Unit 6 – Crises and Achievements
Section 1p. 233-238, Scientific and Technological Achievements
Advances in Medicine:
Person
Pasteur
Koch
Lister
Discovery
Germ theory
TB; germ theory
Antiseptic
Rabies vaccine
Reasons for improved standard of living:
1.better housing
2.better working conditions/wages
3. improved santitation
4. improved technology
New Techology:
Inventor
Bell
Edison
Invention
Phone
Light bulb
Ford
auto
Scientific Theories
Scientist
Theory
Freud
Explored human mind
Curie
Radioactivity
Einstein
Theory of relativity
Fleming
Antibiotics –
penicillium
Section 2 p. 238-244 World War I
Long term causes:
a. militarism
b. alliances
c. imperialism
d. nationalism
Immediate cause: Assasination of Archeduke Franz Ferdinand
Describe the Armenian massacre: Young Turks assassinate over a million Christian Armenians (1890’-1900’s)
Explain what we mean by the Balkan Powder Keg: multi-national Austria was afraid the Serbs would break away –
causing others to do the same
Allied Powers
Central Powers
Britain, France, Russia
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
New Type of Warfare: trench warfare
New Technology
1. submarine
2. machine gun
3. mustard gas and mask
Define total war: war fought at home and on the battlefield
Major Turning Points in the War
1. US enters war after Germany used unrestricted submarine warfare (sinking of the Lusitania)
2. Russian withdrawal because of revolution of 1917 in Russia.
Costs of War – 8.5 million dead, more than 17 million wounded, famine and disease were widespread
Economic Losses – factories, farms, homes were destroyed; war debts; Central Powers had to pay reparations
Section 3, p. 245-252 – Revolution in Russia: Causes and Impacts
Long term causes:
1.peasants wanted land and bread
2.workers wanted more pay and shorter hours
3.diversity in empire/nationalism
4. corrupt gov’t
What was “Bloody Sunday”: Jan 1905 peaceful marchers protested by walking to the palace – Czar’s soldiers shot
the protesters
Results of the Revolution
1. October Manifesto
2. Duma set up/later dissolved
3. Pogroms con’t
4. Laws limit power of Duma
March Revolution
Causes: food, fuel shortages
Military defeats in WWI
November Revolution
Causes: food, fuel shortages
Military defeats in WWI
Results: Czar Nicholas abdicates
Results: Lenin comes to power
Bolsheviks take over
Lenin Comes to Power:
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: treaty that takes Russia out of WWI
Government: Communist – 1 party
Economic Plan: NEP – command economy w/ some capitalism
Joseph Stalin
Characteristics of a totalitarian state (2 for each):
Economics
Politics
Arts
Low standard of
1 Party-dictatoship;
Censorship; art that
living; shortage of
complete control of
promotes the state
foods and consumer
citizen’s lives,
goods
industry and
agriculture
Religion
Atheistic
Society
Fear of secret police,
free health care
Economic plan: Command Economy
Industry: 5 year plans
Agriculture: Collectives
Section 4: Between the Wars
Terms of the Treaty of Versailles:
1. Germany pays reparations
2. Germany has to reduce its military
3. Germany loses its colonies/territories
4. Germany takes full blame for the war
League of Nations: peace keeping organization – had no power
Breakup of empires: Austria-Hungary and Ottoman
Causes: nationalism
Nationalist Movements:
Country
Leader
Turkey
Ataturk
Iran
Arab
Reza Khan
Goals?Reforms
Westernize and modernize
European law replaced Islamic law; Christian calendar
replaced Muslim calendar
Western dress
Westernize – alphabet, dress
Secular schools
Pan-Arabism; unity for all Arab people
Zionism
Theodor Herzl
Find a Jewish homeland in Palestine
Indian
Gandhi
Independence from Britain; civil disobedience; Salt March
Chinese
Sun Yixian -
Father of Chinese Republic
World Wide Depression
Causes
Impact
1.Less demand for raw materials
1.Banks and businesses closed,
2.Overproduction of goods
2.^Unemployment
3. Stock market crash
3. Rise of facism and nazism
Section 5 – World War II
Acts of Aggression
1. Japan – invasion of Manchuria
2. Germany – Anschluss, taking the Sudetenland, invasion of Polans
3. Italy – attacks Ethiopia
Main causes of World War II:
a. militarism
b. alliances
c. imperialism
d. nationalism
Appeasement: policy of giving into an aggresso
Immediate Cause:
Allied Powers
Britain, France, Russia
Axis Powers
Germany, Japan, Italy
US entry into WWII: Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, 1941
Yalta Conference: Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin met to divide up Germany and govern it temporarily
Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Cities of Japan bombed by the US to defeat the Japanese. August 6 and 10, 1945
Examples of Modern Warfare:
1. sonar
2. radar
3. airplanes
4. atomic bombs
The Holocaust: The killing of 6 million Jews, gypsies, and others by Hitler during WWII
Other War Atrocities:
1. Japanese “rape” of Nanjing – mass killings of Chinese
2. Bataan Death march in the Philippines
3. Poles were imprisoned, tortured and executed by the Soviets
Impact of WWII:
1.75 million dead
2.Europe and Japan were destroyed and had to be re-built
3. War Crimes Trials - Nuremburg
4.United Nations – replaced League of Nations