Science As Inquiry
by Patricia Austin and Cory Buxton
(Published in Book Links. October, 2000, the article below includes updated annotations).
Many wonderful science trade books exist that convey science as a collection of
facts and concepts, but relatively few show science as a process of inquiry and
discovery.
In accord with the current wave of science education reform which
promotes teaching science as an inquiry-based process (National Research Council,
1996), teachers need to find books that help them paint a picture of science practice, that
demonstrate the nature of inquiry, and that illuminate elements of the scientific process.
In so many books, the facts are there, but the scientists and their methods have been
removed.
There are many aspects to the practice of science. Young people must be aware
that science derives from asking questions about the natural world. Scientists observe,
predict, measure, analyze and interpret their findings in an attempt to answer these
questions. Often scientists collaborate with others from the same or related disciplines.
Students of science need to develop the ability to make predictions based on prior
knowledge, to carefully observe natural phenomena, and to develop testable
explanations of what they have observed. Fundamentally, students must learn to view
science as a process of inquiry.
Some books, such as Digging Up Tyrannosaurus Rex by Jack Horner and The Most
Beautiful Roof in the World about Meg Lowman, depict scientists in arduous, timeconsuming, demanding research both in the field and the laboratory. Dinosaur Ghosts,
on the other hand does not detail the actual physical process of data collection but
brilliantly illuminates the mental process that scientists engage in when they develop
and discredit hypotheses to explain their data.
Several books about the work of
anthropologists and archaeologists begin with an informational account but embed
historical fiction set in the period that the scientists are exploring. The fictional thread
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heightens the immediacy of the event for the readers. Other books demonstrate specific
aspects of the scientific method such as Digging up Bird Dinosaurs which examines the
importance of detailed observation over time. Still other books like A Desert Scrapbook,
which seems at first glance to be more about art than science, in fact points out that
science is all around us.
When sharing science books, teachers should not only convey that science is
inquiry but also that everyone does science everyday. When we decide if it is safe to
cross the street we are relying on careful observation and predictions based on prior
knowledge and our current observations. When students feed their pets, play ball with
their friends, or help their parents in the garden, they are likewise engaged in a process
of inquiry and problem solving. The actions and decisions of scientists are indeed
similar to many actions and decisions that all people make on a daily basis.
Several of the scientists highlighted in the books annotated below credit passions
that date back to early childhood. As a boy growing up in Montana, paleontologist Jack
Horner read and imagined the world of TRex, and he also explored the rocky badlands
near his home in search of dinosaur bones. As a girl, scientist Meg Lowman was
fascinated by the natural world and had collections of rocks, shells, insects, and bugs.
She "cannot remember a single day in her life when she wasn't either looking at or
studying a plant, leaf, flower, or insect" (Lasky, unp.).
Many more resources that portray science as inquiry are available in the fields of
earth science and life science than in space science and the physical sciences. Because of
the preponderance of books in some areas, there is often overlap in topics. Sharing more
than one book, however, can further develop a child’s scientific acumen. When young
people read two books about the same subject, they can note both discrepancies and
corroborating evidence. When discrepancies do exist, they are provoked to ponder
which is more accurate and can seek further resources to check the qualifications of the
author and the accuracy of the text. In the case of two recently published books about
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bog bodies, readers will note that both have bibliographies, hence providing further
resources. Interestingly enough the reference lists are significantly different. Discoveries
such as this can lead students not only to increased knowledge of scientific fact, but also
to a first-hand knowledge of science as a process of discovery and inquiry.
The following books, categorized by the major branches of science are described
in terms of what they reveal about how scientific inquiry is portrayed.
GENERAL SCIENCE
Kramer, Stephen P. How To Think Like A Scientist: Answering Questions by the Scientific
Method. Illustrated by Felicia Bond. 1987. 44p. Thomas Y. Crowell, $10.89. 0-690-045638.
Kramer presents hypothetical scenarios that introduce how scientists use the
following five-step method: Ask a question, gather information, form a hypothesis, test
the hypothesis, and tell others what you found. Science is conveyed as a process based
on observations, often using instruments and relying on math to interpret the
significance of the results. It is replicable, exciting, and done by scientists who are
curious, skeptical, and open-minded as they try to deduce rules and patterns and share
results. While a valuable book, it idealizes (and to some extent misrepresents) how
science is done, conceptualizing it as a rigid lockstep process, avoiding the recursive
nature and messiness of the real scientific process.
LIFE SCIENCE
Batten, Mary. Anthropologist: Scientists of The People. Photographs by A. Magdalena
Hurtado and Kim Hill. 2001. 64p. Houghton Mifflin Company, $16. 0-618-08368-5.
Aché is hunter-gathers living in Paraguay, a country in South America.
Magdalena Hurtado, an anthropologist who has been studying the Aché for fifteen
years, says that our generation may be the last to witness our fellow humans living in a
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way that was typical for most of human history. The Aché, like most other huntergathers, are endangered by contact with outsiders. An anthropologist is a scientist who
studies people. Dr. Hurtado has spent years in the field, living with Aché: learning their
language, observing their traditions, and recording their history. Many of the ways that
human being feel and act today evolved in very different environments than we live in
today. Learning about the great diversity of cultures on our planet teaches us about
ourselves. It also inspires us to preserve this knowledge of a fast-disappearing way of
life.
Dunlap, Julie.
Birds in the Bushes:
A Story about Margaret Morse Nice. 1996. 64p.
Carolrhoda Books, $21.95. 0-57505-006-4.
Ornithologist, Margaret Nice was born in 1883 and went to college when few
women did. Having observed birds as a child, she was disappointed when in science
courses, the study was of dead animals.
Her passion for scientific research was
reignited, however, and despite societal expectations, she engaged in lifelong study of
birds as she held an abiding respect for her subject of study. Science is portrayed as a
way to connect with nature, to love and appreciate it and help others learn to appreciate
it, and as an active process that best takes place in the field. Good science can be
practiced in one’s own back yard with no need to travel to exotic places. Science, as a
life-long passion, is sometimes viewed by scientists as their life’s purpose.
Jackson, Donna M.. The Bone Detectives. Photographs by Charlie Fellenbaum. 1996, 48p.
Little, Brown and Company, $6.95. 0-316-82961-7.
(Introduction is needed)
Kramer, Stephen. Hidden Worlds: Looking Through a Scientist’s Microscope. Photographs
by Dennis Kundel. 2001, Houghton Mifflin Company, $16. 0-618-05546-0.
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There are hidden worlds in nature—places you can visit only with a microscope.
For more than twenty-five years, Dennis Kunkel has been exploring these worlds.
Through the lenses of powerful microscopes, he has examined objects most people have
never even thought about: a mosquito’s foot, a crystal of sugar, a grain of pollen, the
delicate hairs on a blade of grass. For Dennis, science has always been an adventure,
and microscopes have given him the chance to make discoveries and explore new
frontiers. Scientists from all over the world send him specimens to examine and
photograph. Like a detective, he’s never sure where his work will lead. Hidden Worlds
takes you behind the scenes of Dennis’s work and explains how he captures his
remarkable images of microscopic life and objects. You’ll learn how Dennis became
interested in microscopes as a boy, how he prepares specimens for study, and how
different kinds of microscopes work. You’ll also have the chance to follow Dennis as he
collects in the field—from the ash-covered slopes of Mount St. Hellens to the lava tubes,
rainforests, and beaches of his home state of Hawaii. Stepen Kramer’s engaging text and
Dennis Kunkel’s dramatic photographs provide a fascinating look at the work of a
microscopist and the remarkable worlds he explores.
Lasky, Kathyrn.
Shadows in the Dawn:
The Lemurs of Madagascar.
1998. 64p.
Gulliver/Harcourt, $18.00. 0-15-200258-8.
Highlighting the primatologist in action, Lasky intersperses chapters of facts,
chapters about the researcher, and chapters about the research. A brief afterword
places Jolly’s work in context, describing the impact of what she does -- examining how
people and animals can live in a supportable environment as their fragile habitat
disappears.
Science is shown as close observation and data collection over a sustained period
of time in a naturalistic setting in which researchers aim to get to know individual
subjects and their behaviors.
Lasky articulates a metaphor between astronomers
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studying the cosmos for clues about the origin of the universe and primatologists
studying lemurs and other primates for clues about the origins of humans. Some
discussion of why Jolly became a primatologist provides evidence of classic feminist
primatology. Prolonged careful field observation led to challenging prior assumptions
of male dominance in the family structure and strong evidence that primate troops are
matriarchies.
Lasky, Kathryn. Monarchs.
Photographs by Christopher G. Knight.
1993.
64p.
Harcourt, $16.95. 0-152-552960.
Although largely describing the life cycle and winter migration of the monarch
butterfly, Lasky also details the enthusiastic involvement of lay people and scientists
alike, both in Maine and in Mexico, who study the mysteries of the monarch. She
conveys that science is asking questions to try to explain improbable phenomena,
looking for answers, and taking actions to try to preserve conditions necessary to
answer those questions.
Lasky, Kathryn. The Most Beautiful Roof in the World: Exploring the Rainforest Canopy.
Photographs by Christopher G. Knight. 1997. 48p. Harcourt, $16.85. 0-61-3022-831.
Meg Lowman is the director of research and conservation at the Marie Selby
Botanical Gardens, a rainforest research center in Florida. Lasky shows Lowman at
work in her lab and then traces her step-by-step in the field as she explores a rainforest
canopy in Belize in Central America. Science is conveyed as a process of collecting,
sorting, categorizing, and preparing samples. Done in the field, often in exotic places,
the work is time consuming and physically demanding, requiring both strength and
dexterity. Lowman herself explains, "I think that science is really the way things work,
and that’s exciting. It is important to understand the bigger picture of our planet and
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where we live, how it functions, what we do with it, and how that will have impact."
(Lasky, unp).
Montgomery, Sy. The Snake Scientist. Photographs by Nic Bishop. 1999. 48p. Houghton
Mifflin Company, $4.95. 0-618-11119-0.
(Introduction is needed)
Myers, Jack. On the Trail of the Komodo Dragon and Other Explorations of Science in Action.
Illustrated by John Rice. 1999. 64p. Boyds Mills, $17.95. 1-56397-761-3.
Eleven explorations of questions about
such
fascinating
creatures as
hummingbirds, komodo dragons, and pronghorns, establish that science starts with
inquiry often based on pure curiosity. E.G. How far can we go in teaching some other
animal to talk in human language? Do horses really sleep standing up? Science is
presented as fun, exciting, and full of action, although unrealistically as neat, clean, and
generally lacking in controversy or debate. One exception, the chapter on teaching
language to chimpanzees, at least alludes to the debate and disagreement that
sometimes exists in scientific inquiry.
Osborn, Elinor. Project UltraSwan. 2002. 64p. Houghton Mifflin Company, $16.00. 0-61814528-1.
It has been 200 years since hunters killed the last of the trumpeters living in the
eastern part of North America. Now that the birds are protected by law, scientists hope
to restore them to their former range. But unlike birds who have their migration maps
built in, trumpeters must learn the routes from their parents. So scientists in the
Trumpeter Swan Migration Project are taking on the role of parent swans, teaching
cygnets to follow ultra-light aircraft in an effort to reintroduce a migrating population
to the Atlantic coast. It’s no easy task. Each year the biologists build on the knowledge
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and discoveries of previous years’ experiments. What they learn can help us to restore a
vital part of our environment and bring back the magnificent gift of trumpeter swans.
Powzyk, Joyce. Tracking Wild Chimpanzees. 1988. 32p. Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books,
o.p.
Deep, rich description of both the setting and the activities of the two naturalists
observing the flora and fauna of the Kibira National Park in Africa provide a sense of
the arduous process of recording observations. Scientific discovery sometimes requires
studying in situ which can mean that scientists must travel to distant lands and adopt a
different lifestyle for prolonged periods of time. Much background knowledge and
experience is needed for effective fieldwork. Science is not only about great discoveries
but also about gradually gaining better understanding such as by counting and tracking
animal populations over time.
Pringle, Laurence. Elephant woman: Cynthia Moss Explores the World of Elephants. 1997.
42p. Atheneum, $16.00. 0-689-80142-4.
Cynthia Moss has spent twenty-nine years in Africa studying elephants and
directing the Amboseli Elephant Research Project. While Pringle reports Moss’ findings
more than he reports her research process, the dedication of the scientist is evident.
Science can become a passion, something that the researcher is drawn to, with roots that
often trace back to early childhood.
Careful and disciplined observations over
prolonged periods of time, even decades, are necessary to really understand patterns of
behavior for intelligent animals such as elephants. Moss shows that it is possible for a
researcher to be emotionally involved with his or her subjects without compromising
the validity of the research. A great deal of formal training in science is not always
necessary to be successful in scientific study.
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Sayre, April P.. Secrets of Sound: Studying the Calls and Songs of Whales, Elephants, and
Birds. 2002. 63p. Houghton Mifflin Company, &16.00. 0-618-01514-0.
In Secret of Sound, Author April Pulley Sayre introduces us to three creative
scientists – Christopher W. Clark, Katy Payne, and Bill Evans – who have dedicated
themselves to researching how and why animals communicate. Sayre explores how
new technologies and secret military information recently released are helping these
scientists make exciting discoveries. Such work raises as many questions as it answers,
and for the scientists (and readers) that’s half of the fun. Through remarkable
photographs and stories about whales, elephants, birds, and a few more animals inbetween, this book celebrates the challenges of lab and field-work and the trill of
discovery. It not only explores the world of animals communication but also highlights
the critical role scientific research can play in preserving endangered animals.
Wett, Sophie. My Season with Penguins: An Antarctic Journal.
2000. 48p. Houghton
Mifflin Company, $15.00. 0-395-92291-7.
With charming watercolors and intriguing journal entries, Sophie Webb’s book
inspires our curiosity. She gives readers a vivid, frank, firsthand account of what it is
like to spend a season in a land not yet impacted by man, yet populated for centuries by
true dwellers of the Antarctic – the fearless, round-bellied, pink-footed, waddling,
diving, utterly adept Adélie penguins.
Wright-Frierson, Virginia. A Desert Scrapbook: Dawn to Dusk in the Sonoran Desert. 1996.
unp. Simon & Schuster, $16.00. 0-689-80678-7.
With a pleasant first person narration, an artist describes a day-long venture as
she explores and sketches the ecosystem of the desert. In this "dry land of mountains,
strange plants, and great sweeping skies," she invites the reader to "look very carefully
and you will also see many interesting creatures."
Although her gentle, detailed
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watercolors show the artist’s view rather than the scientist’s, Wright-Frierson does
convey
something about the scientific process.
Science is construed as careful
observation and an accurate recording of those observations.
It requires time,
experience, and a personal investment or sense of belonging to become familiar with the
environment.
Wright-Frierson, Virginia. An Island Scrapbook: Dawn to Dusk on A Barrier Island. 2002.
unp. Aladdin, $6.99. 0-689-85056-5.
As the sun rises, an artist, Virginia Wight-Frierson and her daughter slip out of their
cottage into the morning air to explore and record the treasures of their North Carolina
barrier island. They sketch, paint, and observe the sights around them, and as night falls
they return to their cottage, bringing back pieces of their island home to compile this
scrapbook of special time and place.
EARTH SCIENCE
Arnold, Caroline. Trapped in Tar: Fossils from the Ice Age. Photographs by Richard
Hewett. 1987. 58p. Clarion, $12.95. 0-89919-415-X.
Caroline Arnold reports the hypotheses and findings of scientists who have
studied the fossils at La Brea Tar Pits. Black and white photos of the excavation site and
scientists at work convey scientists as the source of the facts. Collecting paleontological
samples must be done carefully and slowly. Still, they can be collected significantly
faster than they can be analyzed. In the case of the tar pits, many years worth of future
analysis is possible just from the fossils that have already been collected. Much of the
basic scientific research can be done by technicians who must be extensively trained but
do not necessarily need to possess vast amounts of factual or conceptual scientific
knowledge. A few highly trained research scientists are needed to direct the work of the
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numerous technicians. Careful examination of the fossil record allows these scientists to
interpret the ancient history of the area around the tar pits.
Bishop, Nic.
Digging for Bird-Dinosaurs:
An Expedition to Madagascar.
2000,
64p.
Houghton Mifflin, $16.00. 0-395-96056-8.
Scientists often pursue a long held passion that can date back to early childhood
as was the case with Cathy Forster's interest in the evolution of birds from dinosaurs.
Science is viewed as a process of answering questions and raising more questions based
on a slowly accruing body of evidence. Persistence is a very important quality of a
good scientist because important discoveries are very rare. The more scarce the body of
evidence (such as in the case of the limited fossil record for birds) the more science
becomes a question of interpretation and the more likely scientists will disagree with
one another’s theories. A detailed description of one day in the field paints a clear
picture of the nature of the scientists' work and the often primitive conditions under
which they operate. Descriptions of past ventures and prospecting for a new quarry
show how questions are generated and lead the scientists in new directions. Also
included: What happens when fossils are shipped back study, how information is
shared with other paleontologists.
Buell, Janet. Bog Bodies, 1997. 64p. Twenty-First Century Books: A division of Henry
Holt. $23.40. 0-8050-5164-3.
New evidence that leads to greater scientific understanding often emerges at
unexpected times and is sometimes discovered first by non-scientists. Scientists and
non-scientists often have different interests and agendas in such finds.
Science is
portrayed as a process of revealing and interpreting evidence in a slow and exacting
process that requires specialized tools and training. Various kinds of evidence are used
and interpreted to piece together a story of ancient life. Buell shows that science can
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answer many but not all questions about the past. The discoveries remind readers that
"history was lived by real people."(p. 48).
Deem, James M. Bodies from the Bog, 1998. 42p. Houghton Mifflin Co, $16.00. 0-39585784-8.
Good science requires that scientists take many precautions to preserve evidence.
When they discovered well-preserved bodies in bogs, different scientists bring different
skills and expertise to help piece together a picture of the past. Non-scientists do not
adequately care for scientifically valuable finds. Techniques used by scientists such as
radiocarbon dating require a high degree of interpretation and are not always accurate
which leads to continued debate among scientists. Deem describes how and why bogs
preserve bodies and posits that with new tests and procedures, scientists in the future
will be able to reexamine the and further unravel the mysteries surrounding them.
Bisel, Sara C. with Jane Bisel and Shelley Tanaka. The Secrets of Vesuvius, a Time Quest
Book. 1990. Scholastic/Madison Press. o.p.
An archaeologist and anthropologist, Bisel
conveys her excitement at the
discovery of skeletons in Herculaneum and describes what human bones reveal. In an
engaging format, she alternates between narrating the process of her work uncovering,
analyzing, and interpreting the bones and creating an historical fiction narrative
suggested by the bones she has unearthed. Science is shown as exciting but also slow
and meticulous. It is the piecing together of clues to try to tell a story.
Gillette, J. Lynett. Dinosaur Ghosts: The Mystery of Coelophysis. Illustrated by Douglas
Henderson. 1997. 32p. Dial, $15.99. 0-8037-1721-0.
The curator of paleontology at the Ruth Hall Museum at Ghost Ranch explores
various scenarios posited by scientists that might explain the find made at Ghost Ranch
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in 1947.
Seeking to answer the question why so many little dinosaurs perished
together, the book shows science as intuitive and as a process of testing theories.
Various theories are presented and then discounted based on evidence.
Partial
evidence leads to theories that could later be disproved and replaced as new evidence
emerges. Science is ever changing and requires both patience and luck.
Horner, Jack and Lessem, Don. Digging Up Tyrannosaurus Rex.
1992. 36p. Econoclad,
$15.95. 0-785767-126.
Writing in an accessible first person narration, paleontologist Jack Horner
describes all the steps that go into the process of unearthing Tyrannosaurus rex as well
as what was learned from the specimen -- mapping the position of bones, removing the
layers of rock surrounding the bones, and protecting and transporting the exposed
bones to sites in order to study them. The book shows science as a slow, meticulous
painstaking process with hard physical work, and it shows how scientists build on past
knowledge in small steps with each new find.
Norell, Mark A. and Dingus, Lowell. A Nest of Dinosaurs: The Story of Oviraptor. 1999,
42p. Doubleday, $17.95. 0-385-32558-4.
Partners in exploration, Norell focuses on the environment and Dingus focuses
on the animal's evolutionary relationship as they discover a nest of dinosaurs in Ukhaa
Tolgod in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. Positing explanations about what happened
there, they seek to answer the question -- How did these animals die? "Like most
discoveries, this one happened partly by chance and partly through planning and
careful execution." (p. 1). Specialized techniques using highly technological tools are
required to interpret certain elements of scientific evidence, but much other evidence is
interpreted simply by comparison to the existing scientific record. Groups of scientists
debate the meanings of new evidence, trying out and frequently discarding
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explanations. Often through this process the scientists are able to come to a consensus
for their explanation but other times they continue to disagree. Sometimes explanations
that have long enjoyed wide support fall out of favor when new evidence or new
interpretations seem to disprove them. "This find illustrates an important point about
science: With each new discovery, everything we believe is subject to change." (p. 28)
Tanaka, Shelley. Discovering the Iceman: An I Was There Book. Illustrated by Laurie
McGaw. 1996. 48p. Hyperion/Madison. $16.95. 0-7868-0284-7.
After hikers discover the body of a man in the Alps in 1991 and suspect that it is
quite old, archeologist Konrad Spindler gets involved. Tanaka alternately reports the
discovery and examination of the 5,300-year-old-man and weaves a fictional narrative
supported by the clues that evidence provides that divulges what the iceman’s daily life
may have been like. This account shows not only how leaps forward in scientific
knowledge happen when unexpected discoveries are made but also how amateurs
often don’t use enough care, hence destroying or contaminating valuable evidence. It
shows that experiments must be replicable, that answers lead to many new questions,
and that often research is expensive and time consuming.
Beattie, Owen and Geiger, John with Shelley Tanaka. Buried in Ice: The Mystery of a Lost
Arctic Expedition. A Scholastic/Madison Press Book. $15.95 0-590-43848-4.
In 1845, two ships and 129 men disappeared in the arctic. More than a hundred
and thirty years later, forensic anthropologists led by Owen Beattie uncover the
explanation of what happened to the arctic explorers. Embedded within the account of
the scientist’s work is a fiction narrative supported by the findings. Science is presented
as a daring adventure to explore the unknown as well as an attempt to explain past
mysteries. The authors use scattered bits of physical evidence and the results of
sophisticated testing procedures as well as the scientist’s training at interpreting such
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evidence to piece together a story. New advances in science and technology can prove
beneficial but can also prove dangerous with unexpected consequences.
SPACE SCIENCE
Hehner, Barbara. First on the Moon: An I Was There Book. Illustrated by Greg Ruhl. 1999,
48p. A Hyperion/Madison Press Book, $16.99. 078-680-4890.
First on the Moon divulges an account of the experience of the first moon landing
from the astronaut’s viewpoint. Highlighting the perspective of the historical rather
than the scientific significance, the book sets the stage for other books about space,
revealing the work of the people behind the facts. Great leaps forward in science and
technology like the first moon landing are the work of many scientists and engineers
working together over prolonged periods of time. While a few scientists (or in this case
astronauts) often get the immediate attention and historical recognition, there are often
many other people who contribute to a discovery. Science includes a lot of routine and
tedious procedures even in the most exciting discoveries.
Ride, Sally with Susan Okie. To Space and Back. 1986. 96p. Econoclad. $21.40. 0-68806159-1.
Ride chronicles her journey into space as the first U.S. woman astronaut in an
informal, highly readable photo essay, To Space & Back. Her account will answer every
question a child could have about how astronauts live, sleep, eat, work and even how
they go to the bathroom in a weightless environment.
She also discusses the
experiments they perform and describes how they launch new satellites, return orbiting
satellites to Earth, and fix broken satellites. Dramatic color photographs of space and
detailed pictures of life inside the shuttle give young readers the power to visualize life
unlike anything on earth.
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Jackson, Ellen. Looking for Life in the Universe. Photographs by Nic Bishop. 2002, 57p.
Houghtom Mifflin Company. $16.00. 0-618-12894-8.
Author Ellen Jackson and photographer Nic Bishop introduce us to a dedicated
scientist and her thrilling, rigorous, and awe-inspiring work in the field.
Science is presented as a field that takes a great deal of training, sacrifice, and a
willingness to take risks, but also provides opportunities to see rare and wonderful
things. Science goes hand in hand with technology and each supports the other. New
science allows for the creation of new technology which in turn provides opportunities
to discover new science. Scientists need to collaborate and cooperate in order to work
effectively.
Reference:
National Research Council. (1996). National science education standards. Washington,
D. C.: National Academy Press.
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