Ch 8 Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle
8.1 Cell Transport
A. Osmosis: the diffusion of water – _______________ is the movement of particles from _____
concentration to _____ concentration. In a cell, water always diffuses to reach dynamic equilibrium
(_________ water concentrations). The plasma membrane regulating water amounts for homeostasis.
a). _______________: the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
1. What controls osmosis – osmosis is
controlled by the concentration _______________
(an unequal distribution of particles). For
example, if two different concentrations of sugar
water are separated by a semi-permeable
membrane then, water will diffuse to __________
the water _______________.
2. Solutions
Water = o
Sugar =
a). _______________ solution the concentration of dissolved
substances in the solution is the
same as the concentration of
dissolved particles inside the cell
b). _______________ solutionthe concentration of dissolved
substances is lower in the
solution outside the cell than the
concentration inside the cell.
c). _______________ solution the concentration of dissolved
substances outside the cell is
higher than the concentration
inside the cell
Normal RBC’s
Swelling RBC’s
Shriveling RBC’s
Normal plant cell
Swelling plant cell
Shriveling plant cell
B. Passive Transport – occurs when materials (water, lipids) travel across the plasma membrane via
diffusion (moves with concentration gradient). Requires no ________ and stops at dynamic ________
1. Passive transport by proteins– proteins serve as “_________” to pass material in and out of cell
a). _______________ _______________ – The passive transport of materials across the
plasma membrane
C. Active Transport – _______________ of materials through a membrane _______________ a
concentration gradient. Requires energy to move particles from _____ to ________ concentration.
1. How active transport occurs - Involves carrier ________ which transport across the membrane.
2. Transport of large particles – some membranes can take in large
molecules or even entire cells.
a). _______________ – a cell surround and takes in material
from its environment
b). _______________ – the expulsion or secretion of materials
from a cell
Ch. 8.2 Cell Growth and Reproduction
A. Cell Size Limitations. Most cells are _______________, about 2 to
200 micrometers. The ostrich yolk is the largest cell at 8 cm
1. _______________ limits cell size
2. _______________ limits cells size
3. _______________ _______________ to volume ratio
a). surface area increases _______________ then the volume
Chromosome
Chromatin
nucleus
B. Cell Reproduction
1. The discovery of _______________ -structures that contain DNA
2. The structure of _______________ chromosomes
a). ____________– long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins
C. The _______________ _______________ – the sequence of growth and division of a cell
a). _______________ – the majority of a cell’s life is spent growing
b). _______________ – the process by which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a
complete set of chromosomes
D. Interphase: A Busy Time – the busiest phase of the cycle
1. Divided in 3 parts:
a). ____ phase - Rapid growth and metabolic activity
b). ____ phase – DNA synthesis and replication
c). ____ phase – cell prepares to divide
E. The Phases of Mitosis
1. ___________
– chromatin coils
to form visible
chromosomes
2. _______________
– the chromosomes
line up in the middle
of the cell
The Cell Cycles
G1 Phase
S Phase
G2 Phase
Mitosis
a). _______ _____________– identical halves of duplicated DNA
held together by a ________________ which helps the cell divide
b). _______________ – are small, dark, cylindrical structures
made of microtubules that pull the cell apart during division
c). _______________ – thin, microtubules
3. _______________ –
chromosomes move to
opposite poles of the
cell
4. _______________ - 2
daughter cells formed
5. _______________ -a
membrane forms and splits
the cell in two
6. Result of mitosis
a). _______________ – groups of cells that work together
b). _______________ – tissues that organize to perform more complex roles
c). __________ _______________ – multiple organs that work together Ex: digestive system
8.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
A. Normal Control of the Cell Cycle
1. _______________ control the cell cycle
a). _______________ – uncontrolled cell division
b). _______________ – a segment of DNA that makes a protein