National Urban Search and Rescue Response System
Structure Collapse Technician Training
MODULE 1b. (Safety)
1.
One of the most important attributes a search and rescue specialist can have is a
____________ attitude toward safety.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
A minimum of ___ personnel should be sent on all driving assessment missions.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3.
Before leaving the work site
As soon as they return to the base of operations
In the canine relief area
during transport back to the base of operations
Area security during domestic disasters is the responsibility of:
a.
b.
c.
d.
6.
Gloves
Gloves and mask
Gloves and eye protection
Gloves, eye protection, and mask
Personnel should decontaminate:
a.
b.
c.
d.
5.
One
Two Module 1b. page 11
Three
Four
The minimum level of protection for rescuers performing patient care or working
around body fluids is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
4.
Disinterested
Positive Module 1b, page 2
Non-committal
Cautious
FEMA
task force security specialists
state/local governments
U. S. military
The multi-hazard safety plan employs the acronym_______________ to remind
safety officers of the basic elements of safety.
a.
b.
c.
d.
“LCES”
“STOP”
“SLED”
“FEMA”
June 2009
SCT Written Exam Answers -1
National Urban Search and Rescue Response System
Structure Collapse Technician Training
7. Preestablished safe zones are designated areas
a.
b.
c.
d.
8.
Atmospheres of less than 19.5% oxygen require the use of __________________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
9.
will to survive , plentiful supplies
fear of wild animals , defeatist attitude
dry clothes , hot food
will to survive, positive attitude
To improve chances of rescue if you become lost
a.
b.
c.
d.
11.
dust masks
respirators
breathing apparatus
no respiratory protection
The most important components to survival are the ____________________ and
_________________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
10.
Always outside the hot zone
Always in the hot zone
Outside the hot zone or an agreed upon safe areas within the hot zone
At the Base of Operations
Stay put
travel in ever widening circles
build smoky fires at night
yell rather than use other signaling devices
What is/are the possible hazards associated with rescue and support operations?
a.
b.
c.
d.
12.
Armed thieves and looters
Confined space rescue operations
Heavy lifting
All the above
When using rescue tools you should use adequate hearing protection when noise
levels exceed
a.
b.
c.
d.
June 2009
70 decibels
90 decibels
120 decibels
140 decibels
SCT Written Exam Answers -2
National Urban Search and Rescue Response System
Structure Collapse Technician Training
13.
The term L.C.E.S. is the multi-hazard safety plan which stands for
a.
b.
c.
d.
Logistics and Coordination in Emergency Situations
Lookouts, Communications, Escape routes, and Safe zones
Lock Concrete in place in Every situation
Logistical Considerations for Essential support
MODULE 1c. (Structural Engineering Systems)
14.
Brittle types of material behavior can be best described as
a.
b.
c.
d.
15.
Ductile type material behavior can best be described as
a.
b.
c.
d.
16.
Bend but don't break
Sudden failure
Very high strength
All of the above
Steel bars (rebar), enclosing type steel ties and stirrups are cast into concrete to
provide
a.
b.
c.
d.
17.
Bend but don't break
Sudden failure
Very high strength
All of the above
Longitudinal tension stress
Confinement
Shear resistance
All the above
Based on damage and collapse patterns seen in previous earthquakes, buildings
can usually be divided into which of the following five general categories:
a. Wood, tilt-up, steel, concrete, URM
b. Light frame, heavy wall, heavy floor, precast concrete, diagonally braced
steel frame
c. URM, Tilt-up, concrete, precast concrete, Post-tensioned concrete
d. Light frame, light steel, mobile homes, unengineered building
18.
Following a damaging earthquake, the hazard that is most likely to be found in a
heavy floor building with a brittle concrete frame.
a.
b.
c.
d.
June 2009
Badly cracked columns
Broken/cracked parapets
Badly cracked chimneys
A crawl space where the first floor is offsett
SCT Written Exam Answers -3
National Urban Search and Rescue Response System
Structure Collapse Technician Training
19.
Parapets, walls falling off buildings and multi thickness walls splitting are common
earthquake problems most associated with which type of building category?
a.
b.
c.
d.
20.
Wood frame / W
Light metal building / S3
Concrete frame Build /C1
Unreinforced masonry / URM
A mark on a building (made by a US&R Task Force member or other qualified
agent) showing a two-foot square box with one diagonal line means that:
a. Searchers have entered the building
b. Structure is safe for occupancy
c. Structure is is a Moderate Risk for US&R Ops, and the structure is
significantly damaged. It may require shoring, bracing or other mitigation.
d. Structure is a High Risk for US&R Operations, and may be subject to sudden
collapse.
21.
A mark on a building (made by a US&R Task Force member or other qualified
agent) showing an “X” inside a two-foot square box means that:
a. The structure is a Low Risk for US&R Ops with low probably of further collapse.
b. The structure is currently is a High Risk for US&R Ops and may be subject
to sudden collapse.
c. The structure is a Moderate Risk for US&R Ops, and the structure is significantly
damaged. It may require shoring, bracing or other mitigation.
d. There are Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT) in the structure
MODULE 1d. (Tool Lab)
22.
Always treat the nail gun as a loaded weapon
a. True
b. False
23.
A clogged air filter can
a.
b.
c.
d.
24.
Prevent starting
Increase Engine efficiency
Can result in a loss of power
Both a and c
The chain oil reservoir should be refilled
a.
b.
c.
d.
June 2009
Once a day
Twice a day
With every tank of fuel
After every two tanks of fuel
SCT Written Exam Answers -4
National Urban Search and Rescue Response System
Structure Collapse Technician Training
25.
Kickback occurs when
a.
b.
c.
d.
26.
When replacing air filters on 2-cycle engines the choke should be
a.
b.
c.
d.
27.
The upper tip of the guide bar comes in contact with a solid object.
The bottom of the bar gets pinched.
When making relief cuts
At the end of the day
Open
Closed
It doesn't matter
It does not have a choke
The diamond wheel's matrix may vary in hardness according to the material they
are designed to cut
a. True
b. False
28.
Cracked or missing carbide tip saw segments can occur from
a.
b.
c.
d.
29.
From twisting
From jamming
From overheating
All of the above
Glazing will appear as
a.
b.
c.
d.
You will not be able to notice when glazing has occurred.
As a dull finish on the segment
As a shiny smooth surface on the segment
As a blue discoloration under the segment
MODULE 2. (Shoring)
30.
To be complete a shoring system should include the following:
a. Header beam, post or other load carrying element, sole plate, lateral
bracing, built-in forgiveness.
b. Wood, concrete, steel and masonry
c. Posts with adequate bracing
d. A system for adjustability
June 2009
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National Urban Search and Rescue Response System
Structure Collapse Technician Training
31.
The weight of a normal reinforced concrete slab is approximately:
a.
b.
c.
d.
32.
Lateral bracing of shoring systems are used to:
a.
b.
c.
d.
33.
May be used in a system with a spreader beams, sills and bracing.
Can have a maximum load capacity as high as 20,000 lbs.
Don't need locking nut/pin to be set in order to safely support structure.
May use 50psi air pressure to raise them into place
Raker shores are most efficient
a.
b.
c.
d.
36.
There is no limit
Four feet when using 4x4 lumber and 6 feet when using 6x6 lumber
Six feet
Eight feet
Which is an incorrect statement regarding Pneumatic shores used in structure
collapse shoring operations
a.
b.
c.
d.
35.
Prevent the system from racking and moving sideways
Improve access to victims
Provide better adjustability
None of the above
Cribbing will support loads in a damaged structure, but significantly deflects under
heavy loads. Therefore the height of a crib should be limited to?
a.
b.
c.
d.
34.
100 pounds per cubic feet (PCF)
124 PCF
150 PCF
175 PCF
When raker angle is 45 degrees or less
More then 45 degrees
When used to stabilize URM walls
When friction is developed between wall and wall plate
How can a structural hazard be safely mitigated?
a.
b.
c.
d.
June 2009
Avoid it
Remove it
Shore it
All the above
SCT Written Exam Answers -6
National Urban Search and Rescue Response System
Structure Collapse Technician Training
37.
_______________ are the most important vertical support, structural elements in
unframed structures.
a.
b.
c.
d.
38.
Signs of possible imminent secondary collapse are
a.
b.
c.
d.
39.
Columns
Bearing walls
Beams
Floors and roof
Shifting debris
Sliding plaster
Creaking, cracking and groaning sounds
All of the above
Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Shoring must start at least one floor below the level at which damage has
occurred in wood structures
b. Shoring should bear against primary structural elements to maximize shoring
effectiveness
c. Shoring systems should be located where they will not interfere with victim
removal
d. All the statements are correct
40.
Which of the following statements is correct?
a. A single rescue squad can usually fill all six individual Shoring Team positions.
b. The cutting team “feeder” position moves or feeds measured and marked
material from the layout to the cutters.
c. Complicated or extensive shoring operations may require two complete rescue
squads with one squad assigned to the shore assembly team and the other
assigned to the cutting team.
d. All statements are correct.
41.
Which of the following statements concerning vertical shores is correct?
a. The main purpose of the vertical shore is to stabilize damaged floors, ceilings
and roofs.
b. The estimated weight of the floor and its contents will help determine the size of
the shoring materials and their spacing.
c. The most commonly used materials for vertical shore are the header, posts,
sole plate and braces.
d. All of the statements are correct.
June 2009
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National Urban Search and Rescue Response System
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42.
Which of the following statements conserning laced post shores is incorrect?
a. Laced post systems are the strongest type of FEMA Shore
b. Diagonal braces must always be configured as K braces.
c. To increase the bearing capacity of posts, there needs to be three tiers of
diagonal bracing for laced posts over 11 feet high.
d. The maximum spacing of 6x6 posts is five feet .
43.
Which of the following statements concerning raker shores is incorrect?
a. To determine the length of a raker at 45 degrees, multiply the height of the
support point in feet by 17 to determine the length of the raker in inches.
b. To determine the length of a raker at 60 degrees, multiply the height to support
point in feet by 14 to determine the length of the raker in inches.
c. Horizontal and "X" OR "V" braces decrease lateral movement and increase
raker shore stability.
d. Wall plates should never be anchored to the wall because this action may
precipitate a secondary collapse.
44.
When using standard 2x6 bracing, what is the maximum spacing of raker shores?
a.
b.
c.
d.
45.
When your raker shoring is place higher than ____________degrees you must use
a thirty-inch cleat.
a.
b.
c.
d.
46.
10 ft
12 ft
8 ft
9 ft
60
45
53
90
What size lumber do we utilize for our diagonal bracing and our horizontal bracing
between raker shores?
a.
b.
c.
d.
June 2009
2x4
2x6
1x6
2x8
SCT Written Exam Answers -8
National Urban Search and Rescue Response System
Structure Collapse Technician Training
47.
To get a 45 degree angle cut on a 4x4, without using a framing square how far back
from the end of the lumber would you measure? _______ inches.
a.
b.
c.
d.
48.
When horizontal bracing between raker shores to make them a complete system at
greater than what insertion height do we switch from 2 cross members to 3?
a.
b.
c.
d.
49.
officer
shoring
support
measuring
In the door & vertical shores, where are the wedges for the posts installed.
a.
b.
c.
d.
52.
wedges
blocking
posts
clamps
Which firefighter relays the proper shoring information and numbers to the
layout firefighter?
a.
b.
c.
d.
51.
6’
10’
8’
12’
When erecting any type of rescue shoring between two solid points, what must we
have in place to properly adjust our shores?
a.
b.
c.
d.
50.
4
3
3½
4½
top
bottom
side
top & bottom
The rule of thumb for the header thickness for the door & window shore is how
many inches per foot? _____inch
a.
b.
c.
d.
June 2009
4
2
3
1
SCT Written Exam Answers -9
National Urban Search and Rescue Response System
Structure Collapse Technician Training
MODULE 3 (Breaking, Breaching, Cutting and Burning)
53.
Cement and concrete are the same thing?
a. True
b. False
54.
Concrete is strong in compression strength and inherently weak in shear and
tensile strength.
a. True
b. False
55.
Concrete can be nondurable if these conditions exists:
a.
b.
c.
d.
56.
Exposure to sulfates in alkali soils.
Repeated cycles of freezing and thawing.
A harmful reaction between minerals in the aggregates.
All of the above are correct.
Generally, reinforcing steel in concrete walls, will have one layer of rebar in the
center of the wall for thickness up to 8 inches, and for walls over 8 inches thick,
they should have two layers of rebar, each about 1 inch clear of the surface.
a. True
b. False
57.
Cast in place concrete can best be described as
a. Concrete which is molded in the location in which is expected to remain.
b. High tensile strength steel strands or bars are encased in tubing or wrapped to
prevent any adhesion between steel and concrete. Steel is stretched and
anchored.
c. Concrete that has been cast at a location other than the place it is to remain.
d. A composite material of steel and concrete.
58.
Precast concrete can best be described as
a. Concrete which is molded in the location in which is expected to remain.
b. High tensile strength steel strands or bars are encased in tubing or wrapped to
prevent any adhesion between steel and concrete. Steel is stretched and
anchored.
c. Concrete that has been cast at a location other than the place it is to
remain.
d. A composite material of steel and concrete.
June 2009
10
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National Urban Search and Rescue Response System
Structure Collapse Technician Training
59.
Reinforced concrete can best be described as
a. Concrete which is molded in the location in which is expected to remain.
b. High tensile strength steel strands or bars are encased in tubing or wrapped to
prevent any adhesion between steel and concrete. Steel is stretched and
anchored.
c. Concrete that has been cast at a location other than the place it is to remain.
d. A material with good compression strength to which steel bars are added
that provide tension strength, improve shear strengh, and tie columns.
60.
Post tensioned concrete can best be described as
a. Concrete which is molded in the location in which is expected to remain.
b. High tensile strength steel strands or bars are encased in a casing or
wrapped to prevent any adhesion between steel and concrete. After
concrete is sufficiently curred, steel is stretched and anchored.
c. Concrete that has been cast at a location other than the place it is to remain.
d. A composite material of steel and concrete.
61.
Tools that can be used to cut, break or breach concrete are
a.
b.
c.
d.
62.
All of the listed tools can be used to cut rebar except:
a.
b.
c.
d.
63.
Torches
Plasma Cutter
Etrier tool
Hacksaw
Closely spaced bore holes drilled in a line drilled partially or completely through
concrete are called
a.
b.
c.
d.
64.
Rotary hammer
Power saw with diamond blade
Hydraulically driven chain saw with diamond blade
All of the above
Vent holes
Stitch Drills
Expansion holes
None of the above
Atmospheric monitoring is not necessary before and during torch operations.
a. True
b. False
June 2009
11
SCT Written Exam Answers -
National Urban Search and Rescue Response System
Structure Collapse Technician Training
65.
The weight of a 6 inch, normal, reinforced concrete slab is
a.
b.
c.
d.
150 lbs. per square foot
100 lbs. per square foot
75 lbs. per square foot
50 lbs. per cubic foot
66.
Columns, beams and girders are easily breached and cut
a. True
b. False
67.
When breaching pre-tensioned slabs rescue team members should
remember that
a. The steel cable/tendon might pop out of either end of the slab and
potentially cause the member to fail
b. Tendons can be easily identified from rebar by cutting them with a torch
c. There is no concern in a pre-tensioned slab since the tendons are anchored into
the concrete
d. Pre-tensioned slabs have rebar and therefore create no problems when
breaching or breaking.
68.
Which of the following cuts might be used to perform a clean “lift out”
a.
b.
c.
d.
69.
Wetting of the concrete is often required when using
a.
b.
c.
d.
70.
Step cut
Line cut
Clean cut
Piercing cut
Pneumatic hammers
Diamond blades
Wizzer saws
Oxy-acetylene torches
Oxy-acetylene hoses can be identified as follows.
a. Green is always oxygen and has left handed threads, Red is always fuel and
has right handed threads
b. Red is always oxygen and has right handed threads, green is always oxygen
and has left handed threads
c. Green is always oxygen and has right handed threads and smooth
surface. Red is always fuel and has left handed threads and has a notch
for identification
d. Color of hoses does not matter as long as you hook them up consistently
June 2009
12
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National Urban Search and Rescue Response System
Structure Collapse Technician Training
71.
Which of the following is true about exothermic torches
a. Exothermic torches require air to operate
b. Exothermic torches require constant cleaning of the operating tip
c. Exothermic torches are easier to learn to use than oxy-acetylene but are not
as precise
d. Exothermic torches create very little slag or molten metal
72.
If necessary, the process for cutting tensioned tendons in post-tension construction
is as follows.
a. Clear the ends of the slab and cut the cable with an exothermic torch completely
through
b. Clear the ends of the slab, cut the cable strand by strand with an oxyacetylene or mapp torch
c. Never cut tensioned tendons regardless of the situation
d. Clear both ends of the slab and use a rebar cutter to slowly cut the tendons
73.
The three basic forces that rescue team members must understand and manipulate
when breaching and breaking concrete are.
a.
b.
c.
d.
74.
Tension, compression and gravity
Tension, shear and compression
Tension, shear and pressure
Tension, compression and vector
Pre and Post Tensioned Cables, instead of rebar, are placed in some concrete
structures to overcome concrete’s weakness in resisting tension and shear forces.
Which answer below is most correct:
a.
b.
c.
d.
All cables used are placed with a casing around them and do not bond to concrete
Cables generally are made for much higher strength steel than rebar
All cables are intended to bond to the concrete
Slabs with post tensioned may have openings cut in them without much concern.
June 2009
13
SCT Written Exam Answers -
National Urban Search and Rescue Response System
Structure Collapse Technician Training
75.
You are about to make entry into a void space to perform a breaching operation.
Along with the necessary breaching, breaking or cutting tools you need you will need
certain support equipment. Which of the following items will you need to use?
76.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Atmospheric Monitor
Ventilation fan
Lighting
Fire extinguisher
Torque wrench
a.
b.
c.
d.
1, 3 and 5
1, 2 and 3
1, 2, 3, 4
All of the above
Which of the following most correctly outlines the steps associated with a “Clean” or
“Lift out” breach.
a. Core drill slab, set depth for saw blade, step cut or bevel cut slab, place bolts
and place cribbing, remove first step cut, anchor slab, complete step cut,
remove slab.
b. Core drill slab, plunge cut slab with chainsaw, place bolts, finish plunge cuts,
remove slab
c. Set depth of saw blade, complete bevel cut, remove slab, Stitch drill slab, bolt slab,
finish stitch drill process, anchor slab, remove slab
Module 4. (Lifting and Moving)
77.
The fulcrum changes position in class 1,2, and 3 levers. In a class 1 lever the
fulcrum is located?
a.
b.
c.
d.
78.
Between the load and input power
At the end past the load
At the end past the input power
None of the above
The best control of a load during a vertical lift is obtained by making the load
attachment points
a.
b.
c.
d.
June 2009
14
Above the center of gravity
Parallel to the center of gravity
Below the center of gravity
In line with crane hook
SCT Written Exam Answers -
National Urban Search and Rescue Response System
Structure Collapse Technician Training
79.
You need a crane to be set up quickly, for a time critical lifting operation. Which
type of crane would you call?
a.
b.
c.
d.
80.
What is the strongest and most durable sling for the collapse structure
environment?
a.
b.
c.
d.
81.
Basket
Double basket
Choker
Bridle
The maximum number of air bags that can be stacked on top of each other is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
83.
Chain
Wire rope
Synthetic webbing
All of the above
Which sling arrangement creates a vise-like grip on the load?
a.
b.
c.
d.
82.
Conventional /Lattice Boom
Crawler
Hydraulic
Mobile with out riggers
2
3
4
None of the above
As an air bag lifts and “pillows” surface contact is reduced and the lifting capacity is
reduced.
a. True
b. False
84.
Wedge anchor expansion bolts and 3/8” concrete screws may both be used to
fasten a swivel hoist ring to concrete.
a. True
b. False
June 2009
15
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National Urban Search and Rescue Response System
Structure Collapse Technician Training
85.
Calculating the lifting capability of an air bag can be determined if the following
information is known:
a. The size of the contact area between air bag and the object to be lifted
b. The pressure in the SCBA cylinder
c. The operating pressure of the air bag
d. Both (a) and (c)
86.
Discounting friction, what percentage of a load’s weight is needed to slide it up a 30
degree slope / grade?
a.
b.
c.
d.
87.
If the size of the surface, contact area for a 2000lb block of concrete resting on a
concrete slab is changed from 3 square feet to 1.5 square feet, which of the
following is correct?
a.
b.
c.
d.
88.
Stretching or pulling force
Pressure applied to an object; smashing force
Cutting or lateral force
Bending or pushing force
A wheelbarrow is what Class of lever?
a.
b.
c.
d.
90.
The force required to slide the 2000lb block will be reduced
The force required to slide the 2000lb block will be increased
The force required to slide the 2000lb block will stay the same
You will not be able to slide the 2000lb block
Tension stress is best described as:
a.
b.
c.
d.
89.
20%
60%
50%
30%
Class one
Class two
Class Three
Not a lever
Maximum capacity lift on an air bag is calculated at ______ of lift?
a.
b.
c.
d.
June 2009
16
1”
6”
12”
Fully inflated
SCT Written Exam Answers -
National Urban Search and Rescue Response System
Structure Collapse Technician Training
91.
A 10” x 10” air bag lifting at maximum capacity with a working pressure of 118 psi
will lift approximately?
a.
b.
c.
d.
92.
If one builds cribbing using douglas fir or southern pine the design load is
calculated as _______ psi on each bearing surface
a.
b.
c.
d.
93.
100
250
500
1000
A 4”x 4” box crib will support what design load?
a.
b.
c.
d.
94.
1.8 tons
4.4 tons
5.9 tons
11.8 tons
48,000 lbs.
24,000 lbs.
12,000 lbs.
6,000 lbs.
Structural steel weighs approximately ________ lbs. / cubic foot:
a.
b.
c.
d.
500
350
250
150
95. Undercut Anchor Bolts are considered to be one of the easiest anchor systems to
use.
a. True
b. False
96.
When placing anchor bolts, what is the minimum distance to the concrete edge?
a.
b.
c.
d.
June 2009
17
2 times the anchor diameter
4 times the anchor diameter
6 times the anchor diameter
12 times the anchor diameter
SCT Written Exam Answers -
National Urban Search and Rescue Response System
Structure Collapse Technician Training
97.
All shackle pins are interchangeable.
a. True
b. False
98.
When giving crane hand signals, always stand to the left-rear of the crane.
a. True
b. False
99.
When using an angle anchoring system, a minimum of _______ bolts must be
used to assure that the material will not spin and de-torque the expansion bolt.
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
100.
Mechanical advantage defines how efficient and effective a machine is.
a. True
b. False
June 2009
18
SCT Written Exam Answers -