Physical Science EOCT Review
Chemistry— Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
To meet standards, students should be able to:
1) Identify appropriate units for physical properties of substances (density, mass, volume)
2) Solve quantitative problems involving mass, volume and density
3) Identify the appropriate chemical formula for a binary ionic compound, given the oxidative state of
the individual ions of that compound
4) Given the formula of a binary ionic compound or a covalent compound, use the IUPAC nomenclature
to identify that compound
5) Given the name of a compound, use IUPAC nomenclature to identify the appropriate chemical
formula of a binary ionic or covalent compound
6) Demonstrate the Law of Conservation of Matter by comparing the mass of reactants to the mass of
products of a reaction
7) Recognize balanced chemical equations. Predict formulas for balanced chemical reactions, using
IUPAC nomenclature
8) Classify chemical reactions as either synthesis, single replacement (displacement), double replacement
(displacement) or decomposition
9) Differentiate between a solute and a solvent within a solution
10) Recognize that when placed in a solution, solutes will affect the conductivity of that solution
11) Define concentration in terms of solute per unit solvent, i.e. dilute, concentrated, saturated,
unsaturated, supersaturated
12) Recognize the factors that affect the solubility rate of a solute within a solution
13) Use a solubility curve to relate temperature and the solubility of a solute in a solution
14) Recognize the common properties of acids and bases (slippery, sour, etc.)
15) Classify a common household substance as acidic, basic or neutral, given the common properties of
that substance
Density
DENSITY is a physical property of matter, as each element and compound has a unique density
associated with it. Density defined in a qualitative manner as the measure of the relative "heaviness" of
objects with a constant volume.
For example: A rock is obviously more dense than a crumpled piece of paper of the same size.
A styrofoam cup is less dense than a ceramic cup.
Density may also refer to how closely "packed" or "crowded" the material appears to be - again refer to
the styrofoam vs. ceramic cup.
Take a look at the two boxes below. Each box has the same volume. If each ball has the same mass,
which box would have more mass? Which would weigh more? Why?
The box that has more balls has more mass per unit of volume. This property of matter is called density.
The density of a material helps to distinguish it from other materials. Since mass is usually expressed in
grams and volume in cubic centimeters, density is expressed in grams/cubic centimeter
The formal definition of density is mass per unit volume. Usually the density is expressed in grams per
mL or cc. Mathematically a "per" statement is translated as a division. cc is a cubic centimeter and is
equal to a mL Therefore,
Density = mass
volume
Periodic Table
The properties of the elements exhibit trends. These trends can be predicted using the periodic table and
can be explained and understood by analyzing the electron configurations of the elements. Elements tend
to gain or lose valence electrons to achieve stable octet (8) formation. Stable octets are seen in the inert
gases, or noble gases, of Group VIII of the periodic table.
Chemical Compounds
A chemical formula is a combination of elemental symbols and subscript numbers that is used to show
the composition of a compound. Depending of the type of compound that the formula represents, the
information that it provides will vary slightly. Before we go about learning how to write chemical
formulas, it is important that you clearly understand the difference between covalent (molecular)
compounds and ionic compounds.
Ionic compounds are composed of charged ions that are held together by electrostatic forces. A
typical type of ionic compound, called a binary compound because it is made up of two elements, will
be composed of metallic positive ions (cations) and nonmetal negative ions (anions). When dealing with
ionic formulas it is very important to remember that the formula does not show how the compound
actually exists in nature. It only shows the ratio by which the individual ions combine. For example, the
ionic formula for calcium chloride is CaCl2.
Covalent (molecular) compounds are held together by covalent bonds, or shared pairs of
electrons. When we say that the molecular formula of water is H2O, we can see that the molecules of
water are made up of three atoms, two hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded to each oxygen atom.
You will be given the name of a binary compound and you will be expected to be able to write the proper
formula for the compound. There will be two sources of information for writing the correct formula. The
compounds name will give you the elements that make up the compound. The oxidation numbers of the
ions involved will show you the ratio by which they combine. Let's go through an example;
Example 1. Write the correct formula for Barium Fluoride.
Step one - Write the symbols for the elements in the compound. If you need to review the
elemental symbols, see lesson 5-1. Note that the ending "ide" is used for fluoride to show that it is
a negative ion of fluorine.
Barium = Ba
Fluoride = F
Step two - Look up the oxidation numbers of the elements involved (in table 5-2b or some similar
table), and write them as superscripts to the right of the elemental symbols. Note that when no
number accompanies a charge symbol, as in the case of fluoride below, they charge value is
understood to be "1".
Barium = Ba2+
Fluoride = FStep three - Use the correct combination of ions to produce a compound with a net charge of zero.
In this case, (2+) + 2(-1) = 0. So, two fluoride ions will cancel out one barium ion. Since it
would take two fluoride ions (each with a charge of negative one) to cancel out one barium ion
(with a charge of plus two) we use a subscript of two after the symbol for fluorine to show the
ratio.
BaF2
If this seems confusing to you, it will get simpler over time.
For a binary compound containing two nonmetals, use the Greek prefixes before the names of the
elements to determine the number of atoms of each in the compound. If there is no Greek prefix for the
first element, there is just one atom of that element in the formula.
Greek Prefixes Number
mono-
1
di-
2
tri-
3
tetra-
4
penta-
5
hexa-
6
hepta-
7
octa-
8
nona-
9
deca-
10
Chemical Equations
A chemical equation describes what happens in a chemical reaction. The equation identifies the reactants
(starting materials) and products (resulting substance), the formulas of the participants, the phases of the
participants (solid, liquid, gas), and the amount of each substance. Balancing a chemical equation refers to
establishing the mathematical relationship between the quantity of reactants and products. The quantities
are expressed as grams or moles.
It takes practice to be able to write balanced equations. There are essentially two steps to the process:
Step 1 - Write the unbalanced equation.
Chemical formulas of reactants are listed on the lefthand side of the equation.
Products are listed on the righthand side of the equation.
Reactants and products are separated by putting an arrow between them to show the direction of the
reaction. Reactions at equilibrium will have arrows facing both directions.
Step 2 - Balance the equation.
Apply the Law of Conservation of Mass to get the same number of atoms of every element on each side
of the equation. Tip: Start by balancing an element that appears in only one reactant and product.
Once one element is balanced, proceed to balance another, and another, until all elements are balanced.
Balance chemical formulas by placing coefficients in front of them. Do not add subscripts, because this
will change the formulas.
Classify Chemical Reactions
Chemists have identified millions of different compounds, so there must be millions of different
chemical reactions to form them. When scientists are confronted with an overwhelming number of
things, they tend to classify them into groups, in order to make them easier to study and understand. One
popular classification scheme for chemical reactions breaks them up into five major categories or types.
Some of these types have been given more than one name, so you need to learn them all. Even if your
teacher prefers one name over another, you need to recognize each name, as you may encounter different
names in different places.
Types of Chemical Reactions:
1. Synthesis (also called Direct Combination) - A synthesis reaction involves two or more substances
combining to make a more complex substance. The reactants may be elements or compounds, and the
product will always be a compound. The general formula for this type of reaction can be shown as;
A
+
B
---->
AB
or
element or compound + element or compound -----> compound
Some examples of synthesis reactions are shown below;
2H2(g) + O2(g) ----> 2H2O(g)
C(s) + O2(g) ----> CO2(g)
CaO(s) + H2O(l) ----> Ca(OH)2(s)
2. Decomposition (also called Analysis) - In a decomposition reaction, one substance is broken down into
two or more, simpler substances. This type of reaction is the opposite of a synthesis reaction, as shown
by the general formula below;
AB
----> A
+
B
or
Compound ------> element or compound + element or compound
Some examples of decomposition reactions are shown below;
C12H22O11(s) ----> 12C(s) + 11H2O(g)
Pb(OH)2(cr) ----> PbO(cr) + H2O(g)
2Ag2O(cr) ----> 4Ag(cr) + O2(g)
3. Single Displacement (also called Single Replacement) - In this type of reaction, a neutral element
becomes an ion as it replaces another ion in a compound. The general form of this equation can be
written as;
In the case of a positive ion being replaced: A + BC ----> B + AC
or
In the case of a negative ion being replaced: A + BC ----> C + BA
in either case we have;
element + compound ----> element + compound
Some examples of single displacement reactions are shown below:
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ----> ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
2Al(s) + 3CuCl2(aq) ---> 2AlCl3(aq) + 3Cu(s)
Cl2(g) + KBr(aq) ----> KCl(aq) + Br2(l)
4. Double Displacement (also called Double Replacement) - Like dancing couples, the compounds in this
type of reaction exchange partners. The basic form for this type of reaction is shown below;
AB + CD ----> CB + AD
or
Compound + Compound ----> Compound + Compound
Some examples of double displacement reactions are shown below;
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) ----> AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
ZnBr2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) ----> Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgBr(cr)
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) ----> Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
5. Combustion - When organic compounds like propane are burned, they react with the oxygen in the air
to form carbon dioxide and water. The reason why these combustion reactions will stop when all
available oxygen is used up is because oxygen is one of the reactants. The basic form of the combustion
reaction is shown below;
hydrocarbon + oxygen ----> carbon dioxide and water
Some examples of combustion reactions are;
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ----> 2H2O(g) + CO2(g)
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) ----> 6H20(g) + 4CO2(g)
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) ----> 4H2O(g) + 3CO2(g)
Solutions
It is important to distinguish between three closely related terms solute, solvent, and solution.
Solute – The substance that dissolves to form a solution
Solvent – The substance in which a solute dissolves
Solution – A mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent
Properties of Solutions
A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances that exist in a single phase. There are two
main parts to any solution. The solute is the component of a solution that is dissolved in the solvent; it is
usually present in a smaller amount than the solvent. The solvent is the component into which the solute
is dissolved, and it is usually present in greater concentration. For example, in a solution of salt water, salt
is the solute and water is the solvent. In solutions where water is the solvent, the solution is referred to as
an aqueous solution.
A solution does not have to involve liquids. For instance, air is a solution that consists of nitrogen,
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases, and solder is a solution of lead and tin. The general rule of
thumb for solutions is the idea that like dissolves like. Polar, ionic substances are soluble in polar
solvents, while nonpolar solutes are soluble in nonpolar solvents. For example, alcohol and water, which
are both polar, can form a solution and iodine and carbon tetrachloride, which are both nonpolar, make a
solution. However, iodine will not readily dissolve in
polar water.
Solubility charts (tables) and Graphs
Compound
0◦ C 20◦ C
Ammonium chloride 29.4 37.2
Copper(II) sulfate
23.1 32.0
Lead(II)chloride
0.67 1.0
Potassium bromide
53.6 65.3
Potassium chloride
28.0 34.0
Sodium acetate
36.2 46.4
Sodium chlorate
79.6 95.9
60◦ C
55.3
61.8
1.94
85.5
45.8
139
137
100◦ C
77.3
114
3.2
104
56.3
170.15
204
Acids and Bases
I. Acids
*Acids are ionic compounds ( a compound with a positive or negative charge) that break apart in
water to form a hydrogen ion (H+).
*The strength of an acid is based on the concentration of H+ ions in the solution. The more H+ the
stronger the acid.
Example: HCl (Hydrochloric acid) in water
Characteristics of Acids:
**Acids taste sour
**Acids react strongly with metals (Zn + HCl)
**Strong Acids are dangerous and can burn your skin
Examples of Acids:
1. Vinegar 3. Citrus Fruits
2. Stomach Acid (HCl)
II. Bases
*Bases are ionic compounds that break apart to form a negatively charged hydroxide ion (OH-) in
water.
*The strength of a base is determined by the concentration of Hydroxide ions (OH-). The greater
the concentration of OH- ions the stronger the base.
Example: NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide-a strong base) in water
**Solutions containig bases are often called alkaline.
Characteristics of Bases:
**Bases taste bitter
**Bases feel slippery
**Strong bases are very dangerous and can burn your skin
Examples:
1. lye (Sodium Hydroxide)
2. Ammonia
III. Neutralization Reactions
** When acids and bases are added to each other they react to neutralize each other if an equal
number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions are present.
When this reaction occurs -salt and water are formed.
HCl + NaOH
NaCl + H2O
(Acid) (Base)---(Salt) (Water)
What are some useful applications of this reaction?
IV. pH Scale and Indicators
**The strength of an acid or base in a solution is measured on a scale called a pH scale.
**The pH scale is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration. It spans from 0 to 14 with the
middle point (pH 7) being neutral (neither acidic or basic).
Any pH number greater than 7 is considered a base and any pH number less than 7 is
considered an acid. 0 is the strongest acid and 14 is the strongest base.
Indicators-- An indicator is a special type of compound that changes color as the pH of a solution
changes, thus telling us the pH of the solution.
pH Scale
Acidic and basic are two extremes that describe
a chemical property chemicals. Mixing acids
and bases can cancel out or neutralize their
extreme effects. A substance that is neither
acidic nor basic is neutral.
The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a
substance is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic.
A pH greater than 7 is basic.
Pure water is neutral. But when chemicals are
mixed with water, the mixture can become
either acidic or basic. Examples of acidic
substances are vinegar and lemon juice. Lye,
milk of magnesia, and ammonia are examples of
basic substances.
Name _________________________________________________________Date ________period_____
Physical Science EOCT Review
Chemistry - Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
1. Find the density of the following objects:
Object
Large cylinder
Small cylinder
Small cube
Large cube
Large circle
Small circle
Mass
28 g
15 g
27 g
45 g
22 g
11 g
Volume
5 ml
3 ml
6 cm3
10 cm3
5 ml
2 ml
Density
5.6 g/ml
5 g/ml
4.5 g/cm3
4.5 g/cm3
4.4 g/ml
5.5 g/ml
2. Which two samples of the three types of items above (cylinder, cube, or circle) do you think is made
of the same material? Why?
3. What is the difference between an ionic compound and a covalent compound?
4. What is a valence electron?
5. What is an oxidation #?
6. What is the difference between a cation and an anion?
7. Fill in the missing information:
1st element 2nd element Chemical formula Chemical Name
Na+1
K
Ca
C
S
H
Na
N
Mg
S
Mg
Al
Cl-1
S
Cl
O
O
S
P
O
O
O
P
O
NaCl
Sodium Chloride
Carbon dioxide
SO2
N2O5
Magnesium oxide
Sulfur trioxide
Oxygen triflouride
CCl4
Al
Ca
Cl
O
P2O5
Na
S
Arsenic trichloride
8. Balance the following equations and tell what type of reaction it is
a) ____NaBr + ____ Ca(OH)2 → ____CaBr2 + ____ NaOH reaction type ____________________
b) ____ NH3 + ____ H2SO4 → ____(NH4)2SO4 reaction type ______________________
c) ____ C5H9O + ____ O2 → ____CO2 + ____H2O reaction type ______________________
d) ____ Pb + ____ H3PO4 → ____H2 + ____Pb3(PO4)2 reaction type ______________________
e) ____ Li3N + ____ NH4NO3 → ____LiNO3 + ____ (NH4)3N reaction type ________________
f) ____HBr + ____ Al(OH)3 → ____ H2O + ____AlBr3 reaction type ______________________
9. Classify the following chemical reactions
1. C4H8 + 6O2 ---> 4CO2 + 4H2O
2. HCl + NaOH ---> H2O + NaCl
3. 2KNO3(s) ---> 2KNO2(s) + O2(g)
4. AgNO3 + NaCl ---> NaNO3 + AgCl
5. 2Mg + O2 ---> 2MgO
6. 2Ag + S ---> Ag2S
7. MgCO3(s) ---> MgO(s) + CO2(g)
8. Cl2 + 2KBr ---> 2KCl + Br2
10. In the following examples identify the solute and the solvent.
a) Sugar dissolved in water - solute _________________ solvent ___________________
b) Salt dissolved in water - solute ____________________ solvent ___________________
c) Carbon dioxide in soda - solute __________________ solvent __________________
11. What are the three things that will increase the rate of solubility of a solid in a liquid?
12. What are the two things that will increase the rate of solubility of a gas into a liquid?
13. How can you form a solution of two solid metals? What is this type of solution called?
14. List 3 properties specific to acids:
a)
b)
c)
15. List 3 properties specific to bases:
a)
b)
c)
16. List 2 properties that acids and bases share:
a)
b)
17. Explain what happens when an acid neutralizes a base.
18. Indicate whether the following substances are strong acids, weak acids, neutral, weak bases, or strong
bases based on their pH.
a) Baking soda pH = 8
e) Lye pH = 13
b) Liquid plumber pH = 12
f) Ajax liquid pH = 7.8
c) Pepsi pH = 2.6
g) Nailpolish Remover pH = 6.5
d) Pickle juice pH = 5
h) Purified water pH = 7