CHAPTER OUTLINE
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology , 7th edition, ©2006 by Frederic H. Martini
Prepared by Professor Albia Dugger, Miami-Dade College, Miami, Florida

Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization
I. An Introduction to Cells
A. Objective
1. List the main points of cell theory.
(vocabulary) a. cytology b. cell biology c. sex cells (germ cells) d. somatic cells e. extracellular fluid f. interstitial fluid
II. The Cell Membrane
A. Objective
1. Describe the chief structural features of the cell membrane.
(vocabulary) a. cell membrane b. plasma membrane
B. Membrane Lipids
(vocabulary) a. phospholipid bilayer
C. Membrane Proteins
(vocabulary) a. integral proteins b. peripheral proteins c. anchoring proteins d. recognition proteins e. receptor proteins f. ligands g. carrier proteins h. channel
D. Membrane Carbohydrates
(vocabulary) a. glycocalyx
III. The Cytoplasm
A. Objective
1. Describe the organelles of a typical cell.

(vocabulary) a. cytoplasm b. cytosol c. organelles
B. The Cytosol
(vocabulary) a. inclusions
C. The Organelles
(vocabulary) a. nonmembranous organelles b. membranous organelles
1. The Cytoskeleton
2. Microfilaments a. actin
3. Intermediate Filaments
4. Microtubules a. tubulin
5. Thick Filaments a. myosin
6. Microvilli
7. Centrioles
8. Cilia a. centrosome a. basal body
9. Ribosomes a. small ribosomal subunit b. large ribosomal subunit c. ribosomal RNA (r RNA) d. free ribosomes e. fixed ribosomes
10. Proteasomes
11. The Endoplasmic Reticulum a. endoplasmic reticulum (ER) b. cisternae
12. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
13. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) a. transport vesicles
14. The Golgi Apparatus
15. Lysosomes a. autolysis
16. Peroxisomes
17. Membrane Flow
Key
18. Mitochondria

Key a. cristae b. matrix
19. Mitochondrial Energy Production a. glycolysis b. tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) c. aerobic metabolism
IV. The Nucleus
A. Objectives
1. Explain the functions of the cell nucleus.
2. Discuss the nature and importance of the genetic code.
3. Summarize the process of protein synthesis.
(vocabulary) a. nucleus b. nuclear envelope c. perinuclear space d. nuclear pores
B. Contents of the Nucleus
(vocabulary) a. nuclear matrix b. nucleoli c. histones d. nucleosome e. chromatin f. chromosomes
Key
C. Information Storage in the Nucleus
(vocabulary) a. genetic code b. gene
D. Gene Activation and Protein Synthesis
(vocabulary) a. gene activation b. RNA polymerase c. transcription d. messenger RNA (mRNA)
1. The Transcription of mRNA a. coding strand b. template strand c. codon d. RNA processing

e. introns f. exons
2. Translation a. protein synthesis b. translation c. transfer RNA (tRNA) d. anticodon
Key
Key
E. How the Nucleus Controls Cell Structure and Function
V. How Things Get Into and Out of Cells
A. Objectives
1.
Specify the routes by which different ions and molecules can enter or leave a cell, and the factors that may restrict such movement.
2.
Describe the various transport mechanisms cells use to facilitate the absorption or removal of specific substances.
3.
Explain the origin and significance of the transmembrane potential.
(vocabulary) a. permeability b. impermeable c. freely permeable d. selectively permeable
B. Diffusion
(vocabulary) a. diffusion b. concentration gradient
1. Diffusion across Cell Membranes
2. Simple Diffusion
3. Channel-Mediated Diffusion
4. Osmosis: A Special Case of Diffusion
5. Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure a. osmotic pressure b. hydrostatic pressure
6. Osmolarity and Tonicity a. osmolarity b. osmotic concentration c. tonicity d. isotonic e. hypotonic f. hemolysis g. hypertonic h. crenation

Key
C. Carrier-Mediated Transport
(vocabulary) a. carrier-mediated transport b. cotransport c. countertransport
1. Facilitated Diffusion a. facilitated diffusion b. receptor site
2. Active Transport a. active transport b. ion pumps c. exchange pump
3. The Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump
4. Secondary Active Transport
D. Vesicular Transport
(vocabulary) a. vesicular transport b. vesicles
1. Endocytosis
2. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis a. receptor-mediated endocytosis b. coated vesicles
3. Pinocytosis
4. Phagocytosis a. phagocytosis b. pseudopodia
5. Exocytosis
E. The Transmembrane Potential
(vocabulary) a. potential difference b. transmembrane potential c. resting potential
VI. The Cell Life Cycle
A. Objectives
1.
Describe the stages of the cell life cycle.
2.
Describe the process of mitosis and explain its significance.
3.
Discuss the regulation of the cell life cycle and the relationship between cell division and cancer.
4.
Define differentiation and explain its importance.
(vocabulary)

a. cell division b. daughter cells c. apoptosis d. DNA replication e. mitosis f. meiosis
B. Interphase
1. The G1 Phase
2. The S Phase
3. DNA Replication a. DNA polymerase b. ligases
4. The G2 Phase a. G2 phase b. M phase
C. Mitosis
(vocabulary) a. cytokinesis
1. Stage 1: Prophase a. prophase b. chromatid c. centromere d. kinetochore e. spindle fibers
2. Stage 2: Metaphase a. metaphase b. metaphase plate
3. Stage 3: Anaphase a. anaphase b. daughter chromosomes
4. Stage 4: Telophase
Key
D. Cytokinesis
E. The Mitotic Rate and Energy Use
(vocabulary) a. mitotic rate b. stem cells
F. Regulation of the Cell Life Cycle
(vocabulary) a. M-phase promoting factor (MPF) b. growth factors

G. Cell Division and Cancer
(vocabulary) a. tumor
Key b. neoplasm c. benign tumor d. malignant tumor e. invasion f. metastasis g. cancer h. oncogenes
H. Cell Diversity and Differentiation
(vocabulary)
Key a. differentiation