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Chapter 5
1) The skin and its accessory structures make up the
___________________system.
2) The integumentary system functions to guard the body’s
physical and biochemical integrity, maintain a
constant_____________________, and provide
____________________information about the surrounding
environment.
3) The skin is the _______________organ of the body.
4) Structurally the skin consists of two parts
1. The superficial portion of the skin is the
______________________and is composed of
epitehlial tissue.
2. The deeper layer of the skin is the
______________________and is primarily
composed of connective tissue.
3. Deep to the dermis is the subcutaneous layer
or_________________________.
a. It is not a part of the skin, and It serves as a
___________________area, an area for
blood vessel passage, and an area of
pressure nerve endings.
5) The epidermis is composed of ________________________
and contains four principal types of cells: keratinocytes,
melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells .
Integumentary
body temperature
sensory
largest
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
fat storage
stratified squamous
epithelium
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans
Merkel
basale
spinosum
granulosum
lucidum
corneum
6) _______________________produce the protein keratin, which
helps protect the skin and underlying tissue from heat,
microbes, and chemicals, and lamellar granules, which release
a waterproof sealant.
7) _______________________produce the pigment melanin which contributes to skin
color and absorbs damaging ultraviolet (UV) light.
8) _______________________cells participate in immune responses.
9) _______________________ cells contact a sensory structure called a tactile disc and
function in the sensation of touch.
10) There are four or five layers of the epidermis, depending upon the degree of friction and
mechanical pressure applied to the skin. From deepest to most superficial the layers of
the epidermis are stratum ______________, stratum _______________, stratum
________________, stratum ______________(only in palms and soles), and stratum
_____________.
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11) The stratum __________________provides strength and
flexibility to the skin.
12) The stratum __________________marks the transition between
the deeper, metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the
more superficial strata. This layer also shows the formation of a
water repellent sealant between the cells.
1) This layer consists of keratinocytes that are undergoing
________________________.
2) This layer is characterized by the presence of
keratohyalin which converts tonofilaments into________.
13) The stratum ______________is present only in the fingers tips,
palms of the hands, and soles of the feet.
14) The stratum _______________is the most superficial layer and
consists of dead cells.
1) Lamellar granules in this layer make it______________.
Spinosum
Granulosum
Apoptosis
Keratin
Lucidum
Corneum
water-repellent
callus
Psoriasis
Dermis
papillary layer
reticular region
hair
extensibility
elasticity
Tattoing
Epidermal ridges
2) Constant exposure to friction will cause this layer to
increase in depth with the formation of a____________,
an abnormal thickening of the epidermis.
15) ___________________is a chronic skin disorder characterized
by a more rapid division and movement of keratinocytes through
the epidermal strata .
16) The ____________________is composed of connective tissue
containing collagen and elastic fibers and has two regions .
17) The ____________________is areolar connective tissue
containing fine elastic fibers, dermal papillae, corpuscles of
touch (Meissner’s corpuscles), and free nerve endings for
sensations of heat, cold, pain, tickle, and itch.
18) The deeper part of the dermis is the ______________________
consisting of dense, irregular connective tissue containing
bundles of collagen fibers and some elastic fibers.
19) Spaces between the fibers may contain adipose cells,
_______________follicles, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands.
20) The collagen and elastic fibers provide strength, ______________(ability to stretch),
and _______________(ability to return to original shape after stretching) to skin.
21) ____________________is a permanent coloration of the skin in which a foreign
pigment is injected into the dermis.
22) ________________________________increase friction for better grasping ability and
provide the basis for fingerprints and footprints. The ridges typically reflect contours of
the underlying dermis.
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23) The wide variety of colors in skin is due to three pigments ______________________, carotene, and hemoglobin (in blood in
capillaries) - in the dermis.
24) __________________is the inherited inability of an individual to
produce melanin.
25) _________________is the complete or partial loss of melanocytes
from patches of the skin resulting in irregular white spots.
26) The _________________of skin and mucous membranes can
provide clues for diagnosing certain problems, such as cyanosis,
jaundice, and erythema.
27) Accessory structures of the skin develop from the embryonic
epidermis and include_______________, _______________,
and__________________.
28) Hair consists of a ______________above the surface, a
______________that penetrates the dermis and subcutaneous
layer, the cuticle, and a hair follicle.
Melanin
Albinism
Vitiligo
Color
Hair
Glands
Nails
Shaft
Root
Matrix
Muscles
Protein
electric current
Lanugo
Vellus
Androgens
Terminal
29) New hairs develop from cell division of the ________ in the bulb.
30) Associated with hairs are sebaceous (oil) glands, arrectores
pilorum__________________, and root plexuses.
31) Hair removal
a. Depilatories dissolve the _______________in the hair shaft
b. Electrolysis uses an ____________________to destroy the
hair matrix.
32) Types of hair
a. ___________________is a fine, nonpigmented hair that
covers the fetus.
b. __________________hair is a short, fine hair found on
women and children
c. Course pigmented hair appears in response to _________
d. Hair that appears in response to androgens and hair of the
head, eyelashes and eyebrows is known as __________________hair.
33) Two kinds of terminal hair: 1) Definitive, & 2) Angora.
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34) Hair color is due primarily to the amount and type of____________.
35) ______________________of hair occurs because of a progressive
decline in tyrosinase (an oxidizing enzyme that catalyzes the aerobic
oxidation of tyrosine into melanin and other pigments.).
36) Functions of hair include ____________________, decrease in
___________________, and sensing __________________.
37) ____________________influence the growth and loss of hair
C. Skin Glands
38) ________________________ (oil) glands are usually connected to
hair follicles; they are absent in the palms and soles
39) Sebaceous glands produce_________________, which moistens
hairs, waterproofs and softens the skin, and inhibits bacterial growth.
40) _______________results when sebaceous glands become inflamed.
41) _______________ (sweat) glands are divided into apocrine and
eccrine types.
42) ___________________sweat glands have an extensive distribution;
their ducts terminate at pores at the surface of the epidermis.
43) The main function of eccrine sweat glands is to help regulate body
temperature through_______________________.
44) They also help ____________________________such as urea.
45) _______________ sweat glands are limited in distribution to the skin
of the axilla, pubis, and areolae; their duct open into hair follicles.
46) Ceruminous glands are modified sudoriferous glands that produce a
waxy substance called ____________________(ear wax).
D. Nails
47) Nails are hard, ___________________epidermal cells over the
dorsal surfaces of the terminal portions of the fingers and toes.
_____ 1. matrix
_____ 2. eponychium
____ 3. lunula
____ 4. free edge
____ 5. root
____ 6. body
____ 7. fold
____ 8. Groove
Melanin
Graying
protection
heat loss
light touch
Hormones
Sebaceous
Sebum
Acne
Sudoriferous
Eccrine
Evaporation
eliminate wastes
Apocrine
Cerumen
Keratinized
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48) Thin skin covers all parts of the body except for the
_______________and palmar surfaces of the digits and toes.
49) Thick skin features a stratum ___________________and thick
____________________ridges
50) Thick skin lacks hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, and sebaceous
glands, and has (more/ less) sweat glands than thin skin.
51) __________________, the homeostatic control of body
temperature, is due to the skin liberating sweat at its surface and by
adjusting the ________________in the dermis.
52) Because the skin has an extensive network of blood vessels, it
functions as a________________________.
53) The skin provides _______________________through physical,
chemical and biological barriers.
54) __________________sensations, including touch, pressure,
vibration, tickle, heat, cold, and pain arise in the skin.
Palms
Lucidum
Epidermal
Thermoregulation
blood flow
blood reservoir
protection
Cutaneous
Vitamin D
Transdermal
Dermis
Basal
Epidermal
Scar
Inflammatory
55) Synthesis of __________________requires activation of a
precursor molecule in the skin by UV light, with enzymes in the liver
and kidneys modifying the activated molecule to produce calcitriol,
the most active form of vitamin D.
56) _________________drug administration is a method of drug
passage across the epidermis and into the blood vessels of the
dermis
57) In an epidermal wound (e.g., an abrasion or a first-degree or
second-degree burn), the central portion of the wound depth
usually extends down to the_______, whereas the wound edges
usually involve only superficial damage to the epidermal cells.
58) Epidermal wounds are repaired by enlargement and migration of
_______________cells , contact inhibition, and division of
migrating and stationary basal cells.
59) ________________________growth factor stimulates basal cells
to divide and replace the ones that have moved into the wound.
60) When an injury extends to tissues deep to the epidermis, the repair
process is more complex than epidermal healing, and __________
formation results.
61) During the _______________________repair phase, a blood clot unites the wound
edges, epithelial cells migrate across the wound, vasodilatation and increased
permeability of blood vessels deliver phagocytes, and fibroblasts form.
62) During the ___________________phase, epithelial cells beneath the scab bridge the
wound, fibroblasts begin scar tissue, and damaged blood vessels begin to grow.
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1) During this phase, tissue filling the wound is called
______________________tissue.
63) During the ________________________phase, the events of the
migratory phase intensify.
64) During the _________________________phase, the scab sloughs
off, the epidermis is restored to normal thickness, collagen fibers
become more organized, fibroblasts begin to disappear, and blood
vessels are restored to normal.
65) Scar tissue formation (_____________________) can occur in
deep wound healing.
66) The epidermis is derived from___________________. Hair, nails,
and skin glands are epidermal derivatives .
67) Most effects of aging of the skin do not occur until an individual
reaches the late forties. Most of the changes occur in the
__________________
68) Among the effects of aging on the integument are wrinkling, slower
growth of hair and nails, dryness and cracking due to sebaceous
gland_____________, decrease in number of melanocytes (gray
hair, blotching) and Langerhans cells (decreased immune
responsiveness), and loss of subcutaneous fat (thinner skin).
69) Certain anti-aging treatments diminish the effects of aging. Among
them are: microdermabrasion, chemical peel, laser resurfacing,
dermal fillers, _______________________toxin injection, and non
surgical face lifts.
70) Chronic ____________________________causes photodamage
of the skin. The use of sun screens and sun blocks help to
minimize damage from the sun.
71) _______________________________can be caused by excessive
exposure to sunlight.
72) The three most common forms are _____________cell carcinoma,
_______________cell carcinoma, and malignant______________.
73) Among the risk factors for skin cancer are skin type,
_________________________, family history, age, and
immunologic status.
Migratory
Granulation
Proliferative
Maturation
Fibrosis
ectoderm
dermis
atrophy
Botuliism
ultraviolet exposure
Skin cancer
Basal
Squamous
Melanoma
sun exposure
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1. Tissue damage from excessive heat, electricity,
radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals that destroys
(denatures) proteins in the exposed cells is called
a_______________________.
2. Generally, the ___________________effects of a burn
are a greater threat to life than are the local effects.
3. Depending on the ___________of damage, skin burns
are classified as first-degree and second-degree
(partial-thickness) and third-degree (full-thickness).
4. The seriousness of a burn is determined by its depth,
extent, and area involved, as well as the person’s age
and general health. When the burn area exceeds 70%,
over _____________of the victims die.
5. Two methods for determining the extent of a burn are
the rule of nines and the Lund-Bowder method (Figure
5.13).
C. Pressure ulcers, also known as ____________________
ulcers, are caused by a constant deficiency of blood to tissues
overlying a bony projection that has been subjected to
prolonged pressure against an object such as a bed, cast, or
splint; the deficiency results in tissue ulceration.
Burn
Systemic
Depth
Half
Decubitus