican)
Democratic divisions – they had enough of Wilson, and they were tired from the war
Return to normalcy – Harding said he would return normalcy and rejets the idea of
government intervention
*First election in which women can vote
CHAPTER 25A
The Automobile as metaphor for an age in the 1920s
-Speed: speed of change
-Product of Industry: car is a product of industrialization so it is cheap in the US but a
luxury in the rest of the world
-High Wages: Ford paid 5 dollars a day
-Mass Production: assembly line = more effective = more productive
General Motors Qualities: yearly cars, different types (not just one model)
Ford Qualities: Model T was produced from 1908-1928 – it was durable and affordable because
Ford thought that everyone should have a car
Reasons for popularity
Economic – US had the lead in oil production and had the cheapest gas in the world so
people were drawn to automobiles
Social – privacy, closed transportation, could travel farther, etc.
Ramifications of the automobile
Suburbs – drive to work in cities
??Agriculture – explosion of agricultural space
Mobility – go wherever on your own demand
Privacy – get in a car and go anywhere
Transformation of the economy
New products
Radios: first one in 1920, NBC developed in 1926  national market
Motor and power tools: capable of building things faster and better than before
??Electric revolution
Advertising – new business to inform people about new products
New Consumerism
Chain stores – able to produce brand-label goods – cheaper than name-brand
29
Installment buying - put some money down and then paid interest until the total
cost was paid off (first time this was used outside of housing)
Corporations: made most of the money in the 1920s and not much money went to the
actual workers – also taxes were cut for the wealthy so a smaller and smaller portion of
the population made money  leads to depression because no one can buy the goods
Service economy – the US produced fewer goods and more services
Urbanization – mostly in the cities (need repair services, insurance, etc.)
Plight of the Farmers
Decreased demand
-Lose of European market – during the war, the US supplied many
countries with food but now that the war is over they supply themselves
-Rise of synthetics – competition for farmers
-Over production – because demand diminished
Solution: price support=if the price fell below a certain level, the government
would make up the difference  encouraged farmers to keep producing during
overproduction (got rid of Republicans killing the industry)
CHAPTER 25B
Cultural Transformation
The “Flapper” – idea of a young bird learning to fly
Women began to express themselves according to their desires and broke with
tradition – they were more overtly exotic and sexual
Film and a “Star culture” – people followed what the stars did (new icons)
The new music: heavily influenced by Black music – more rhythmic, more contorted,
faster, more overt lyrics
Jazz – more overt tunes
Charleston – more overt dances
Reasons for change
Post war disillusionment – embrace change because they are moving forward with selfconfidence (politically) BUT they question morality because of the war
Automobile – gives freedom and privacy
Film – film starts/films caused a sexual revolution
Freud – said that everyone is always thinking about sex
Margaret Sanger – developed diaphragm (type of birth control), which allowed people
to feel like sex was okay (outlawed in over half the states but used in most marriages)
Family life transformed
-Gender roles are less rigid – women are working
Children learn from peers, not parents (because both work)
-Look to movies and magazines for role models, not parents
-New authority – problems are solved by looking outside the household, look for
government / society to solve problems (fire department, police, etc.)
-Family size decreases because children go to school for longer so they become more
expensive and wealth is concentrated in smaller families
Recreation
Movies as a social barometer – movies become a model for lives
30
Mass popularity: 1922-1930 US attendance at movies jumps from 40 to 100
million per week – more people went to moves than to church
Spectacles=movies that transport viewer to an exotic place (often Biblical)
Comedies=easily translatable to silent film and able to be used in different
countries  becomes international
Hayes Office: regulated movies – kissing had to be under 3 seconds, married
couples had to have separate beds, any scene involving had to have both people
with one foot on the floor, etc.
Jews and the movie industry – early film studies were all run by Jews
(Columbia, MGM, Paramount, Warner Bros, Universal)
-It was a new industry so they couldn’t be kept out
-Moving to California meant leaving the northeast power structure that
kept Jews out of everything so they could start fresh
-Jews started as textile workers and those who rose to owning companies
showed that they understood American taste
-Jews had a high literacy rate
-Jews wanted to assimilate and the film industry gave them a sense of
America and allowed them to integrate
-Jews appreciated the need to raise the level of films and to make it a
classy form of entertainment (make them longer, more grand, etc.)
Sports “Golden Age” – example: baseball is so easy to listen to on the radio so it spread
Prohibition
Sources
18th amendment outlaws drinking
Volstead Act – it is a federal crime to break the 18th amendment
Popular Reaction – widely ignored
Organized Crime – creates nation of lawbreakers because people are
willing to circumvent the law  smuggled alcohol into the country or
secretly produced it here
Al Capone – major gang leader in Chicago
*Age in gangs rises so not only young people are in gangs
Net impact – causes decrease in tax revenue, breeds disrespectful law
Sort of works
Literature – Lost Generation
Fitzgerald and Hemingway – transform nature of literature and writing
Sinclair Lewis – critiques of small town life, rejection of quaint Middle America,
says that people are narrow minded and too materialistic
Sherwood Anderson – wrote critique of American life, very closed-minded
??Hemingway and Faulkner– innovative
??Eugene O’Neill
??T.S. Eliot
CHAPTER 25C
Rural Counterattack
Chauvinism and Immigration Policy – people hate immigrants who aren’t white and
Anglo-Saxon Protestant and they want to keep American “American”
31
Reasons for this phenomenon
1. Very patriotic after the war
2. Fear of radical ideas (Bolshevik Revolution in Russia)
3. Labor reasons (they’ll take our jobs)
Ku Klux Klan – different from the 1860s: during WWI there is a mass migration of
Blacks to the Midwest for better paying jobs, so when soldiers come back from the war
they see that the good jobs were taken by blacks  increase in race riots
Anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-immigrants, etc.
Palmer Raids: A. Mitchell Palmer (attorney general) wanted to run for president and
wanted to save the US from foreign threats (anarchism, socialism, communism)
Leads raids against left wing politicians – deported them, arrested them, etc
Sacco-Vanzetti Trial: minor incident that was overblown – some one was killed during a
robbery and as a consequence Sacco and Vanzetti were executed
The case was so corrupt – they were only killed because they were Italian
anarchists so it causes a national outcry
Scopes Trial = “Monkey Trial” – Scopes taught evolution even though he knew it was
illegal to teach it in Tennessee because he knew that the American Civil Liberties Union
would defend him  Clarence Darrow (great lawyer) defends him but he loses
Tennessee was held to such criticism – classic confrontation of rural America
with modernity
Aimee Semple McPherson – first to use the power of radio for preaching: develops a
large following and builds a large cathedral
Showed how to bring people together through the radio
Republican Ascendancy
Harding – filled with controversy
Teapot Dome – Harding’s secretary of interior sold the US natural reserve of oil
to Harry Sinclair (bribed)
Andrew Mellon: secretary of treasury, economically conservative
1. Cut taxes on corporations and wealthy  gap between rich and poor
2. Supported high tariffs  causes depression because no one is buying
American goods so they need to be exported but the tariffs are high so
the goods just sit around
Charles Evans Hughes: secretary of state
Washington Naval Conference: nobody wanted war or requirement to
spend money on warships so the US comes up with a ratio of tonnage of
warships: 5:5:3:1.75:1.75 = US : England : Japan : France : Italy
The US gets everyone to agree not to produce new warships
because they don’t want a naval race – led to WWI
Dawes Plan=at the end of WWI, France and England owed the US money
and they planned to pay back with money Germany owed them
US would lend to Germany  Germany would get their economy
going and pay back France and England  France and England
would pay the US back
*Also benefits the US economy because the German
economy will stabilize, so the world economy will stabilize
and everyone will produce more
32
Election of 1928 – election of the 6 P’s:
Hoover: Republican – self made man, great administrator, enormous prestige
Prestige, prosperity, protestant
Al Smith: Democrat – 4 term governor of NY, very opposed to prohibition
Prohibition, popery (Catholic), prejudice (against him – Irish)
Hoover wins but Smith gets 12 largest cities in the country – most people live
in cities so Democrats still have power
CHAPTER 26A
Problems of the 1920s
-Farmers are troubled with overproduction
-Blacks are the first to lose jobs, price of cotton fell, struggled with prejudice still, etc.
-Feminism goes into decline
-Prohibition sounds good but most people ignored it
-Coolidge and Hoover are anti-reform but still have some changes
-Literature: writes criticize American materialism
Hoover’s Objectives: eliminate poverty and help the farmer
Chicken in every pot – get rid of poverty, help the needy, everyone should have food
Hoover’s Accomplishments
Agricultural Marketing Act – help the farmer: set a minimum price for crops so when
there is a shortage, the government could sell the surplus  tries to help long term and
tries to use the government to solve economic issues (typical liberal)
Crash of 1929
High tariffs – Mellon always cut taxes and kept tariffs high
Hawley Smooth tariff 1931: 59% - no goods from outside the country
Over concentration of wealth – because of Mellon, there is a large gap between rich and
poor  under consumption – no one can buy the goods that are produced
Market speculation – the stock market seems to be going up but the problem is that
people borrow to invest so they end up with nothing or in debt
Disproportionate reliance on “margin accounts”=people use borrowed money
in order to invest
International factors
High price of the pound – the pound could buy a lot so people looked for
bargains: English invested in the US stock market because they want to keep the
value of the pound high, so the stock market skyrocketed (US economy increases
and is too big to support itself)  British government didn’t like this so they
made interest rates higher and the British took their money out and the market
goes down and a ton
Germany’s attempt at Anschluss – Germans wanted to merge with Austria to
stabilize their economy, but France didn’t want German to get stronger so they
declared that Germany had to pay its debts immediately
Collapse of Creditanstat=German banks – went to individual people to
tell them to pay their debts so the country could pay France back  bank
had to foreclose homes and the price of housing falls, banks get no money,
and it collapses
33
This bank owed money to the Bank of US – it tried going to other
banks to get money but no one helps and people start withdrawing
their money from local banks so thousands of banks collapse
Consequences of the Crash
-Less than 2% of population owned stock
-Impossible to float bonds – those who did have money couldn’t buy anything
-Banks virtually cease to make loans
-Middle class people lost their savings
Hoover’s reaction
Optimism –the US will turn around, tries to increase volunteerism and private charities
Public Works – he introduced more public works than the last 30 years to keep people
working (doesn’t help enough in the bigger picture)
Reconstruction Finance Corporation – given 3 billion dollars to loan to banks and
insurance companies so that large companies stay alive (trickle down the economy)
Home Finance Corporation=loaning money at a lower rate to help pay off mortgages
Unbalance budgets – he ran 3 unbalanced budgets despite Mellon
Hoover’s failures
Unrestricted farm production – prices drop so they increase production but that just
makes prices drop more
Loans rather than subsidies – all he did was drive up debt by giving loans
Over reliance on private charity – doesn’t make government take enough responsibility
Hawley Smoot Tariff – (59%) tries to keep out cheap foreign goods but it just creates a
tariff war so both sides suffer
Bonus Army – army veterans want pension early  restrained by force
Breadlines – people lined up for blocks waiting for food
Hoovervilles – people had to live in poorly constructed homes because they lost houses
Looks so bad for reelection
John Maynard Keynes – British economist who came up with a general theory to stop
unemployment: General Theory of Unemployment – when the economy is doing badly
and many people are unemployed, the government should use inflation and employ as
many people at little cost to slowly rebuild the economy
CHAPTER 26B
Franklyn Roosevelt Platform (Democrat)
Reciprocal lowering of tariffs – so Europe will lower tariffs and goods will be sold
Public works – calls for even more spending than Hoover and budget cut
Balanced budget
Ends Prohibition – source of new taxes
Increase direct relief – wants to save the average person over big industries and doesn’t
rely on private charities
Who voted for FDR?
Hoover gets slaughtered because it looks like he has done nothing, Republicans are
destroyed, Blacks vote Democratic
American Elections
12% on ideology – liberal, conservative, Republican, Democrat
40% on group benefit – regardless of party: race, gender, class, religion
34
30% on good or bad times – vote for incumbent or new guy
18% on absence of content – looks, good speaker
FDR’s Cabinet
Cordell Hull: Secretary of State
Henry Morgenthau: Secretary of Treasury – first Jew in cabinet
Francis Perkins: Secretary of Labor – first woman in cabinet
Brain Trust: Raymond Moley and many Columbia professors – FDR relies on them for
advice on the New Deal
New Deal in Action
Banking
Emergency Banking Relief Act – closes every bank in the US for 7 days
Then the government allows the good banks to reopen so people put
money back in those banks only
Glass Steagall Banking Act:
Divides banks into 3 types:
1. Savings bank – safest bank and impossible to really lose money
2. Commercial bank – loan to businesses so more risky
3. Investment bank – issue bonds and take deposits from corporations
Federal Deposit Insurance Company (FDIC)=banks pay into an
insurance agency so deposits are insured – encouraged people to put
money back in the banks
Corporation FDIC
Federal Securities Act – monitors the stock market
Joint Resolution on Gold Repeal – can’t withdraw gold from banks  inflates
the US dollar because price of ounce of gold rises
Direct Relief
Federal Emergency Relief Agency (FERA)=transition program to encourage
private contributions and to get money to the states – the government would
match private contributions 3:1 and the money would be distributed locally
Civil Works Administration (CWA)=employed million of people to build roads,
schools, airports, etc.
Public Works Administration (PWA)=replaces CWA – does big and unique
jobs (aircraft carrier or bridge) by hiring private contractors who hired individuals
Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC)=employed 2 million men to work in rural
areas – meant to take the unemployed out of the cities and relieve pressure
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)=build series of flood control dams through
the Tennessee Valley, and brings electricity to the Upper South
Private industries never brought electricity there so they hate the
government  TVA becomes a way to regulate electricity and causes
price of electricity to fall by 23%
Works Progress Administration (WPA)=to handle a large variety of programs
and preserve skills – keeps writers and artists employed
Farmers
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)=paid farmers not to produce to get rid of
overproduction and to raise the cost of goods would rise (hurt small farmers bu
35
helped large farmers) – originally paid for by taxing the middle man but that was
declared unconstitutional
Butler Case: Supreme Court declared that you can’t tax a specific group
of people for the benefit of another specific group of people
Resettlement Administration=helped farmers who lost their farms to move
Rural Electrification Administration (REA)=brought electricity to farmers
Aid to Business and Labor
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)=to reform business: sets minimum
wages, hours, abolishes child labor, allows for organization of unions
Schecter Case: kosher butchers in NY said the government shouldn’t
interfere with it because it was not interstate
NIRA declared unconstitutional because big businessmen can’t
decide the codes of law, can’t pass this on to private industry
Sundry Measures
21st Amendment: repealed prohibition
Cut government salaries 15%
CHAPTER 26C
Radical Challenges to the New Deal
Huey Long – governor of LA, built up LA with a state budget by taxing oil company
Share the Wealth – wanted to confiscate private fortunes in excess of 5 million,
wanted to tax 100% on income above $1,000,000, believed that every family was
entitled to a home of $5,000, wanted every American earning at least $25,000
Francis Townsend – dentist who lost money in a bank that collapsed
Thought that anyone over age 60 should get $200 a month as old age pension
Father Charles Coughlin – Catholic priest who argued for national regulation of all
banks and free coinage of silver  inflation
Silver Shirts as American Fascists – he was thrown off national radio for being
too pro-Germany in WWI
Upton Sinclair – ran for governor in California
Old age pension: $50 per person for people above 60 paid for by inheritance and
income taxes
FDR moves to the left
Reasons for the shift: he realized that these programs had tremendous appeal because
they appealed to his humanitarian side, and he felt betrayed by big businesses
Social Security Act 1935
-Provided old age pensions based on payroll tax (regressive tax)
-Allowed insurance for unemployment
-Took care of dependent children – provides with means of living
*Excludes farmers and agriculture workers
Revenue Act 1935-36 – higher tax on large corporations and wealthier people (short
term tax that only lasted for a year)
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) – guarantees the right to form a union and
closed shop (new workers must join union)
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) – supervises elections to determine if
a company wants to become unionized  union workers grew from 40s to 50s
36
Election of 1936 – New Democratic Coalition (FDR wins by a ton)
City dwellers – more people live in cities
Blacks – democrats help them
Midwesterners – southerners moved to Midwest so now its democrat
End of the New Deal
Court Packing Scheme Failure – FDR wanted to stop Republican dominance in the
Supreme Court so he made it bigger: for every justice over 70, another judge was added
7 new democratic justices added to the Supreme Court so it would vote for New
Deal policies  people thought FDR was getting too powerful so the New Deal
coalition starting breaking up
Still, some of the more conservative judges voted more liberally and the
New Deal legislation wasn’t shot down – his plan sort of worked
Balanced Budge 1937 – Hoover’s administration ran an unbalanced budget and FDR
doubles it in 1936 so now he tries to balance it
Later New Deal
Second AAA (replaced first which had been declared unconstitutional in Butler v. US)
Didn’t really work and it took WWII to use all of the excess crops
US Housing Authority – to clear up slums in the cities *tended to be where black people
lived and it was applied via racism so it didn’t really work
Fair Labor Standards Act 1938 – minimum wage and minimum hours: 40 cents per 40
hours a week
Hatch Act 1939 – effort to clean up politics: sought to limit politicians’ ability to
campaign and solicit money, and to restrict the use of government money for electioneers
New Deal Assessed
Who disliked it and why?
1. Businessmen: FDR tried to regulate the economy
a. Social Security – higher taxes
b. NLRB – helped unions and fell on small businessmen
c. Minimum wage
d. TVA – government regulated electricity
e. Housing Authority – real estate hated it
f. Debt – economists saw jump from 19 to 39 million dollars
2. Socialists: felt FDR killed socialism just enough that people don’t want more
3. Liberals: programs really didn’t do enough and just skimmed the surface
a. Social Security – regressive tax fell on people who made less money
b. NIRA – big businesses abused small businesses
Who liked it and why?
Average person: New Deal provided day to day relief so they didn’t starve
What contradictions might be recognized within New Deal Programs?
1. Didn’t help rebound economy – didn’t recover until WWII
2. Reforming programs – Wagner Act, TVA
Accomplishments
Saved country from Fascism – people turned to fascist ideas during the
depression around the world and even though there were some ideas in the US,
they never caught on because the government implemented fascist ideas just
enough to make people not rebel
37
Increased power of President – president has more control over economy
Revived Democratic Party – in power until Johnson administration
Expanded role of government
Failed to end Depression
CHAPTER 27A
Isolationism – the US did not completely turn their back to the world, not totally isolationist
Washington Conference=international disarmament conference – US participates
Dawes Plan: US helps revive the European economy and keep the world economy going
Kellogg Briand Pact: nations agree that war is not the answer
Young Plan: also not isolationist – had to do with loaning money to get the European
economies going
Disillusionment of the 1920s
League of Nations – did not join
Hawley-Smoot tariff – 59%  no goods from outside the country because they were so
expensive BUT then other countries wouldn’t buy from us either made outside goods
Economic Nationalism=worry about our own economy before the world’s
London Monetary Conference 1933 – to coordinate monetary policies on an
international level  the US doesn’t get very involved and doesn’t cooperate (selfish)
Clark Memorandum – turning down of Roosevelt Corollary (=US can intervene in the
Caribbean based on the Monroe Doctrine) because the Corollary had to do with South
American and the Monroe Doctrine has to do with Europe
A way of stepping back from Progressive ideals (TR and Wilson)
-FDR is less aggressive
-The US won’t intrude on South American
Nye Committee=to figure out why the US got into WWI – because of economic
concerns of big businessmen and industries who loaned a lot of money to the allies and
sold them a lot of goods so they could not afford for the allies to lose
The US felt that big business had played Americans and made them go to war
Rise of pacifism – 94% of all Americans said they didn’t want the US to go to war
(72% of Brown students were opposed to joining the army)
Policy initiatives: to keep the country out of European wars (war is not the answer, we were
manipulated)
Johnson Act 1934 – Americans can’t buy bonds from European countries until they pay
us back from WWI  distances the US from countries that owed it money
Neutrality Acts
1. Barred Americans from trading with European countries that are at war and
from traveling on war ships / ships of countries at war
Avoid mishaps like Lusitania
2. Barred Americans from loaning money to countries at war
3. Cash and Carry=during WWI, the US delivered goods to Europe that they
bought from us and sometimes they paid later  now they have to pick the
goods up from the US and pay on the spot
Avoid U-boats and won’t be owed money from Europe so won’t need to
join the war to protect them (and protect our money)
38
Quarantine Speech 1937 – the US does not recognize the war between China and Japan
so they can load money to China  loophole for 2nd neutrality act – bothers isolationists
Road to War Chart
Japan invades Manchuria (northern China, rich in resources) so they go to war
Stimson Doctrine=the Us won’t recognize Japan’s invasion as legitimate or that
Japan is has legal control over areas in China  loophole for 2nd neutrality act so
they can loan money to China
Italy invades Ethiopia – League of Nations can’t do anything so the US cuts off sale of
oil to Italy (the US doesn’t approve but won’t do anything big – Italy gets oil elsewhere)
Rearmament of Germany – causes 2nd neutrality act
Spanish Civil War – causes 3rd neutrality act (had potential to become world war itself)
Japan invades China – advances the war between the 2 countries
FDR gives the Quarantine Speech (doesn’t recognize war between China/Japan)
Hitler invades Czechoslovakia  FDR shifts in funding to prepare for war (just in case)
Hitler invades Poland – US allows “Cash and Carry” for all goods – now the US can sell
weapons (favors Allies because only they had ships to pick up the goods)
Hitler invades Norway and the Low Countries – the US responds by freezing German
assets (US government takes those funds)
Fall of France
England is the only country fighting Germany and Italy, and they lose their
military equipment because when Germany invades France they get the
manpower out but not the stuff so they need stuff  US trades 50 destroys for
bases in the Caribbean (FDR argued against isolationists that this benefited the
US, wasn’t just to help British, because it protected the Panama Canal)
The US want stheir tanks to be protected so they send cover and start
advising the British on where / how to go – get more involved
Germany expects England to surrender but they don’t and Germany doesn’t
invade Britain because they have great navy and air force
 Battle of Britain: Germany thinks they will win in the air and the
British navy will be forced to retreat but they don’t win in the air so the
British win
Lend Lease: ends neutrality acts – US would lease military equipment to Britain and
would deliver them (help British without fighting)
The US also protected Greenland and Iceland for the British because they had to
use all of their air force on Germany, couldn’t waste it on those places
Japan invades Indochina – Japan doesn’t have natural resources (rubber, oil, tin) so
they see the situation in Europe as a chance to conquer some of the unprotected colonies
US said they won’t sell Japan oil – US was Japan’s main oil source – and they
only had 3 months of oil left
Hitler invades Russia – Britain still won’t surrender and Hitler doesn’t want to deal with
them, he only wants the east to expand Germany, so he invades Russia
The US extends Lend-Lease to Russia (not just England)
Atlantic Charter=FDR’s version of the 14 points – self-determination, disarm
aggressors but don’t conquer nations or get more land
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor – last straw for the US
39
Japan Invasionwants the Dutch East Indies (for natural resources), which were
conquered by the Germans so they can’t defend themselves
To secure their empire, they want to sink the US fleet in Pearl Harbor.
Japan would get unsinkable aircraft carries so there would be a war of
attrition that Japan expected to win  Japanese sink 4 battleships but the
US aircraft carries aren’t there that day so they can’t sink those
Sleeping Dinosaur
CHAPTER 27B
World War II
Blitzkrieg of Poland – Germany invades Poland so France and England jump into war
against Germany
Non-aggression Pact=Germany and Russia won’t attack each other, Germany
gives half of Poland to Russia (Stalin wants half just in case Hitler goes east)
US Reaction – allows cash and carry for all goods
Norway and submarine warfare – Germany invades Norway and Denmark so they can
attack British shipping in the Atlantic
US Reaction – freeze German assets
Fall of France – Germany invades France and British have to leave their military
equipment there to get the manpower out fast
Battle of Dunrik – between the allies and Germany: the allies made the decision
to evacuate their soldiers from France as it fell to the Germans
US Reaction – trade British 50 destroyers
Greece and the delayed attack on Russia
Importance of the “Great Patriotic War” (on the eastern front) – most brutal
part of the war, arguably the most decisive component of WWII
Pearl Harbor-Europe First Priority: Japan is beat by mostly California so most of the
US materials go to Europe, to fight Germany – main priority, biggest threat
Coral Sea – it is the first battle in history that was fought solely by aircraft carriers
Japan thinks they won but it was actually a tie
Midway – US knows that Japan is coming so they send planes to destroy Japanese
aircraft carriers  the US wins and Japan loses hundreds of amazing pilots
*Turning point of the war in the Pacific
Pacific Island Hopping-Two pronged strategy
1. Move up to conquer Philippines and Okinawa (the 2 armies converge there)
2. Navy and marines coming across from central pacific
*US develops so many planes / ships that we don’t need so many islands
Russian Battles – Germans got all the way to Moscow but it was the winter so the
Russians are able to drive the Germans back
Stalingrad – turning point because it is the first time that Russia beats Germany
North African Campaign – England told the US that they weren’t ready to fight
Germany yet so the US goes to help the British crush Germany in Morocco  Russians
get mad because most of the German army was fighting in Russia
Russia wants the US to start a second front but they don’t want to because the
ships are so far away (US doesn’t help them fight British – they are alone)
40
Sicily and the Second Front Issue – Churchill wants the US to help England invade
Italy to knock out the weaker enemy [takes a long time to defeat Italy because it is
mountainous – not until 1944]
D Day 6/6/1944 – the US and England land in Normandy, France  US and Russia are
fighting from both sides
Battle of the Bulge – US gets to the border of Germany and the Germans launch their
last major offensive  US beats Germany
Yalta Conference – FDR, Stalin, and Churchill meet in Russia to discuss free
elections in Poland, the division of Germany, and Russia’s guarantee to enter the
war against Japan 30 days after the surrender of Germany
Iwo Jima – the US conquered Iwo Jima from Japan, using air and naval forces
*America’s first attack on Japan’s home island
Why drop the Atomic Bomb?
1. If the US keeps fighting in Japan, too many men will die – drop the bomb and be done
Opposition – maybe Japan will surrender
2. Show Russia what we have  cold war
Why did the Allies win the War?
1. Better coordinated – timed things
2. Better technology – radar, could break codes
3. More manpower – China, Russia, and the US
4. Resources from superior navies
5. Determination – wouldn’t make separate peace
CHAPTER 27C
World War II on the Home Front: Economics – expands the economy tremendously because
the US supplies everything to everyone (during WWI they just supplied food)
War Manpower Commission=encouraged people to go into certain profession and
directed people into certain industries
War Production Board=suspend anti-trust laws (not meant to be permanent) and gave
big companies stuff to do (allocated projects)
Ersatz production: the US loses access to some natural resources so they have to
produce substitutes  synthetics: synthetic rubber, quinine=synthetic medication
Government Research Projects
Manhattan Project – atomic bomb: mostly done by University of Chicago and
Berkley  cost the government 2 billion dollars (universities rely on these funds)
Penicillin – also cost the government 2 billion dollars
Dollar a year men – people gave up high wages to work for the government (volunteers)
Office of Price Administration – Americans were making money and there are not
enough workers to do the jobs so wages increase and unions increase but some products
are unavailable because industries are manufacturing for the war
Ration Cards: stabilized the economy (so they don’t run out of goods) and
avoided inflation – people traded them and saved them, can’t buy anything
without them
GNP (gross national product) – grew from $91 Billion in 1939 to $166 in 1945
The American economy is producing a great numbers of goods
Plight of the Workingman
41
Organized labor (number of unions) rose from 8.5 to 14.75 by 1945 because they are
producing a lot of goods
Income redistribution – the average person had more money than before
National War Labor Board=settle strikes during the war (requires mediation between
management and workers
Smith Connelly Act=if union is on strike, and is essential (to the war effort), then the
government can take it over
Agricultural Sector
Doubles in value – because we need to feed the world
Productivity increased 25% – due to mechanization
Farm population increased 20% – Mexicans took a lot of new jobs
Farms grew in size – not tiny anymore
Paying for the War
50% tax 50% loans – high taxes and loans helped the US win the war and expand the
economy BUT deficit (how much money we spent compared to how much we get) is
very high
Highest tax rate on individual income 94%
Excess profit tax
Social Ramifications
Population shift to West Coast – people go to California because the war was based in
the Pacific so there were lots of jobs
Japanese-American relocation – Americans feel that they can’t trust Japanese
Americans so they put them into internment camps (labor camps)
*Still, many Japanese were not in camps because they were the basis of the
Hawaiian economy so they were needed as workers
Korematsu v. U.S. – US rules that in times of war they can wave rules
A. Phillip Randolph=head of Pullman Union (railroad), which was overwhelmingly
black
They were mad that the federal government wasn’t hiring blacks  they
threatened to march on Washington  FDR gets them to hire blacks and the
number of black federal employees triples
Detroit race riots – blacks moved to big cities (north) but were hated
Zoot Suit Riots – riots against Mexicans and Hispanics (in LA)
The Army as a transformative force
Segregation of 900,000 Blacks – many served in the war and then got educated
Very good for society
350,000 Women – many served in the war
GI Bill=gave veterans free college education, paid for by the government and allows for
cheap mortgages for veterans  gives birth to college educated people who jumpstarted
the economy
New Skills because of the new educational programs (and the war)
CHAPTER 28A
Cold War and the Seeds of mistrust – at the end of WWII, Russia and the US had different
ideas of where to go / what happened
Russia – 23 million casualties, needed the US to come help
42
America – 292,000 casualties
1918 Intervention – England invaded Russia after the revolution to try and overthrow
communism
Munich and the turning of Hitler to the East – Stalin thought the Allies were trying to
make Hitler focus on the East
Finland 1939 – Stalin demanded territory from Finland to defend Leningrad
They eventually go to war with Finland and take the land  the West thinks this
is communist expansion
Hitler-Stalin Pact 1939 – Russia and Germany agree to split Poland into two
Delay in Second Front: Russia wanted buffers between them and Germany (they were
so scared of German attack) so they wanted Finland, Poland, etc.
Katyen Wood: the US finds a massive grave in Poland (the half that Russia took over
when they split it in 1939) and they call in the Red Cross, who says it is filled with
intellectuals  heightened suspicion of communist Russia (looks like they killed off
anyone who would object to communism)
Warsaw Rising: after Germany invaded Poland during WWII, the Polish Government,
(who ruled Poland from London), called for an uprising to liberate Warsaw from German
occupation  but Germany wiped out Warsaw (failed rebellion)
*Russia watched this uprising from across the river because they were waiting to
enter – didn’t help the Polish people at all (Warsaw was counting on them for aid)
so they look bad [like they’re want to establish a communist regime]
Early end to Lend Lease – America abruptly stopped practicing Lend Lease with Russia
Russia gets mad because they need it, now they don’t trust the US
Secret of the Atomic Bomb – the US didn’t tell Russia that they were building the bomb
Post War Clash of Objectives – Russia wants to 1 rebuild their economy and 2 ensure that they
are not attacked by Germany gain
Free Poland
German Reparations – take factories from Germany and bring them to Russia
Western powers say they can have from eastern Germany
German unity – they want to reunify but the Russians try to keep this from happening
Nuclear Disarmament/Decolonization – Russians wanted to either let everyone have
atomic bombs or prohibit everyone from having them
The US did not want to destroy their bombs but also didn’t want to share them if
the Russians were making one (the US wanted to inspect Russia)
Demobilization=within a year, the US army in Europe is reduced to 1.3 divisions
because it is a democracy so if the people vote to decrease the army it is decreased
Russia doesn’t demobilize in Europe (Russians don’t a have meaningful vote)
*We have the bomb and they have manpower
Decolonization=WWII is an opportunity to gain independence but the western powers
saw these nationalistic rebellions as communism – exacerbates tensions (US/Russia)
Policy Issues
The Baruch Plan=the US says they will only share their atomic bombs if they know
Russia isn’t building their own – they want to inspect but Russia is communist and don’t
want America spying on them (they didn’t want the west knowing how strong they were)
Fall of Eastern Europe – many Eastern European countries become communist by 1948
Iran – question over who would withdraw from Iran became a big concern for the west
43
Czechoslovakian Coup/War Scare – communist uprising looked like it would be a war
Greece – the government was weak and unpopular (run by English) so the Greeks have
an uprising, which is blamed on communism
Iron Curtin Speech=Churchill made a speech saying that an Iron Curtain has
spread over Europe (communism)
Long Telegram=George Kennan (US diplomat) said that communism doesn’t
work – it is inefficient – and will collapse of its own weight (the US just has to
stop it from expanding)
X article – he signed this letter as X article because he didn’t want people
to know it was him  everyone knew it was him anyway
Truman Doctrine – Truman was under pressure from Republicans and wanted to play
up the communist threat, mainly in Greece  he wants to rally the US behind the cause:
protecting democracies that are under attack of revolution
-The US will support Greece with money and aid
-Keep Russia from expanding
Foreign purpose=increases concern for Europe
Domestic purpose=rally the US behind it
Marshall Plan – the US would give $12 billion to rebuild the European economies
because they believed that people embraced communism because of poverty and despair
Marx said that this plan was to build up the US economy through foreign
economies (needed foreign markets) and propped up capitalism
NATO=North Atlantic Treaty Organization – the US, Canada, and Europe joined forces
to counter Russia’s large army and atomic bomb
Scared because of Russia’s development of the atomic bomb and China going
communist
Berlin Blockade – Russia supported the partitioning of Germany but by 1948 the US,
France, and England want to unify Germany  Russia puts up a blockade on Berlin
(divided into 4 parts at Yalta) and block all roads / land access
 Truman sends everything to Berlin (food, goods, etc.) until Russia realizes that
the US would not give in so ??
CHAPTER 28B
Asia and the Cold War
MacArthur (US general) dominates Japan
Russia (because of Yalta) dominates northeast Asia
Mao Tse-tung (communist) vs. Chaing Kai-shek 1949 – communism takes over China
and Shek is exiled to an island (that is blocked by a US fleet so no one can get to him)
Who lost China? US argued that communism took over China, democracy lost it
Korea – split into 2:
North Korea: Russia puts Kim Il-sung (communist) in charge
South Korea: Syngman Rhee – put in charge of North Korea by the US
Invasion for Unification 1950 – Kim II invaded South Korea (for
nationalistic purposes) *the UN is supposed to handle it but they need the
Security Council to investigate the situation
Security Council=15 members – 5 are permanent (China, Russia, France,
Great Britain, America) and the other 10 rotate
44
China’s spot on the council is controlled by Shek, which makes
Russia furious because they think that Mao is in charge  Russia
walks out of the meeting so they don’t get a vote and Korea
becomes a UN issues (supports South Korea)
NSC-68=in 1950, the US came out with a memo saying that they had to increase armies
and air force because of commitments in Europe and Asia
H- Bomb=after atomic bomb – Truman doesn’t want to bomb Russia because he is
scared they will bomb the US since they are developing their own
MacArthur, US general, is made Commander in Chief of UN forces: he cuts
North Korean army off and chases them up to the border of Manchuria  China
builds a bridge (secretly, at night) under water and moved people across at night
so they can surround the American troops and force them to retreat
Proliferation=the spread of nuclear weapons
Domestic implications of Cold War
War weariness – the US was in WWII for 4 years so they don’t want more wars
Inflation – during WWII, they used price control so after the war prices rise  inflation
(many strikes)
Taft-Hartley Act 1947 – (Republicans are in control after 1946) weakens unions
by eliminating closed shops and introducing mandatory 80 day cooling-off
periods if an industry was important to the economy  instead of going on strike,
they would have to talk for 80 days, which scared unions
Israel – Truman supported Israel, which scared some Americans because Arabs
outnumbered Jews
Desegregation of the army – caused the rise of Dixicrats=southern party that was
against desegregation, almost cost Truman the 1948 election
*Democratic party is splitting
Berlin Crisis & reelection 1948 – Truman sends planes with supplies to keep Berlin
secure and functioning (shows that will stand up to communism), while his opponent,
Thomas E. Dewey (Republican) wants to roll back the New Deal because people hated it
Do Nothing Congress=the Republicans stop Truman from doing anything so he
uses the fact that they were against him to gain votes – that is the reason he didn’t
get anything done
Fair Deal=Truman wants national health insurance, revoke Taft-Hartley Act, and
increase minimum wages, price supports, civil rights, slum clearance, expand
social security
McCarthyism=the political action of making accusations of disloyalty, treason, etc.
without proper regard for evidence
Loss of China 1949 – when communism spread to China the US was scared
Alger Hiss 1949 – accused of being a communist,
Convicted of perjury (=lying to the court)
Klaus Fuchs 1950 – accused of passing atomic secrets to Russia
Rosenbergs 1951 – accused of being spies against the US and passing atomic
secrets to Russia (executed)
McCarren Act=if communist, must register as foreign agent  3 million federal
employees and 3 million civilians were screened for being communist
45
Army McCarthy Hearings – McCarthy’s next target was the army: the event is
televised and everyone watches him make unsupported allegations, the army
lawyers rip him apart
Consequences of McCarthy era
HUAC=House Un-American activities committee – government creates a
committee to find traitors and communists
Hollywood ten=tons of Jewish writers lost their jobs because they were accused
of being communists
Blacklists=registry of communists – communists were required to register
Loyalty oaths=those who were suspected to be part of an anti-democratic
political party were investigated and forced to take an oath of loyalty to the U.S.
Loyalty Review Boards=investigated communists – an effort by Truman to stop
the spread of communism in the US
1952 Election – Eisenhower (Republican) beats Truman because:
1. Korea – war is being dragged out
2. Communism – doesn’t deal with communists well
3. Corruption – his government is corrupt, has to explain it but can’t
CHAPTER 28C
Eisenhower Presidency & the Cold War
Credentials: knew the international scene, was a strong administrator, was self-confident
Objectives
Cut military spending: wants more bang for the buck – emphasizes technology
Massive retaliation=fewer men, more bombs
Rely upon Air Force
Seek an end to the Arms Race
Korea
Armistice (stop fighting) and division at 38th parallel – Stalin died and the
Chinese didn’t feel like Russia would support them anymore so Korea stops
fighting
South America
CIA coup in Guatemala 1954 – US helps overthrow the democratic government
and replaces it with a dictatorship
1% of the Guatemalan population owned 70% of the land and the rest was
owned by Americans—United Fruit Company—so when the Guatemalans
complain, the US helps them
Indochina: policy in transformation
Help France: during WWII, Japan took Indochina from France and after the war
France wants it back  Japan asks the US for help to keep France out but the US
doesn’t want to help Japan so they pay ¾ of France’s bill to hold on to it
Support Geneva Accords 1954 – after France loses a big battle against Japan,
they agree to split Vietnam in half and have elections in 2 years
North: Ho Chi Minh (communist) was in control
South: Ngo Dinh Diem (Catholic) was in control  he doesn’t want
elections because he thinks he will lose to communism
46
US supports Diem by sending hundreds of advisors because they
don’t want another country falling to communism (domino theory)
SEATO=Southeast Asia Trade Organization – collective defense to block
further communist gains in Asia
China
Containment: support Taiwan because it is against communist China
SEATO
Middle East – deal according domino theory: if Vietnam falls to communism then soon
everyone will
CIA coup installs Shah – overthrew Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran
Aswan High Dam – Egypt wants a dam on the Nile to electrify so they ask the
US for money BUT they also want weapons to attack Israel so the US refuses
 Egypt asks Russia instead and they get money and weapons
Sinai Conflict & Suez Crisis – Egypt takes the Suez Canal to pay for ?? so
France and England get mad
-England and France make a deal with Israel:
[Russia says they will send volunteers to help Egypt]
Eisenhower thinks this is a bad idea and so he threatens economics and
England and France withdraw  Israel withdraws
US forces English/French withdrawal – when England, France, and Israel enter
Egypt after Egypt takes control of the Suez Canal, the US forces them all to
withdraw from Egypt
Eisenhower Doctrine=prevent the spread of communism in the Middle East
Lebanon 1958 – there was a political/religious crisis in Lebanon that called for
military intervention by the US on the basis of the Eisenhower Doctrine (said the
US will intervene when countries were threatened by international communism)
Hungarian Revolution 1956 – failed attempt to overthrow the communist government
*The US does not help the Hungarians defeat the communists because Hungary
was in Russia’s backyard and they didn’t want to get in a fight
No roll back=the US isn’t trying to roll back communism, only trying to
stop it from spreading to more places
Waging Peace
Soviet H Bomb raises concern – the development scares the US
Atoms for Peace – the US wants a peaceful spread of atomic technology
End to open air-testing 1958 – the US wanted to end the testing of bombs (by
both Russia and the US) because it was hurting farms and getting into the
atmosphere (gets to Alaska)
U-2 Affair – the US sent spy planes over Russia that were too high to be shot
down BUT right before a conference that was supposed to discuss an end to all
nuclear testing, stop nuclear testing, Russia accused the US of sending spy planes
(US denied) and shoots one down
Sputnik 1957 – scared the US because Russia was getting ahead for the first time
Military-Industrial Complex Speech=Eisenhower’s farewell address: companies had
too much influence of the government because of their huge contracts (specifically
companies that produced military equipment)
47
CHAPTER 29A
Post War Boom – in 1955, the US responsible for 35% of the world’s production
Fueled by
Consumerism=everyone wants to buy things because during the war, few goods
were produced (ex – car companies didn’t produce cars, they produced tanks)
Prices rises because of the high demand  wages go up
 GNP grows 50% between 1940 and 1950
Military spending – as the Cold War heated up, NSC-68 fused more money into
the economy to spend on military
Also, Sputnik leads to NASA – pumped money into the economy
Consequences
Shift to South as a result of the war – it was warmer there so easier to train for
the army (many military bases)
Shift to West as a result of the war – fight from the west
Suburbanization-Levittown – 35% of people lived in cities in the 20s but by the
70s only 31% lived in cities, 85% of all new houses were in the suburbs
Transformation of family – women were supposed to be housewives in
the suburbs but because of the rise of materialism, families needed more
money so women went back to work
Bad wages:
1. Less likely to get high education
2. Bosses assumed young women wouldn’t stay long because
they would get married and have children
3. If they came back after starting a family, they had a gap in
their experience
Quest for uniformity – like everything the same
Houses: every house build was almost exactly the same
Chains: McDonalds, Holiday Inn – Americans fall in love with the
brand name and have a fascination with uniformity
Intellectual response
John Galbraith: Affluent Society – response to growth of wealth in society
The US is going in the wrong direction because they were too
focused on materialism and not education, hospitals, or research
William Whyte: Organization Man
Society was completely uniform and US was enamored with
uniform and consumerism/chain stores
Harrington: Other America
20% of Americans are left behind – don’t benefit from the wealth
C. Wright Mills-Power Elite
Work is dehumanizing (even in an office – data entry)
*This is not the type of life Americans want for their society
Government is controlled by large businesses
Advent of Teenagers because stay in school longer and stop going from school
to work every day (they can stay children longer but are effectively adults)
Consumerism – they wanted to buy things (had more money)
48
Rock & Roll – teenagers used music to define themselves and rebel
against parents  dressed differently to act out / express themselves
Created a generation gap
Truman & The Fair Deal
Objectives
Increase Social Security
National Health Care
Aid to Education
Fair Employment Practices Commission
Reasons for failure
Lack of Priority – Americans don’t feel like the government should take more
responsibility
Democratic divisiveness
Rise of Dixicrats due to Civil Rights Issues – Truman was very
concerned with civil rights and Dixicrats were anti-desegregation
Dixicrats=Democrats  Democrats become divided so no laws
can get passed
Special Interest objections such as AMA
Eisenhower & Modern Republicanism
Avoided rescinding New Deal – Eisenhower realized that people who wanted to destroy
the New Deal usually lost so he didn’t touch it
“Conservative when it comes to money, liberal when it comes to human beings” =wanted
to save money but kept New Deal programs because they were liked
Balanced budget 3/8 years while cutting defense spending
Cut military budget – emphasize missiles over troops
Highway Act 1956 – made highways between major cities
Got it by congress by saying that it was to defend the country
Showed American reliance on automobiles
Massive Retaliation – US relies on atomic weaponry
The US gives Russia 10 bombs for every 1 bomb they give the US
stops working when each has enough bombs to destroy the other
MAD=mutual assured destruction
Increased minimum wage & Social Security
Department of Health, Education & Welfare yet
Anti National Health Care – Republicans resist health care
Challenge of Sputnik – it seems like the Russians are getting ahead of the US after the
Russians  before Russia took everything from the US but now they seem self-efficient
National Defense Education Act – US stressed education in response to Sputnik
NASA – took roots in education and opened in response to Sputnik
CHAPTER 29B
Civil Rights Transformed as a result of:
Economy – large enough to share with minorities
Internal migration to cities – by the 1950s the number of blacks that moved to cities
rose to over 35%
49
Explains why white people moved to suburbs (white flight) – so many people
move out that housing prices drop and poorer blacks move in
A.P. Randolph threatened march on Washington – blacks are more actively resisting
Double V Program=double victory – served country in Europe so entitled to win war
against racism in their country
New Black Popular Icons in both personal sports (Joe Louis-boxing) and team sports
(Jackie Robinson-baseball)
Black intellectual ferment
Richard Wright Native Son & Black Boy – helps people relate to blacks
Ralph Ellison Invisible Man – people overlook blacks because they had no wages
Cold War and Third World Pressures
Gunner Mydal An American Dilemma – the US is hypocritical because they care
about other countries but not their own blacks
Truman leadership
FEPC=Fair Employ Practices Committee – a company funded by the government
can’t run segregated operations
Desegregation of Armed Forces (Dixicrats)
Response to crucial Black vote (1948) – black vote gets Truman elected in 1948
Warren Court – Truman appoints Warren to the Supreme Court
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas 1954 – overturns (Plessy v.
Ferguson) separate but equal
Rosa Parks – contrary to popular belief, this wasn’t random – she was involved in the
NAACP and what she did had been planned for a while
Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955 – Blacks stopped taking public transportation
Buses couldn’t afford to run as often since fewer people were taking buses so
the schedules change and whites are inconvenienced
M.L.King – organizes the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which
promotes non-violent protests and passive resistance
Wants to promote blacks through Christian ideals
Eisenhower and Segregation – didn’t want to force desegregation through legislation
because he believed it should come from within
Little Rock & O. Faubus – Faubus, governor in Arkansas, called on National Guard to
protect blacks in integrated public school
Eisenhower nationalizes the National Guard (puts it under the president’s
control) and sends the regular army force to help instead
T.V. impact
Civil Rights Bill of 1957 – if a person is denied the right to vote because of race, the
federal government has to intervene and overturn the prejudiced laws *very weak
1960 Dawn of a new era
Only 6.4% Southern Blacks in integrated schools
Rise in public funding of private schools – so they don’t have to integrate
Greensboro Woolworth “sit in” SCLC 1960 – non-violent protests for black rights
Kneel-ins & wade-ins
SNCC=Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee – pacifist confrontation
Sit ins, peaceful protests
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