Quarterly Review 3rd Quarter
I
Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction
II
Cell Reproduction:
a. Definitions
1. Heredity
2. Chromosomes (chromatin)
3. Genes
b. Cell Division
1. Interphase
2. Mitosis
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
c. Differences in Plant and Animal Cell Division
III
Asexual Reproduction in Some Plants and Other
Organisms
a. Binary Fission (bacteria)
b. Budding (hydra and yeast)
c. Spore Formation (fungi)
d. Regeneration ( starfish, planaria)
e. Vegetative Propagation
1. Natural
Bulbs, Tubers, Runners
2. Artificial
Cuttings, Grafting, Cloning
I
Introduction:
a. Definitions
gamete, hermaphrodite, fertilization
b. Somatic Cells vs Sex Cells (gametes)
1. Diploid (2n)
2. Haploid/Monoploid (1n)
3. Why is it essential for Gametes to be haploid
4. Homologous Chromosomes
Human = _____pairs
Chimpanzee = ______pairs
Fruit Fly= _____pairs
II
Stages of Meiosis (also called Gametogenesis):
a. Why is it also called Reduction Division?
b. Meiosis I
This first division will produce 2 haploid cells, 23 chromosomes (46 chromatids)
1. Interphase
2. Prophase I
**synapsis, crossing over**
3. Metaphase I
4. Anaphase I
5. Telophase I
c. Meiosis II
No Interphase
1. Prophase II
2. Metaphase II
3. Anaphase II
4. Telophase II
III Sexual Reproduction in Some Organisms:
a. Conjugation
b. Gameto/genesis ( Meiosis)
The process by which gametes mature in the gonads of organisms. Male gametes
are produced slightly differently than female gametes.
1. Oogenesis
2. Spermatogenesis
3. Zygote Formation
IV Internal Fertilization, External Fertilization, Parthenogenesis
I
Introduction:
a. Fertilization
b. Definitions
1. Growth
2. Development
3. Cleavage
4. Differentiation
II Cleavage (Rapid Mitosis):
a. Morula
b. Blastula
c. Gastrula (Gastrulation)
d. Gastrula Layers
1.
Ectoderm
2.
Mesoderm
3.
Endoderm
III External Development:
a. Aquatic
b. Terrestrial (Internal Structure of and Egg)
1.
Shell
2.
Chorion
3.
Amnion
4.
5.
Allantois
Yolk Sac
IV Mammalian Development:
a. Viviparous
1.
Placental Mammals
2.
Marsupial Mammals
b. Oviparous
1. Montremes (Egg Laying Mammals)
c. Some Typical Gestation Times
I
Male Reproductive System:
a. Testes (scrotum)
b. Vas Deferens
c. Urethra
d. Prostate Gland
e. Semen
II
Female Reproductive System:
a. Ovaries
b. Oviducts
Also called the fallopian tubes
c. Uterus
d. Vagina
III Menstrual Cycle:
a. Follicle Stage
b. Ovulation
c. Corpus Luteum Stage
d. Menstruation
IV Fertilization, Implantion, and Development:
a. Fertilization
b. Implantation and Development
1. Implantation in Uterus
Placenta, umbilical cord,
*ectopic pregnancy Gestation ( ____________ )
2. Labor and Delivery
V
Some Modern Techniques:
a. In-vitro Fertilization
Surrogate Motherhood
VI Laboratory Activities:
a. Menstrual Cycle (Graphing) Lab
I
Human Chromosomes:
a. Number and Type
b. Sex Chromosomes
1. Determination of Sex in Animals
2. Thomas Morgan and Fruit Flies (Drosphilia)
3. Sex Linked Traits in Humans
a. hairy pinna
b. color blindness
c. hemophilia
d. duchene muscular dystrophy
4. Sex Influenced Traits
c. Gene Linkage
d. Crossing Over
e. Multiple Gene Inheritance
II Nucleic Acids:
a. Nucleotides
b. DNA vs. RNA
III Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA):
a. The Hereditary Material
b. Basis Structure
c. Watson, Crick and Franklin
d. Replication of DNA
e. Gene Expression
f. RNA
IV The Making of a Protein:
a. Transcription in the Nucleus
b. Translation at the Ribosome
1. MRNA, tRNA, codons and anticondons
2. One gene-one protein
V Control of Gene Expression
VI Laboratory Activities:
a. Mitosis vs. Meiosis
b. DNA Extraction
c. Karyotype Lab
d. Human Inheritance Lab
I Mutations:
a. Chromosomal
1. Deletions
2. Additions
3. Inversions
4. Translocations
5. NonDisjunction
6. Polyploidy
b. Gene Mutations
Point mutations
c. Mutagens
II Human Genetic Diseases:
e. Sex Linked:
Hemophilia, Colorblindness,Duchene muscular dystrophy
f. Autosomal Recessive Disorders:
Sickle Cell Anemia, Phenylketonuria (PKU), Tay-Sachs, Cystic Fibrosis
c. Autosomal Dominant Disorders:
Huntington’s, Marfan Syndrome
d. Chromosomal Abnormalities:
Down Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, Klinefelter
Syndrome
III Detecting Genetic Disorders:
a. Genetic Counseling
Pedigree Analysis
b. Ultrasound
c. Amniocentesis
Karyotyping
d. Chorionic Villus Sampling
e. Fetoscopy
IV Genetic Engineering, Artificial Selection, Cloning
a. Restriction enzyme
b. Plasmid
c. Recombinant DNA
d. How these techniques benefit humans (ex. Insulin production, crops,
etc).
V Laboratory Activities:
a. Gel Electrophoresis
b. Protein Synthesis/Mutation Activity