Price Quotations in Early U.S.
Securities Markets, 1790-1860:
Description of the Data Set
Compilers:
Richard E. Sylla, Stern School, New York University, rsylla@stern.nyu.edu
Jack Wilson, North Carolina State University, wilson@gw.fis.NCSU.EDU
Robert E. Wright, Winthrop Group, alexanderhamilon@comcast.net
Abstract:
This document describes a large data set of prices of public securities (equities and
bonds) that traded in 9 U.S. securities markets and London between the end of the
Revolution and the Civil War. The description includes a basic orientation to the data, its
electronic formats, its limitations, and two examples of its potential use. It also includes a
brief bibliography and a full list of the periodicals consulted.
Acknowledgment:
Funding for this data set was provided by the National Science Foundation, grant no.
SES-9730692, “America’s First Securities Markets, 1787-1836: Emergence,
Development, Integration.”
1
Table of Contents:
Project Overview
2
Geographical, Temporal, and Sectoral Scope of the Data Set
3
Electronic Format of the Data Set
5
Data Limitations
8
Data Interpretation Examples
11
For Further Guidance
14
Appendix: Periodicals Consulted
15
Project Overview
Over a period of several years, members of the Project, which was composed of
two P.I.s (Richard Sylla and Jack Wilson), a postdoctoral associate (Robert E. Wright), a
database assistant (Namsuk Kim), and several undergraduate research assistants, scanned
early U.S. periodicals (1786-1862) for the prices of public securities -- public and
corporate debt and corporate equities. (Details of the sources consulted, the years
searched, and the general usefulness of each consulted source are provided in the
Appendix.)
Not every extant newspaper for every year was searched because the purpose of
the project was not to find every extant securities quotation, but rather to find “runs” of
securities quotations (daily, weekly, or monthly) in each of the major securities markets
(Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charleston, S.C., New Orleans, London,
and, to a lesser extent, Alexandria, Norfolk, and Richmond, Va.), over the core period
under study, 1790 to 1850. (Quotations before and after that period were also recorded
where time, financial resources, and primary sources allowed. See below for details.)
2
Quotations of inland and foreign exchange, coins and specie, and non-interest bearing
cash instruments like bills of credit and banks notes were not included in the data set.
Geographical, Temporal, and Sectoral Scope of the Data Set
The following table provides an overview of the geographical and temporal
coverage of the data set:
Market
Earliest
Latest
Number of Weeks of Prices
Date
Date
Recorded
Alexandria
1806.0929
1814.0528 246
Baltimore
1803.0214
1862.0531 2,912
Boston
1789.0303
1859.1214 3,792
Charleston, S.C.
1787.0315
1860.1217 2,639
London
1792.0606
1843.1229 1,363
New Orleans
1810.1020
1858.1002 574
New York
1790.0331
1853.1228 3,493
Norfolk
1804.0804
1819.0506 250
Philadelphia
1786.0816
1850.1228 3,148
Richmond
1799.0914
1859.1230 18,417
Total
1786.0816
1862.0531 8,649
Dates are rendered above as in the database, i.e., in the format of year.monthday, where
the year is a four digit number to the left of the decimal, months are rendered by the two
digits immediately to the right of the decimal, and days find representation in the final
two digits. Thus, 1799.0914 indicates a date of 14 September 1799 and 1834.1001
3
represents 1 October 1834. A date of 1800.0100 represents an unknown day in January
1800.
The data is divided first by market, then by issuer sectors or types. The types
include the following:
Issuer Type
Number of Issues
Banks and Trusts (Equities)
300
Insurance Companies (Equities)
221
Transportation Companies
305
(Equities)
Manufacturing, Miscellaneous,
358
and Utility Companies (Equities)
Corporate Debt (Bonds)
289
U.S. Debt (National bonds)
135
State Debt (State bonds)
386
Municipal Debt (City and county
176
bonds)
Total
2,170
The total number of different issues (2,170) is somewhat inflated by the fact that the
project members erred on the side of splitting the same security under separate “key
codes” rather than risk lumping disparate securities together under a single key code. For
example, we discovered quotations for New Creek Coal, New Creek Iron, and New
Creek Water. Given the similarity of the names, there is a possibility that this was a
4
single firm, the full name of which might have been New Creek Coal, Iron, and Water
Company. (Contemporary newspapers simply may have shortened the name in three
different ways.) Or, there might have been three different companies. Since we were not
certain, we kept them separate, assigning them three different key codes -- M-2056, M2060, and M-2066, respectively. Only further research into the issues in question can
reveal whether the prices represent one, two, or three different issues. Similar examples
abound.
Electronic Format of the Data Set
We provide the data in two formats, Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Access.
Instructions on how to use those programs, or to convert the files to other data formats,
cannot be provided here. Users should consult their program documentation or software
consultants for operational details.
The Access database is designed for researchers who wish to search for particular
types of securities, e.g. state debt instruments, or years, e.g. 1818-1822, across all
markets. Database assistant Namsuk Kim has included some basic queries to get
researchers started, but researchers are not restricted to his efforts. They can create other
queries, or port the data to another database, to meet their particular needs. Again,
however, they must consult Access’s documentation and/or the IT departments of their
home institutions for further instructions and technical guidance.
The Excel files are designed for researchers interested in a particular market or
security. The index file, SEC-index.xls, contains the key codes and names of the
securities, grouped by type: banks and trusts (key code F); insurance (I); transportation
(T); manufacturing, miscellaneous, and utility (M); corporate debt (B); U.S. debt (US);
5
state debt (S); and municipal debt (C). Each key code is composed of both the appropriate
letter identifier (e.g. S for a state bond) and a dash followed by a unique four-digit
number. For instance, F-0560 is the key code of the Chesapeake Bank, C-0506 of Jersey
City 6 percent bonds.
The data are grouped in files by market. For example, all securities prices for the
Richmond market are in the file Richmond.xls. Securities quotations are arranged by type
within each file/market. Within each file, the worksheets always follow the same order:
the equities of banks and trusts; insurance; transportation; manufacturing, miscellaneous,
and utility; then all varieties of corporate debt; followed by U.S. debt; state debt; and
finally municipal debt. The number of separate worksheets varies depending on the
number of securities. One of the smaller markets, New Orleans, has all of its securities on
one worksheet or “tab.” In the other files/markets, all securities of the same type are
located on their own individual tab or worksheet. For instance, in the file Charleston.xls,
all the companies on the first worksheet are “Banks,” all the issuers on the second
worksheet are “Insurance” companies, etc., while all the debt instruments are on the fifth
and final worksheet. In the New York file, by contrast, Banks are so numerous (Excel can
only handle about 230 columns per worksheet) that they are broken into two worksheets,
and each type of debt is included on at least one worksheet of its own.
Researchers should use the index file to identify the key codes of the security or
securities in which they are interested. If an issuer is not included in the index file, no
securities quotations for it were found. If a key code cannot be found in a specific Excel
file, that particular security did not trade in that market. In fact, most of the securities in
the data set traded in only one of the markets. Major exceptions to this rule are the Bank
6
of the United States (first and second) and U.S. bonds, each of which traded in most (if
not all) of the markets. Researchers interested in tracking the prices of those instruments
over all markets will have to download each of the Excel files or use the Access database.
Researchers should search for an issuer of interest under alternate names. A
researcher interested in the Albany Bank, for instance, should also look under Bank of
Albany. Similarly, researchers should search for their issuer under multiple categories.
This caveat especially holds true for railroads, manufacturers, and miscellaneous
companies, quite a few of which engaged in multiple enterprises, e.g. transportation and
iron manufacturing, and hence might be listed under either or both the Transportation and
Manufacturing categories. Some industrial or utility companies had banking powers and
hence might be listed under banks. Water utility the Manhattan Company (F-1390) is a
prime example, but not the only case. Finally, the line between banks, trusts, and
insurance companies, especially life insurance companies, was often a hazy one. So
researchers should look for financial companies of interest under both Banks (key code
F-****) and Insurance (key code I-****).
Researchers should also bear in mind that a company might have issued both
equity (stocks) and debt (bonds) and even multiple forms of each. For example, the
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O R.R.) sold two forms of common stock (T-0080 and
T-0100) and at least 7 varieties of bonds (B-0040 to B-0100). Moreover, researchers
should note that preferred stocks, hybrids between equities and bonds, might appear with
other equity issues or in the corporate bond list. So researchers should also check the
Corporate Debt list for bonds of interest.
7
Data Limitations
Project members took pains to ensure that the data represented in the Excel files
and Access database are as accurate as possible. The data was closely checked for
transcription errors. The quotations, particularly fractions, were at times illegible. Where
a price clearly indicated a fraction, but the numerator or denominator could not be
ascertained, we assumed a fraction of ½ (transcribed as .5). Prices that were completely
illegible were ignored.
Due to the inherent limitations of the source material, however, the data set is not
entirely “clean.” There are several important limitations to keep in mind. The data set
contains:
a) gaps where no quotations are available. This occurred, especially early in the period
under study or in the smaller markets, where no newspapers carried securities prices.
Gaps also appear where some issues/dates of newspapers known to carry securities
prices are no longer extant.
b) minor inconsistencies in dates both intra- and inter-market. For instance, the data set
might have prices of securities trading in Boston on 1 March of a given year, New
York on 2 March, Philadelphia on 7 March, Baltimore on 24 February, and no
quotations from Charleston. Moreover, the precise nature of the dates was usually not
clear, so undoubtedly inter-market inconsistencies exist as well. Specifically, dates
sometimes represent the date of the quotation and sometimes the date of the
newspaper.
c) both transaction data from actual sales and broker-quoted data that may be an average
of recent transactions or even the mere estimation of a broker.
8
d) bid-ask prices at times but only one price at others. The single price quotations may
be bids, may be asks, may be midpoints, or may be actual transaction prices.
Moreover, the actual transaction prices may have been brokered prices or auction
prices. Where dealers were involved, generally the bid and ask prices were published.
e) quotations of equities that are sometimes ambiguous as they may refer to price ($) or
percentage of par. Thus, a quotation of 50 for a particular stock may mean $50 or 50
percent of par. In some instances, we have changed percentage quotations to dollars,
rendering, say, a quotation for Bank of North America (F-0250) stock of 110 as 440
because that bank’s par value we know was $400 for much of its early history.
Similarly, a quotation of 110 for the Insurance Company of North America (I-0810)
was rendered as 11 because the par value of that company’s stock was $10. In many
cases, the par value of stock was $100, making the distinction between dollar
quotations and percent of par quotations irrelevant. Similarly, all bonds had face
values of $100 for quotation purposes, so a quotation of, say, 95, unequivocally
means $95 for a bond with a face of $100. The par value of equities, however, was
not always ascertained and sometimes changed. In those cases, we have simply
transcribed the reported figure. As a general rule, equities in New York were quoted
as percentage of par throughout the period of study. No such hard and fast rules apply
to the other markets, with quotations changing from dollars to percentage of par
depending on the issue and the reporter. Researchers should note, therefore, that
abrupt shifts in the quoted prices may be due to actual changes in the stock’s market
price, or may simply reflect changes in the stock’s par value or changes in the basis of
quotation. For example, an immediate drop from 100 to 30 may indicate a company
9
in serious distress or simply a $30 par stock being quoted in dollars instead of percent
par. The drop might also indicate a devaluation of the par value of the stock. The
securities price lists from which the data set was created are almost always entirely
mute on the causes of such shifts; only exhaustive firm-specific research can reveal
its cause. Finally, in the London market, most equities prices are in pounds sterling
but some, most notably the Bank of the United States (F-0310), were given in U.S.
dollars.
f) multiple prices for the same security in the same market. This is relatively rare and is
explained by points b, c, d, and e.
g) no dividends. A follow-up project is planned that will compile dividend data.
Researchers should not despair, however, because there are several important
caveats that can guide them to make intelligent use of the data set.
1) All bonds are listed as percentage of par or dollars per $100 face value.
2) The par value of the stock of many corporations was also $100, rendering the price
quotations consistent throughout. Par values are not, at this time, provided.
Researchers can obtain them from a variety of sources, including state statutes. The
par value of the first Bank of the United States was $400, that of the second Bank
$100. Note, however, that those and other equities traded before the capital was fully
paid in, so a quotation of, say, $80 on a stock with an eventual par value of $100
might actually be par. For clarification of this point, an example is provided below.
3) Bid-ask prices become much more common after 1820.
4) Gaps become much less frequent, particularly in the Big 3 markets (Boston, New
York, Philadelphia), after 1820.
10
5) The key features of many bonds can be deduced from their names. “New York City
5s r. 1856,” for instance, refer to bonds issued by the city of New York with 5 percent
coupons that matured in 1856. “Chicago 7s, 1880, sewer” were bonds issued by the
city of Chicago, bearing a 7 percent coupon, redeemable in 1880, issued for that
city’s sewer system. Further information about the bond, for instance whether the
coupons were paid quarterly or semiannually or whether it was a general obligation or
special revenue bond, generally are not included in the data set, though there are
exceptions.
6) Other special features of bonds are sometimes given by their title. Sterling bonds, for
instance, were payable in pounds sterling. Some bonds were payable in major money
centers like Boston, New York, or San Francisco. Preferred, guaranteed, and
mortgage bonds are also generally referenced as such in the name.
Data Interpretation Examples
In this section, we interpret the price data of two issues as examples by way of
further explicating some of the points made above. We start with the Hope Insurance
Company (I-0740), a marine insurer chartered by New York State in the 1820s. Its stock
chart, drawn from the data set, looks like this:
11
Date
Bid
Ask
As it was a New York company, the price was quoted as percentage of par. Clearly, Hope
ran into difficulties in 1825. Sources located in the New York Historical Society indicate
that management and governance breakdowns caused the fall. The company sold lowpremium insurance but did not adequately screen applicants; insiders granted themselves
cheap insurance on risky voyages.
The stock chart of the Bank of New Orleans (F-0235) shows a typical pattern. The
gradual paying in of the company’s capital stock caused the run-up in the price of the
stock in 1Q and 2Q 1854. The par value of the stock, and hence the market value of the
12
1827.1208
1827.0818
1827.0414
1826.1216
1826.0805
1826.0329
1825.1126
1825.0730
1825.0409
1824.1225
1824.0814
1824.0410
1823.1216
1823.0815
1823.0418
1822.1213
1822.0809
1822.0427
125
115
105
95
85
75
65
55
45
35
25
15
Date
Price
Stock Chart: Hope Insurance
stock, increased as installments on the full par price of $100 per share were made. The
dip in prices in 1857 was undoubtedly a result of the financial panic of that year.
Stock Chart: Bank of New Orleans
120
100
60
40
20
Date
Bid
Ask
13
1858.0717
1858.0424
1858.0123
1857.0912
1857.0620
1857.0328
1857.0103
1856.1011
1856.0315
1855.1222
1855.0422
1855.0204
1854.0923
1854.0603
1854.0311
0
1853.1203
Price
80
For Further Guidance
Scholars still know precious little about early U.S. securities markets. For
background, researchers can consult one or more of the following sources:
Sylla, Richard. 2002. “Financial Systems and Economic Modernization,” Journal of
Economic History 62:277-292.
_______. 1999. “Emerging Markets in History: The United States, Japan, and
Argentina,” in R. Sato et al., eds., Global Competition and Integration. Boston:
Kluwer Academic Publishers, 427-446.
_______. 1999. “Shaping the U.S. Financial System, 1690-1913: The Dominant Role of
Public Finance,” in Richard Sylla, Richard Tilly, and Gabriel Tortella, eds. The
State, the Financial System and Economic Modernization. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
_______. 1998. “U.S. Securities Markets and the Banking System, 1790-1840.” Federal
Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 80:83-104.
Wright, Robert E. 2002. The Wealth of Nations Rediscovered: Integration and Expansion
in American Financial Markets, 1780-1850. New York: Cambridge University
Press.
_______. 2002. Hamilton Unbound: Finance and the Creation of the American Republic.
Westport, Conn.: Greenwood.
14
Appendix: Periodicals Consulted
Key:
* = somewhat useful for prices
** = very useful for prices
*** = an indispensable source of prices
blank = no prices found
[ ] = place of publication when not clear from the title
dates = range of dates consulted (inclusive)
Periodicals:
Alexandria Advertiser [Alexandria, Va.], 1806-1808***
Alexandria Gazette [Alexandria, Va.], 1808-1813***, 1814-1820*
American Apollo [Boston], 1792-1794
American Beacon & Commercial Diary [Norfolk, Va.], 1815-1819***, 1820-1821, 18241826***, 1827, 1829***, 1832-1833
American and Commercial Daily Advertiser [Baltimore], 1810
American Herald and Washington Gazette [Boston], 1784-1790
American Price Current [New York], 1786***
American Star, or, Historical, Political, Critical and Moral Journal [Philadelphia], 1794
The Argus, Or Greenleaf’s New Daily Advertiser [New York], 1796
Aurora and General Advertiser [Philadelphia], 1793-1794, 1798
Baltimore American and Daily Advertiser; Baltimore American & Commercial Daily
Advertiser, 1799-1801*, 1814, 1830-1839***, 1849-1850***
Baltimore American Patriot, 1802-1803*
15
Baltimore Daily Intelligencer, 1794
Baltimore Daily Repository, 1791-1795
Baltimore Democratic Republican, 1802
Baltimore Evening Post, 1792-1793, 1809-1811*
Baltimore Federal Republican, 1814
Baltimore Intelligencer, 1798
Baltimore Patriot Mercantile Advertiser, 1813-1830***
Baltimore Patriot Evening Advertiser, 1814
Baltimore Republican, 1802
Baltimore Sun, 1847**, 1850-1853***, 1858-1859***
Baltimore Sunday Monitor, 1796
Baltimore Telegraph, 1797-1800*
Baltimore Telegraph and Mercantile Advertiser, 1815**
Baltimore Weekly Museum, 1797
Baltimore [Weekly] Price Current, 1803-1830***, 1853-1860***
Baltimore Whig, 1811-1812**
Bay State Democrat, 1840**
Boston American Traveler, 1838-1839
Boston American Union, 1847-1850**
Boston Atlas, 1837-1841**
Boston Courier, 1787-1790, 1824-1829***, 1834, 1836-1841**
16
Boston Columbia Centinel, 1790-1791, 1792**, 1793*, 1794-1799, 1810-1820***, 18371840*
Boston Commercial Bulletin, 1859, 1865, 1870
Boston Commercial Gazette, 1837-1843*
Boston Daily Advertiser, 1830-1836***
Boston Daily Advocate, 1837-1838
Boston Daily American, 1842**
Boston Daily Advertiser, 1823-1824***
Boston Daily Bee, 1842
Boston Daily Centinel and Gazette, 1836-1840***
Boston Daily Commercial Gazette, 1830-31***
Boston Daily Courier, 1852/3-1860***
Boston Daily Express, 1838
Boston Daily Mail, 1841
Boston Evening Post, 1781-1784
Boston Gazette, 1810-1815***
Boston Herald, 1859
Boston Herald and Star, 1838
Boston Investigator, 1837-1842
Boston Mercantile Journal, 1835-1838**
Boston Patriot, 1815***
Boston Post, 1839-1844**, 1863
Boston Press, 1838*
17
Boston Press and Post, 1840-1847*
Boston Semi-Weekly Advertiser, 1840*
Boston Shipping List, Prices Current, &c., 1843-1850***
Boston Spectator, 1814
Boston Times, 1794, 1836-1844
Boston Transcript, 1840
Boston Weekly Journal, 1860-1862
Brunswick Gazette a.k.a. The Guardian or New Brunswick Advertiser [New Jersey],
1792-1794
Carey’s Daily Advertiser, 1797
Charleston Carolina Gazette, 1823-1829, 1837-1840***
Charleston City Gazette, 1800-1815*, 1815-1832***
Charleston Commercial Journal and Charleston Wholesale Prices Current, 1841-1842**
Charleston Courier, 1803-1849***
Charleston Courier Lettersheet Prices Current, 1833-1841***
Charleston Investigator, 1813-1814
Charleston Mercury and Morning Advertiser, 1822-1833***, 1845-1860***
Charleston Morning Post, 1786-1787
Charleston Oracle, [French language], 1807
Charleston Times, 1800-1804
Cincinnati Emporium, 1824-1826
City of Washington Gazette, 1821
Columbian Herald [Charleston], 1796
18
Comparative Price Current, and European and American Commercial Reporter, [New
York], 1827
Complete Counting House Companion [Philadelphia], 1785-1787*
Connecticut Courant [Hartford], 1795-1797, 1824-25
DeBow’s Review, 1846-1860
The Delaware and Eastern Shore Advertiser [Wilmington], 1794-1799*
Delaware Gazette, 1791-1792
The Dessert to the True American [Philadelphia],1798
The Diary, or Loudon’s Register [New York], 1792***
Dunlap and Claypoole’s American Daily Advertiser [Philadelphia], 1791-1794, 1795**
Edinburgh Gazetteer, 1792-1793 [England]
Exchange Advertiser [Boston], 1785-1786
Federal Gazette & Baltimore Daily Advertiser, 1797-1800
Federal Gazette & Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, 1793-1794, 1801-1802
Federal Intelligencer and Baltimore Daily Gazette, 1795-1796**, 1798, 1804
Federal Orrery [Boston], 1794-1796
The Financial Register of the United States: Devoted Chiefly to Finance and Currency,
and to Banking and Commercial Statistics [Philadelphia], 1838**
Finlay’s American Naval and Commercial Register [Philadelphia], 1795-1798***
Freeman’s Journal [Cincinnati], 1797
General Advertiser [Philadelphia], 1790-1794
Georgetown Federal Republican, 1812-1813
Gazette of the United States [Philadelphia], 1790-1794*, 1798-1806**
19
Grotjan’s Philadelphia Public Sale Report and General Price Current
[Philadelphia], 1816***, 1820-1823***, 1825-1830***
Hartford Times, 1817-1820
Hope’s Philadelphia Price Current, 1805-1813***
Howard’s Prices Current [Charleston], 1832***
Independent Chronicle [Boston], 1794
Independent Gazette [Philadelphia], 1790, 1793**, 1794*
Independent Ledger [Boston], 1786
Lancaster Correspondent, 1799-1801
Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Mercury, 1806-1812
London Gazette, 1787
Louisiana Advertiser, 1820***
Louisiana Gazette and New Orleans Advertiser, 1804-1809, 1810**, 1811***, 1812**,
1813-1818, 1819**, 1820-1826
Lyford’s Baltimore Price Current, 1839-1849***
Maryland Gazette, 1786, 1791
Maryland Hagerstown Gazette, 1809-1814
Maryland Journal, 1786-1794
Massachusetts Magazine, 1789-1794***
Massachusetts Mercury [Boston], 1793-1794
Merchants’ Daily Advertiser [Philadelphia], 1797-1798***
Mississippi Washington Republican [Natchez], 1813-1817
National Gazette [New York or Philadelphia], 1792-1793*
20
Nettle [Boston], 1838-1844
New Jersey Telegraph, McIntyre’s Bank Note List and Prices Current [Jersey City, New
Jersey], 1840***
New Orleans Argus, 1824-1826***, 1827*, 1828-1830
New Orleans Bee, 1827**, 1829, 1830, 1833, 1843, 1856
New Orleans City Journal, 1825-1826
New Orleans Commercial Bulletin, 1836, 1839, 1840, 1842, 1844, 1845, 1848-1851**,
1858
New Orleans Commercial Times, 1846-1847**
New Orleans Courier, 1822-1823, 1824**, 1826, 1828, 1830, 1832, 1840
New Orleans Daily Delta, 1845-1847***, 1848, 1849, 1850*, 1851-1852, 1853-1854***,
1855**, 1856**, 1857-1858***, 1859, 1863
New Orleans Daily News & Merchants Daily, 1834
New Orleans Daily Tropic, 1843-1844
New Orleans Louisiana Advertiser, 1826-1835***
New Orleans Moniteur de la Louisiana, 1805-1811
New Orleans Picayune, 1838-1848
New Orleans Price Current & Commercial Intelligencer, 1824-1830***
New Orleans Price Current, Commercial Intelligence and Merchants’ Transcript, 18351838, 1839-1850, 1852-1860***
New Orleans True American, 1837, 1839
New Orleans Weekly Bulletin, 1844**
New York American Minerva, 1794*
21
New York Columbian Gazetteer, 1793*, 1794*
New York Commercial Advertiser, 1799
New York Daily Advertiser, 1790*, 1791***, 1792***, 1794, 1795
New York Daily Gazette, 1791***, 1792**, 1793, 1794**, 1795
New York Evening Post, 1794, 1795*
New York Herald, 1794*, 1795**, 1796**
New York Independent Gazette, 1788
New York Journal, 1792-1795***, 1796, 1798, 1799
New York Mercantile Advertiser, 1799*
New York Price Current, 1797-1830***
New York Register of the Times: A Gazette for the Country, 1796-1798*
New York Spectator, 1799, 1821
New York Weekly Chronicle, 1795
New York Weekly Inspector, 1806
New York Weekly Museum, 1789-1797
Norfolk Gazette, 1804-1807***, 1808, 1809*, 1810*, 1814
Norfolk and Portsmouth Herald, 1811, 1824-1825
Norristown Gazette, 1799-1817
North American and United States Gazette [Philadelphia], 1851, 1855, 1863
Pelosi’s Marine List and Price Current [Philadelphia], 1791-1793***
Pennsylvania Herald [Philadelphia], 1785-1787*
Pennsylvania Gazette [Philadelphia], 1756-1800*
Philadelphia Aurora & General Advertiser, 1799, 1811
22
Philadelphia Commercial List, 1850***
Philadelphia Federal Gazette, 1801*
Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, a.k.a. Carey’s Daily Advertiser, a.k.a. Carey’s United
States’ Recorder, 1797-1798*
Philadelphia General Advertiser, 1793-1794
Philadelphia Evening Chronicle, 1787
Pennsylvania Mercury and Philadelphia Price Current, 1790-1792**
Pennsylvania Mercury and Universal Advertiser, 1784-1786
Philadelphia Minerva, 1795
Philadelphia Public Sale Report, a.k.a. Philadelphia Price Current, 1827-1849***
Philadelphia Public Ledger, 1851, 1853, 1859
Philadelphia Universal Gazette, 1798*
Political and Commercial Register [Philadelphia], 1804-1819**
Porcupines’ Gazette and United States Daily Advertiser [Philadelphia], 1798-1799*
Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser [Philadelphia], 1800-1802*, 1833***
Providence Gazette and Country Journal, 1794
Relf’s Philadelphia Prices Current, 1801
Richmond Enquirer, 1804-1810, 1815-1847***, 1848-1850*, 1851-1860***
Richmond Whig, 1837-1848*, 1856-1857***
San Francisco Shipping List and Prices Current, 1852***
Saturday Evening Gazette, 1837-1839
State Gazette of North-Carolina [Edenton], 1796
South Carolina State Gazette and Timothy’s Daily Advertiser [Charleston], 1794, 1799
23
Southern Intelligencer [Charleston], 1822***
Southern Patriot and Commercial Advertiser [Charleston], 1814, 1815-1816***, 18211843***
Southern Quarterly Review, 1842-1857
Sunday Dispatch [Philadelphia], 1851, 1854, 1857, 1860
Temple of Reason [Philadelphia], 1801-1802
The True American and Commercial Advertiser [Philadelphia], 1804, 1805, 1814, 1817
United States Gazette [Philadelphia], 1812
Universal Asylum, or Columbian Magazine [Philadelphia], 1788-1792**
Virginia Argus [Richmond], 1793-1803, 1808-1815
Virginia Chronicle [Norfolk], 1792-1794
Virginia Gazette [Richmond], 1790-1792, 1805-1809
Virginia Independent Chronicle [Richmond], 1786**, 1787-1789
Washington [DC] Monitor, 1808-1809
The Weekly Advertiser of Reading, in the County of Berks, 1798
Weekly Louisiana Gazette, 1825**, 1826
Weekly Reporter [Boston], 1819-1827**
24