Botany - Bio 201
Spring Qtr
Lake Tahoe Community College
Instructor: Sue Kloss
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Chapter 23 and 22 - Lower Vascular Plants and Bryophytes
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Chapter 22
I. Algae and plants share several chars:
II.
Land plants evolved around 400 mya (fossil evidence) Plants derived characteristics=
A. cuticle
B. gametangia
C. multicellular embryos
D. diploid phase predominant
Chapter 23
II. The transition from water to land
A. the evolution of new structures and chemicals
1. absorb nutrients
2. conducting system
3. Spores - protection from drying out
4. Above ground structures
B. All plants are thought to share 1 common ancestor
C. The majority of land plants have vascular tissue and are called vascular plants
D. Early vascular plant
III. Division Bryophyta.
A. Ecologically diverse bryophytes
B. this division contains organisms commonly called mosses, liverworts and hornworts
C. Bryophytes are algae-like organisms which lack a vascular system
D. they have cuticle
E. Bryophytes are unique
F. Bryophytes are organized into 5 classes
IV. Liverworts
V. Hornworts
VI. The Andreaeopsida, Sphagnopsida an bryopsida are the best known members of the Bryophyta
VII. interesting facts
VIII. Ecology and human uses
A. some bryophytes and lichens are pioneers on bare rock
B. mosses in particular retain moisture
C. mosses in dry area
D. bryophytes are not generally edible,
Ch. 23
I. Division Psilophyta (whisk ferns)
II. Division Lycophyta is commonly called the Club or Spike mosses.
III. Division Sphenophyta has one living genus, Equisetum,
IV. Division Pterophyta (ferns)
Ch 22 and 23 Lesson Objectives
1. Briefly (in 2 - 3 sentences and using very long time intervals,) describe the history of plant life on earth.
2. List 3 important differences in terrestrial vs. aquatic habitats, and describe the structures that have evolved in
plants to overcome these obstacles.
3. Name the four major groups of plants that exist on earth and describe the major evolutionary adaptation of
each group.
4. Describe 2 hypotheses advanced by scientists account for movement of plants to terrestrial environments
about 450 million years ago. (make sure to include UV radiation, Ozone, Phenols/lignins and O2).
5. Name and describe a few characteristics of plants from 2 different Divisions in the Mosses and Moss-like
plants.
6. What traits do mosses share with algae? What true plant traits do they have to distinguish them from algae?
7. Describe the importance to humans and ecosystems of mosses.
8. What traits do ferns and fern allies share with mosses? What traits do they share with gymnosperms and
angiosperms?
9. Where does coal come from and what during what geologic period did it develop?
10. Describe the emphasis in the haploid vs. diploid part of life cycles in algae vs mosses vs. vascular plants (what
are vascular plants?)
11. Name and describe a few characteristics of plants from 2 different Divisions in the Ferns and Fern Allies.
Botany
Spring Quarter
Lake Tahoe Community College
Instructor: Sue Kloss
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Chapter 24 - Gymnosperms
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I. Gymnosperms: Naked seed plants
A. Gymnosperm
1. seedless vascular plants
2. Gymnos are the most ancient seed plants
3. advantages over seedless plants
B. Both Gymnos and Angiosperms have seeds and vascular tissues
C. There are about 900 Gymnosperm species, all trees, shrubs or vines
II. Division Pinophyta
A. most widely known and economically important gymnos, ca. 700 spp.
B. Pinaceae
C. Cupressaceae
D. Taxodiaceae
F. Taxaceae
G. Podocarpaceae and Auricariaceae
III. Vascular system of Conifers
A. Conifers have secondary xylem and phloem
B. Tracheids
C. fiber-tracheids
D. Xylem rays are only one cell wide
E. Axial parenchyma
F. Resin
G. Phloem
H. Pine needles
IV. Life Cycle of Pines, abbreviated – see handout
A. Two kinds of cones are produced
1. Male gametophytes
2. females produced in larger ovulate or seed cones,
3. alternation of generations = diploid vs haploid stages in life cycle
B. Pollination replaces need for free water
C. Fertilization leads to seed formation
V. Other gymnosperm divisions
A. Cycadophyta Plants have palmlike traits
B. Ginkophyta has only one living species
C. Gnetophyta Plants are intermediate btn. gymnosperms and angiosperms
VI. Ecological and Economic importance of gymnosperms
A. North American ecosystems are created largely by conifers
B. major source of many materials
Lesson Objectives Ch. 24 – Gymnosperms
1. Explain how seeds and pollen tubes provided advantages in adaptation to life on land.
2. Why do most seed plants have nonflagellated sperm?
3. Draw a very simple, general life cycle using the handout from class to show alternation of generations in a
gymnosperm.
4. Describe production of sperm and eggs in a pine tree. How does fertilization take place?
5. Describe general characteristics of 4 divisions of gymnosperm plants.
6. Describe general characteristics of 5 families in the Pinophyta division.
7. Describe prominent features in the vascular features of conifers.
8. Describe some of the ecological and economic importance of gymnosperms.