NAME:
Expanding Zones of Exchange & Encounter Vocabulary
Indian Empires
1.
Maurya Empire – Ancient Indian Empire that ruled from 321 BCE to 185 BCE that created a
large bureaucracy
2.
Bureaucracy – A system of managing government through agencies (tax collection)
3.
Gupta Empire - Ancient civilization that ruled India from 320-550 CE experienced a golden
age and created a strong central government
4.
Decimal System – Number system based on ten that is used today
5.
Arabic Numerals – Number system that we use today (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.); Developed in India
but called Arabic numerals because Europeans learned about number system
through contact with Muslims via trade
6.
Hinduism -
Polytheistic religion; No one founder; founded in India where 80% of India is
Hindu; Based on the principles of karma, dharma, reincarnation, moksha,
ahimsa, caste system
7.
Stupa -
A Buddhist shrine or temple in India. This form of architecture made its way to
China where it was altered slightly and renamed the pagoda.
8.
Sanskrit The written language of ancient India, and one of the oldest languages of the
Indo-European family, to which English belongs
China
9.
Tang Dynasty - Ancient Chinese dynasty that ruled from 618-906 CE
10.
Song Dynasty - Ancient Civilization in China that ruled from 960-1279 CE
11.
Tributary State – Politically independent states that acknowledged China’s power and sent
them money (tribute).
12.
Calligraphy – A form of fine/fancy handwriting
13.
Porcelain –
An artistically decorated form of pottery (historically, fine porcelain products
were known as “china.”)
14.
Block Printing - A system of printing where characters are carved onto a wooden block. The
block is then inked and pressed onto a sheet of paper.
15.
Movable Type - A printing machine that used individual letters that could be moved after each
printing. This allowed for faster and easier printing.
16.
Pagoda -
A multistoried building with the corners of the roof curved up that were used as
a temple.
17.
Gentry –
An Educated, wealthy landowner in China who studies Confucianism and takes
part in the government
Islamic Civilization
18.
Islamic Empires – Muslim empires that experienced a Golden Age and preserved GrecoRoman ideas (ruled the Middle East, Northern Africa, India, SE Asia and areas
in Southern Europe)
19.
Caliphate –
Muslim Dynasties that were ruled by a Caliph
20.
Caliph -
Successor to the Prophet Muhammad
21.
Sultan –
The ruler of a Muslim country
22.
Sharia –
23.
Shia Islam (Shiite Muslim) – Shia is the minority branch of Islam; The followers of Shia Islam
are called Shi'ites. Shiite Muslims believe that the that Muhammad's family and
certain individuals among his descendants should be the Caliph
24.
Sunni Islam (Sunni Muslim) - Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam; Sunni
Muslims believe that the Caliph should be chosen from the community
25.
Moors –
Islamic system of law that regulated family life, moral behavior, business, and
government
Muslims who ruled Spain; Spanish Muslims
Byzantine Empire
26.
Byzantine Empire - The Eastern half of the Roman Empire that preserved ancient Greek and
Roman ideas. (Land included the areas of Greece, Asia Minor (Turkey), the
Middle East and northern Africa)
27.
Constantinople –
28.
Justinian’s Code – Roman codified laws that were used to unify the Roman and Byzantine
Empire
29.
Hagia Sophia – Church who’s name means “Holy Wisdom” and blends Greek, Roman and
Middle Eastern architectural designs
30.
Mosaic –
Pictures or designs formed by pieces of stone or glass that often showed biblical
scenes
31.
Icon –
Holy images of Jesus, the Virgin Mary or other saints of the Eastern Orthodox
Church
32.
The Great Schism – the split between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic
Church
Capital of the Byzantine Empire (modern day Istanbul, Turkey)
33.
Eastern Orthodoxy – The 2nd largest Christian branch, estimated to number between 225
million and 300 million members the highest earthly authority is the Patriarch.
This branch of Christianity is predominately practiced in Eastern Europe and
Russia.
34.
Patriarch -
Highest Greek (Eastern) Orthodox Church official
European Middle Ages
35.
Medieval Period (Middle Ages/Dark Ages) – The time period in Western Europe that spans
900 years after the Roman Empire and ends with the beginning of the European
Renaissance. This time period is characterized by constant warfare, feudalism,
self-sufficient economies and a decline in education and trade.
36.
Frankish Empire - Empire in Europe during the 400’s; Took over areas of Europe that were
once controlled by the Roman Empire
37.
Charlemagne - Frankish king who built an empire across modern day France, Germany and
Italy; Converted to Christianity and set up an alliance with the Pope and the
Catholic Church
38.
Hierarchy -
39.
Feudalism -
40.
Decentralized Government – A political system where administrative functions or powers of
are distributed amongst several local authorities (ex: Feudalism) (Weak kings)
41.
Manorialism (Manor Economy) - A self-sufficient economy during the Middle Ages where
people produced their every need due to lack of trade
42.
Self-Sufficient – To rely on one’s self to provide all of its needs
system of rank (politically or socially, economically)
A decentralized political system of the Middle Ages where land was exchanged
for protection, services and loyalty (Land=wealth=power)
43.
Lords -
nobles during the Middle Ages; He was given land and power by the king in
exchange for loyalty, services and protection
44.
Vassals -
A lower status noble; a lesser lord
45.
Knight –
A wealthy, landowning warrior during the Middle Ages
46.
Chivalry –
Code of conduct for knights and nobles during European feudalism. (fight with
honor, treat women with respect)
47.
Serfs -
Peasants who were bound to the land and could not leave the manor without
permission from the lord. (Provides the physical labor that supports the Feudal
system)
48.
Fief -
Land that included a castle and people to work the land (serfs); given to
lords/vassals by the king
49.
Gothic –
Style of architecture that is characterized by pointed arches and by flying
buttresses or stone supports that stood outside the building
50.
The Roman Catholic Church – The largest Christian branch and claims over a billion
members, representing approximately half of all Christians. The Church's
highest earthly authority is the Pope. During the Middle Ages, it was the most
powerful institution in Western Europe because it dominated social, political
and economic life.
51.
Monasteries – Christian communities where Christian men (monks) and women (nuns) focused
on spiritual goals
52.
Excommunicate – To be banned or kicked out of the Catholic Church (ex: Martin Luther was
excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church after posting the 95 Theses
53.
Secular –
Worldly or political leadership
The Crusades
54.
Crusades-
a 200-year war that Christians waged against Muslims; the purpose was to free
the Holy Land (Jerusalem) but resulted in the Commercial Revolution and the
Renaissance.
55.
Jerusalem-
“Holy land” for Jews, Christians and Muslims that is located in modern day
Israel.
56.
Pope Urban II – The Pope who called all Christians to regain the Holy Land; Started the
Crusades
57.
Seljuk Turks- Muslim Empire that created a defense of the Islamic world against Christian
Crusaders from the Europe, and conquered large parts of the Byzantine Empire
and the Middle East.
58.
Saladin –
59.
Richard the Lion Hearted - Richard I (1157-1199); King of England who was a great military
leader and took charge of the Third set of Crusades
60.
Anti-Semitism – The prejudice of Jews – (A view that Christians took during the Crusades and
as a result - killed thousands of Jews)
61.
Commercial Revolution - Time period that revived Europe’s economy during the late Middle
Ages; (a result of increased trade after the Crusades)
62.
Renaissance – A Golden Age in Europe following the Crusades; The “rebirth” of cultural and
intellectual achievements in Europe after the Middle Ages
Muslim (Seljuk Turk) General who defeated Christian Crusaders and ousted
them from Jerusalem.