PROPOSAL TO THE CREDIT TEST FROM BIOLOGY - PHYSIOTHERAPY - 1ST YEAR
COMPOSITION OF THE LIVING MATTER
biogenous elements, macro and micro elements , carbon and its forms, cycle of carbon, oxygen
and its forms, hydrogen, hydrogen bond, nitrogen, amino acids - essential
sulfur, phosphor, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, chlorine - basic functions
low-molecular-weight organic compounds - division
main groups of organic compounds - proteins, lipids, saccharides, nucleic acids - structure and
basic function
CELL STRUCTURE
general characteristics of living systems
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell - basic differences
organelles or eukaryotic cell - nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus,
mitochondria, structure and basic functions
PLASMA MEMBRANE
basic structure - membrane lipids (overview)
phospholipids - basic structure and features
evolutionary aspects of lipids (isoprenoids, steroids, hopanoids)
sterol - structure
cholesterol - solubility in blood - LDL, HDL
membrane damages
mitochondrial membranes - description
inner mitochondrial membrane - which processes are placed
membrane peptides - surface, integral, examples, membrane transporter s, ionic pumps
TRANSPORT IN CELLS
types of transport - diffusion, enhanced diffusion, active transport - the principle, examples
osmosis - the principle and possible consequence for living cells
content of intra- and extra- cellular liquids
basic functions of membranes
RESTING AND ACTION MEMBRANE POTENTIALS
main ions participating on the resting membrane potential, characteristics of resting and action
membrane potential
Nernst-Peters equation
computation of resting membrane potential using Ner nst-Peters equation
computation of action membrane potential from ions permeability and potentials given by ions
distribution
BIOCHEMICAL REACTION IN CELL - ENZYMES
energy requirements to keep life, Gibbs energy, ATP
impact of enzymes on biochemical reactions (activation eng., specificity, regulation)
Why are enzymes so useful and how do they work?
mechanisms of enzymatic catalysis (lock and key theory)
division of enzymes according to catalyzed reaction
composition of enzymes (apoenzyme, cofactor, coenzyme)
Impact of substrate concentration on enzymatic reaction ( Michaelis and Menten reaction)
regulation of enzyme (the main types of inhibition)
ORGANELLES OF PROTEOSYNTHESIS - PROTEOSYNTHESIS
transcription, translation - explanation, characterization
basic components of proteosynthetic apparatus (ribosomes, activated AA, enzymes for AA
activation, matrix, translation factors)
mechanisms of proteosynthesis (initiation, growing of the polypeptide chain , termination)
Cotranslation and posttranslation correction of peptides
funtion of organelles regarding to proteosynthesis (nucleus, ribosomes/cytosol, endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi complex)
NUCLEUS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS
structural components of DNA (base - sugar - orthophosphoric acid), Purines (Adenine, Guanine),
pirimidines (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil), nucleoside vs. nucleotide
structure of DNA (complementarity of basis, interaction, inner vs. backbone part of DNA),
directions of replication and transcription
Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic DNA
convolution (condensation) of eukaryotic DNA (histons, chromatin, histon complex, solenoid,
chromosome)
function of DNA (information necessary to proteosynthesis - transcription, ability to replication)
structure of RNA (herpins, loops)
tRNA, mRNA, rRNA - functions
CELL DIVISION AND CELL DIFFERENTIATION
replication of DNA (substrate, DNA polymerase, helicase, replicom, replication fork, Okazaki
fragments, leading and retarding chain)
difference in replication of eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA
Mitosis (phases and its characteristics)
Cell cycle
Meiosis (principle, crossing over)
cell differentiation (shape, size, metabolic activity, membrane potential)
NEUROMUSCULAR TISSUE
types of muscles cell/muscle tissues (structure)
muscle tissue characteristic
structure of the skeletal muscle (sarkomere, myofibril, muscle fiber, muscle fascicle, muscle)
myosin (important function units- S1subunit, relation with ATP)
aktin (troponin, tropomyosin)
the mechanism of muscle contraction, neuromuscular junction (action potential propagation)
sources of ATP for muscle contraction (creatinphosphate, recombination of ADP, glycogen,
aerobic phosphorylation…)
neural net - division
neuron structure description (entering part, conduction part, exit part, dendrites, neuron body,
axon, synapsis)
polarization/depolarization of the membrane - explain
action potential (impulse, spike) - explain and describe all processes inclu ded, propagation of
action potential (myelin sheaths)
suppressor of synaptic potentials - explain, importance
ionic gradients of neuron membrane (chemical force, electrical force, K + , Na + , steady state,
changes in permeability)
chemically controlled ionic channels (acetylcholine, glutamate, anionic)
space and time summation of depolarization potentials
mediated channels openings (Adrenalin, noradrenalin, serotonin, G proteins)
degradation/resorption of neurotransmitters
blocking/inhibition of chemically contro lled channels (curare, strychnine, barbiturates…)
voltage controlled ionic channels (sodium, potassium, chloride channels)
nerve terminal (transformation of electrical signal to chemical signal) - transfer of action
potential
sympathicus vs. parasympathicus
BASICS OF GENETICS
explanation of basic terms (gene, genotype, allele, phenotype, locus, karyotype, crossing-over,
gamete, haploidic, diploidic)
molecular genetics - focus
information value of DNA - explain
evolution theories (frozen evolution, red queen, mitochondrial DNA - mother line, Y-chromosome
- father line, the origin of Homo sapiens - theory „Out of Africa“)