Section 1
1. Hamilton vs. Jefferson
a. Hamilton
i. Strong federal government
ii. Gov’t run by wealthy, well-educated
iii. Loose construction
iv. Economy based on trade and manufacturing
b. Jefferson
i. Limited national government; stronger state governments
ii. Government run by “plain” people
iii. Strict construction
iv. Economy based on farming
2. First Cabinet
a. Secretary of State – Thomas Jefferson
b. Secretary of Treasury – Alexander Hamilton
c. Secretary of War – Henry Knox
d. Attorney General – Edmund Randolph
3. Judiciary Act of 1789 – established the lower courts; set the basic structure of the
federal court system that is still in place today
4. National Bank/D.C. Compromise
a. Hamilton wanted a bank – get rich people to invest money in government, then
those rich people would make sure government succeeded. Used “elastic clause”
to say this was allowed
b. Jefferson and Madison did not want bank. Thought it would favor wealthy at
expense of average farmers. It was not in Constitution, so Congress could not do
it.
c. Jefferson and Madison agreed to allow a bank in return for the future capital of
the US being moved to the South (Washington D.C.)
5. First Parties
a. Federalists – led by Hamilton and John Adams
b. Democratic-Republicans – led by Jefferson and Madison
6. Whiskey Rebellion
a. Congress passed an excise tax (tax on manufacture, sale, or distribution) on
whiskey
b. Small farmers west of Appalachians turned almost all corn into whiskey – tax
made them furious
c. Farmers in Western Pennsylvania refused to pay tax, beat up federal marshals
who tried to collect
d. 15,000 federal troops, led by Washington and Hamilton marched into PA to stop
the rebellion
e. Showed that new government could/would use force to enforce laws
f. Milestone in showing power of federal government in domestic affairs
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7. Declaration of Neutrality – French expected us to help them in return for their help in
the Revolutionary war. Washington issued a statement declaring that the US would not
support either side in this conflict.
8. Pinckney’s Treaty
a. Treaty between the US and Spain.
b. Spain gave up land claims east of Mississippi R. (except Florida)
c. Recognized 31st parallel as northern boundary of Florida
d. Spain agreed to open the Mississippi River to US citizens and allow Americans to
us the port of New Orleans
9. Little Turtle – Leader of the Miami tribe that lived in Ohio. Organized a confederacy of
local tribes. Won several battles against the US in the Ohio River area
10.“Mad Anthony” Wayne – US general sent to lead troops against Miami Confederacy.
Crushed the Miami Confederacy.
11.Fallen Timbers – Battle at which the US crushed the Miami Confederacy
12.Jay’s Treaty
a. Treaty between US and Great Britain
b. Britain agreed to leave forts in Northwest Territory
c. Allowed British to continue fur trade in this area
13.XYZ Affair
a. France began seizing American ships heading for Britain
b. President Adams sent John Jay, John Marshall and Elbridge Gerry to France to
negotiate a solution; supposed to meet with prime minister
c. France sent 3 low level officials, known as X, Y and Z. They demanded $250,000
bribe to see him
d. Outraged Americans – led to heavy anti-French sentiment in US
e. Unofficial naval war ensued for 2 years
14.Alien and Sedition Acts
a. Federalists saw influx of immigrants (mostly anti-British and anti-Federalist) as
threat to the government
b. Passed 4 laws to “protect” government
i. Raised residency requirement for citizenship from 5 to 14 years
ii. President could jail or deport aliens suspected of activities posing a threat
to the national government
iii. Sedition Act – made it a crime for American citizens to “print, utter, or
publish … any false, scandalous, and malicious writing” about the
government – most controversial of the four laws
c. Seen as an attempt to limit the power of the Democratic-Republican party
15.Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
a. Passed in reaction to Alien and Sedition Acts
b. Madison wrote resolutions for Virginia
c. Jefferson wrote resolutions for Kentucky
d. Warned against dangers of Alien and Sedition Acts
e. Stated the concept of nullification
f. Called on other states to pass similar resolutions – no other states did so
16.Nullification- concept that each state could consider null and void any federal law
considered to be a violation of the Constitution by that states legislature
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17.Election of 1800
a. Supposed to be Adams vs. Jefferson
b. Adams incredibly unpopular due to Alien and Sedition Acts
c. Jefferson beat Adams, but Burr receive the same number of electoral votes as
Jefferson
d. House of Representatives took 36 votes until the tie was broken in Jefferson’s
favor – Hamilton convinced NY delegation to vote for Jefferson
e. Revealed a flaw in electoral process that would be fixed by 12th Amendment
18.Aaron Burr – see above. Also, killed Hamilton in a duel in Weehawken NJ.
19.John Marshall – Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Served for more than 30
years. Many of his decisions increased the power of the federal government
20.Judiciary Act of 1801 – law that increased the number of federal judges. An attempt by
the Federalists to “pack” courts with Federalist judges who would favor their policies,
even if the Democratic-Republicans were elected.
21.Midnight Judges – judges appointed at the final hours of the Adams administration
22.Marbury v. Madison
a. William Marbury appointed judge by Adams
b. Adams did not deliver appointment before he left office
c. Madison (Secretary of State for Jefferson) refused to deliver appointment
d. Marbury sued
e. Marshall and Supreme Court decided that the law requiring the appointment to
be delivered was unconstitutional
f. First use of “judicial review”
23.Judicial Review – ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress
unconstitutional
24.Louisiana Purchase
a. Jefferson wanted to buy New Orleans and Western Florida from France
b. Sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to negotiate purchase – told them to
spend no more than $5 million.
c. France offered to sell all of its territory in America for $15 million
d. Included all land drained by the Mississippi River and its western tributaries
25.Lewis and Clark
a. leaders of Corps of Discovery (expedition to explore Louisiana Purchase.
b. Took 28 months
c. Recorded valuable information about newly acquired territory
26.Sacajawea – Native American female who served as guide and interpreter for the Corps
of Discovery. Known for her tremendous diving skills
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27.Impressment – practice of seizing Americans at sea and forcing them into the British
navy
28.Embargo Act of 1807
a. Ban on exporting US goods to foreign countries
b. Passed because Jefferson believe it would damage European economies and force
countries to recognize US neutrality
c. Hurt US much more that Europe – greatly damaged US economy
d. 1809 – Congress lifted ban on all European countries except Britain and France
29.Tecumseh – Shawnee chief who believed the only way for Natives to protect land was to
unite and form a Native American nation. Wanted Natives to return to their old ways
and cast off all traces of “white” civilization. Fought on British side in War of 1812 and
killed in battle
30.Tippecanoe – battle at which the Shawnee attacked US forces on the banks of the
Tippecanoe River. Natives led by Tecumseh’s brother, The Prophet. Americans
responded and burned down the Shawnee capital of Propehtstown.
31.William Henry Harrison – leader of US forced at Tippecanoe. US victory made him a
national hero, and eventually president.
32.War Hawks – group of young congressmen from the South and West. Led by John C.
Calhoun (SC) and Henry Clay (KY). Wanted to go to war with Britain
33.Causes of War of 1812
a. Impressments
b. British refusal to leave forts in Northwest Territories
c. British supplying weapons to the Natives in Northwest
34.Burning of Washington DC – British invaded towns along the Atlantic coast. Burned the
city of Washington in retaliation for the US burning down York, Ontario (capital of Upper
Canada). British burned Capitol, White House, and several other public buildings.
Madison and other officials forced to flee.
35.Battle of New Orleans
a. Fought after peace treaty was signed
b. US led by Andrew Jackson
c. Coalition of US soldiers, freed slaves, natives, and French
d. Defeated a much larger force of British soldiers.
e. Hundreds of British killed – about 50 Americans
36.Treaty of Ghent –
a. All captured land returned to pre-war owner
b. All prisoners freed
c. Ended fighting
37.Results of War (within a few years, not immediate)
a. Trade reopened between US and Britain (1815)
b. Rush-Bagot agreement (1817) limited number of warships on Great Lakes
c. Northern boundary of Louisiana Territory set at 49th parallel (1818)
d. Ten year joint occupation of Oregon Territory