MERCURY ASSESSMENT for the
PHILIPPINES
Using UNEP Inventory Toolkit
Environmental Management Bureau
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Philippines
September 2008
1
Chapter 1
MERCURY ASSESSMENT FOR THE PHILIPPINES
USING UNEP INVENTORY TOOLKIT
Table of Contents
TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................................................ 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... 2
List of Tables ................................................................................................................. 3
List of Figures ............................................................................................................... 4
SECTION 1. SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Release by Main Source Category ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
1.2 Important Source Sub Categories and their Emission Pathways ----------------------------------------- 7
1.3 Data Gaps --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
SECTION 2. IDENTIFIED MERCURY RELEASE SOURCES ..................................... 13
SECTION 3. QUANTIFICATION OF MERCURY RELEASES ................................... 13
3.1. Extraction and Use of fuels/Energy Sources --------------------------------------------------------------3.1.1. Coal Combustion in Large power Plants -------------------------------------------------------3.1.2. Extraction, Refining, and Use of Mineral Oil -------------------------------------------------3.1.3. Natural Gas - Use ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.1.4. Geothermal Power Production --------------------------------------------------------------------3.2. Primary Virgin Metal Production ---------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.1. Gold and Silver Production -----------------------------------------------------------------------3.1.2. Copper Extraction and Initial Processing -------------------------------------------------------3.1.3. Lead Extraction and Initial Processing ----------------------------------------------------------3.3. Production of Other Minerals and Materials with Mercury Impurities ------------------------------3.3.1. Cement Production ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.3.2. Pulp and Paper Production ------------------------------------------------------------------------3.3.3. Lime Production --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.4. Intentional Use of Mercury in Industrial Processes -----------------------------------------------------3.5. Consumer Products with Intentional Use of Mercury ---------------------------------------------------3.5.1. Thermometers ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.5.2. Electrical Switches ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.5.3. Light Sources with Mercury -----------------------------------------------------------------------3.5.4.1. Double End Fluorescent Tubes -------------------------------------------------------------3.5.4.2. Compact Fluorescent Lamps ----------------------------------------------------------------3.6. Other Intentional Product/Process Use ---------------------------------------------------------------------3.6.1. Dental Mercury Amalgam Fillings --------------------------------------------------------------3.6.2. Manometers and Gauges with Mercury ---------------------------------------------------------3.6.3. Laboratory Chemicals and Equipment with Mercury ----------------------------------------3.6.4. Miscellaneous Product Uses, Mercury Metal Uses and Other Sources -------------------3.7. Waste Deposition/Lanfilling and Wastewater Treatment ----------------------------------------------3.8. Crematoria and Cemeteries ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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27
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28
28
29
SECTION 4. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 29
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 31
APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................ 34
2
List of Tables
Table 1. Summary of Mercury Emission in the Philippines ----------------------------------------------- 2
Table 2. Summary of the Mercury Input, kg/y of the Sub-Categories ----------------------------------- 3
Table 2a. Summary of Mercury Air Emissions in the Philippines -------------------------------------------- 9
Table 2b. Summary of Mercury Water Emissions in the Philippines ---------------------------------------- 9
Table 2c. Summary of Mercury Land Emissions in the Philippines ---------------------------------------- 10
Table 2d. Summary of Mercury Products Emissions in the Philippines ----------------------------------- 10
Table 2e. Summary of Mercury General Waste Emissions in the Philippines --------------------------- 11
Table 2f. Summary of Mercury Sector Specific Disposal Emissions in the Philippines -------------- 11
Table 3. Data Gaps in the Mercury Inventory --------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Table 4. Major Sources of Mercury Releases ---------------------------------------------------------------- 14
Table 5. Subcategories in Extraction and Use of Fuels/Energy SOURCES ---------------------------- 14
Table 6. Emission Pathway for the Extraction and Use of Fuels/Energy Sources -------------------- 14
Table 7. Coal Power Plants Generation and Location ------------------------------------------------------ 15
Table 8. Oil Based Power Plants in the Philippines --------------------------------------------------------- 16
Table 9. Natural Gas-Fired Power Plants -------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Table 10. Geothermal Power Plants --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Table 11. Emission Pathway for Mercury (Primary) Extraction and Initial Processing ------------ 18
Table 12. Subcategories of Production of other Minerals and Materials ------------------------------- 19
Table 13. Emission Paathways for the Production of Other Minerals and Materials with Mercuy
Impurities ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
Table 14. Cement Companies ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
Table 15. Pulp and Paper Companies ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
Table 16. Lime Producing Companies ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21
Table 17. Emisssion Pathway for Extraction and Use of Fuels/Energy Sources --------------------- 21
Table 18. Subcategories of Consumer Products with Mercury ------------------------------------------ 22
Table 19. Emission Pathways for Consumer Products with Intentional Use of Mercury ----------- 22
Table 20. Inventory of Mercury-Containing Lamp Wastes in the Country (Innogy) ---------------- 24
Table 21. Estimated Household Lamp Turnover Rate per Region ------------------------------------- 24
Table 22. Estimated Lamp Waste of Establishments Based on Study Survey ------------------------ 25
Table 23. Inventory of Government Buildings
------------------------------------------------------------- 25
Table 24. Summary of Institutional Hg-Containing Lamp Wastes ------------------------------------- 25
Table 25. Subcategories in Other Intentional Product or Process Use of Mercury ------------------ 26
Table 26. Emission Pathways for Other Intentional Product/Process Use ---------------------------- 26
Table 27. Number of Barometers ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
Table 28. Assumptions for Thermostat Units Calculation ----------------------------------------------- 27
Table 29. Emission Pathways for Waste Deposition/Landfilling and Waste Water Treatment -- 28
Table 30. Emission Pathways for Crematoria and Cemeteries ------------------------------------------- 29
3
List of Figures
Figure 1. Location of Power Plants in the Philippines ----------------------------------------------------- 16
Figure 2. Location of Cement Plants in the Philippines ---------------------------------------------------770
4
Section
number
1
This report contains the following information as suggested by the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP) adapted for Philippine conditions.
a) List of all known sub-categories that are present in the country;
b) Summary tables of activity statistics for each sub-category, especially those subcategories that are significant within the country;
c) Summary table showing the emissions using the default factors by sub-category.
Summary
Mercury is ubiquitous substance that is found in our environment on land, water, and
especially air. There is more knowledge from recent researches and publications on
mercury and its compounds including its chemistry, toxicology, exposure and risk
evaluations to human health, impacts on the environment, and sources and cycling to the
global environment.
A global assessment report, spearheaded by the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP), was prepared on mercury and mercury compounds with the objective to
promote environmentally sound management and a contribution to increase awareness
and understanding among the many decision makers of the major issues related to
mercury and its compounds (UNEP, 2002).
Some countries, such as the United States, Canada, and Mexico, have prepared their
report on atmospheric mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources. For the US, an
inventory as well as assessment evaluation of exposure, risks, and control technologies
and costs were undertaken (US EPA, 1997). Risk management pollution prevention,
remediation activities, and research and policy development activities were presented by
Canada (Environment Canada, 2000). Mexico identified 18 major sources in its
preliminary inventory (Asociados, 2001).
In the Philippines, under Republic Act 6969 of 1990 and DENR Administrative Order
(DAO) No. 29, Series of 1992, the Chemical Control Order (CCO) on mercury was
issued on the basis of authorities given to the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR, 1997). The CCO, in addition to all the other requirements, is
concerned on mercury and mercury compounds; their importation, manufacture,
distribution and use. It is meant to control their use and dispersion into the environment
to avoid adverse consequences to public health.
The Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) of the DENR, as part of the CCO, is
mandated to have records of all the importer, manufacturer, distributor and purchaser, the
end-use category of mercury or mercury -containing products, quantity of products
supplied, and the quantity of wastes produced as a result of manufacturing and industrial
use (DENR, 1997). However, the mercury database or records have not been realized.
This inventory of mercury and mercury compounds is undertaken within the country as
part of the UNEP pilot activities on mercury inventory assessment using the UNEP
toolkit. The data used were all secondary data obtained from various reputable references
and institutions.
The estimation of mercury releases in the Philippines is a team effort from various
stakeholders consisting of government, private sectors, NGOs, and academe. A
multidisciplinary interagency Technical Working Group was formed by EMB to provide
guidance to the project. In addition, three consultation workshops were held in Metro
Manila, Davao City, and Legazpi City, Bicol. These consultations were undertaken to
raise awareness on the problem of mercury use and to elicit support for data gathering.
Survey questionnaires were also distributed to participants to be returned after two
weeks. As expected, the survey forms were not completed properly and the data provided
was inadequate. Therefore, the inventory was prepared based on secondary data from
71
reputable sources and from estimation through direct or indirect calculation with
reasonable assumptions. These assumptions and data obtained are presented in every
subcategory. This report is accompanied by two Excel files containing the calculations
both for using the maximum and minimum input factors as suggested by UNEP toolkit.
Only the activity rates were provided in the calculation based on country information.
While the toolkit provided an easy template to guide the users in estimating the amount
of mercury emissions to the environment, its major drawback is the wide range of input
factors. While the default values for the input factors in the toolkit are the maximum
values, this has created an approximate 75% increase compared to the minimum values.
For example in the Philippines, the total mercury released was estimated to be 234,031
kg Hg /yr using the maximum values for the input factors. If the minimum input factors
were used, the estimate of 133, 856 kg Hg/yr was obtained. There is a discrepancy of
about 100,000 kg Hg/yr or 75% more. This is considered significant that warrants a
second look at the toolkit in general and the country inventory assessment for the
Philippines.
The top three principal subcategories releasing mercury in the Philippines are:
(1) Primary Virgin Metal Production - 65,927 kg Hg/year (32% of total releases),
(2) Extraction and Use of Fuel and Energy Resources - 31,940 kg Hg/year (20% of total
releases) and
(3) Other intentional use-thermometer etc – 29,471 kg Hg/year (20% of total releases).
The overall mercury emissions are distributed mainly to air (45%), land (19%) and water
(18%) and the rest to general waste and others. These are gross estimates using the
maximum default factors of UNEP. Further refinement could be made given more time
and resources to cross check the secondary data with the respective generators or sectors
and to develop suitable input factors for the Philippines. In general, this initial mercury
assessment in the Philippines has provided an indication of the level of emissions from
key sectors to specific media, which can then be used for policy and decision making for
control measures as outlined in the associated action plan for mercury.
1.1
Release by Main Source Category
In the Philippines, based on the initial inventory of mercury consumptions and
emissions, the largest source of emissions is currently from the primary virgin metal
production, followed by the extraction and use of fuels/energy sources and other
intentional product/process use like in dental amalgams and laboratory chemicals and
equipment with mercury. Table 1 shows the summary of the inventory.
Table 1. Summary of Mercury Emissions in the Philippines
Emissions or Hg output, kg Hg/year
Main Source
Category
Extraction and use of
fuels/energy sources
Primary (virgin)
metal production
Production of other
minerals and
materials with
mercury impurities
Sector
General
specific
waste
treatment
disposal
Air
Water
Land
Impurity
in
products
31,886
0
0
0
53.90
0
31,940
39,507
13,171
13,197
2,610
0
2,610
65,928
241
0
0
241
0
0
2,415
Total
72
Intentional use of
mercury in industrial
processes
Consumer products
with intentional use of
mercury
Other intentional
product/process use
Production of
recycled metals
(secondary) metal
production)
Waste incineration
Waste
deposition/landfilling
and waste water
treatment
Crematoria and
cemeteries
TOTAL
105
11
200
53
0
158
525
943
20
1,120
0
1,082
0
3,164
7,064
1,331
1,326
266
17,179
532
27,431
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
48
1,1612
595
0
0
0
1,804
38
0
344
0
0
0
382
78,628
15,694
16,782
3,170
18,314
3,300
133,589
For the coal combustion in large power plants, based on the 2005 Philippines Energy
Data, the total coal consumption of the country was 10.103 million tons per year where
28% are locally produced and 72% imported from other countries. In the calculation, it
was assumed that all the coal consumption in the Philippines is used by coal-fired power
plants.
The other intentional use of mercury is also included in the main contributors of mercury
emissions are from the use of thermostats, dental amalgam fillings and the presence of
lighthouses, which has the potential of releasing mercury into the environment.
The contributors on the emissions from the consumer products with intentional use of
mercury are the light sources with mercury and thermometers. The computations of the
activity rate were based on secondary data such as the number of students enrolled in
medical courses, bed capacity of hospitals, number of commercial buildings, breakage
rate and end-of life of these products. Mercury is widespread use in health care facilities.
Thermometers and sphygmomanometers contain mercury along with fluorescent lamps
and electrical switches.
The category of waste incineration is not included in the consideration of mercury
emission because of the incineration ban in the Philippines but hospital incineration is
still a practice in the country but its contribution is negligible compared to the total
mercury emissions inventory.
1.2
Important Source Sub-Categories and their Emission Pathways
The table below shows the comparative mercury inputs of the various subcategories
arranged in decreasing order to identify the large contributors. This table shows the
releases to the environment from various subcategories, with gold and silver extraction
still on the top. However, as explained in Section 3.2, the majority of the releases can be
attributable to small scale mining since large miners are no longer using mercury in their
operations, replaced by cyanidation.
Table 2. Summary of the Hg Input, kg/y of the Sub-Categories
SUB-CATEGORIES
Hg Input,
kg Hg/y
Gold and silver extraction with mercury amalgamation processes
65,824
Geothermal power production
31,395
73
Miscellaneous product uses, mercury metal uses, and other
sources
22,800
Dental mercury amalgam fillings
4,435
Laboratory chemicals and equipment with mercury
2,184
Electrical switches and relays with mercury
1,774
Light sources with mercury
1,324
Waste water system/treatment
981
Coal combustion in large power plants
539
Chlor-alkali production with mercury-technology
525
Controlled landfills/deposits
458
Cemeteries
345
Cement production
241
Lead extraction and initial processing
87
Thermometers with mercury
66
Manometers and gauges with mercury
52
Crematoria
38
Copper extraction and initial processing
16
Natural gas - extraction, refining and use
6
Pulp and paper production
6
Mineral oils - extraction, refining and use
0
Production of lime and light weight aggregates
0
TOTAL
133,090
The sub-categories which greatly contribute to the emissions of mercury are the gold and
silver production, geothermal production, miscellaneous product uses, electrical
switches, wastewater system, dental mercury amalgam fillings, lead extraction ad initial
processing and laboratory chemicals and equipment with mercury. The mercury dental
amalgam fillings estimation was based on the number of inhabitants. No data available
on the actual number of clinics, which still practice mercury dental amalgam fillings.
The mercury in dental fillings eventually ends up in the environment, either through the
sewage system or through incineration (crematoria), and inevitably ends up in the food
chain.
Light sources with mercury like fluorescent lamps are still used in the country. There
must be a recycling plant where these light sources are properly handled after they have
reached their end of life in order to reduce their contribution to mercury emissions.
Currently, they are disposed in landfills where the mercury and other heavy metals may
leach out, posing a potential threat to soil, groundwater and water pollution and to public
health.
Emissions to Air
From Table 2a, the geothermal power production and gold and silver production with
mercury amalgamation process are the main contributors to air emissions of mercury in
the country.
74
Table 2a. Summary of the Mercury Air Emissions in the Philippines
AIR EMISSIONS
SOURCE CATEGORY
kg Hg/year
Gold and silver extraction with mercury amalgamation processes
39,495
Geothermal power production
31,395
Miscellaneous product uses, mercury metal uses, and other sources
6,840
Cement production
1,203
Electrical switches and relays with mercury
532
Coal combustion in large power plants
485
Light sources with mercury
397
Laboratory chemicals and equipment with mercury
218
Chlor-alkali production with mercury-technology
105
Informal local disposal of industrial production waste
46
Crematoria
38
Thermometers with mercury
13
Lead extraction and initial processing
9
Natural gas - extraction, refining and use
6
Pulp and paper production
6
Manometers and gauges with mercury
5
Copper extraction and initial processing
3
Production of lime and light weight aggregates
3
Controlled landfills/deposits
2
Mineral oils - extraction, refining and use
0
TOTAL
80,755
Emissions to Water
From Table 2b, waste water system/treatment and gold and silver production with
mercury amalgamation process are the main contributors to water emissions of mercury
in the country.
Table 2b. Summary of Mercury Water Emissions in the Philippines
WATER EMISSIONS
SOURCE CATEGORY
Gold and silver extraction with mercury amalgamation processes
Dental mercury amalgam fillings
kg Hg/year
13,164
1,331
Waste water system/treatment
981
Informal local disposal of industrial production waste
137
Controlled landfills/deposits
44
Chlor-alkali production with mercury-technology
11
75
Thermometers with mercury
Copper extraction and initial processing
TOTAL
20
7
15,695
Emissions to Land
From Table 2c, gold and silver production with mercury amalgamation processes,
followed by electrical switches and relays with mercury and laboratory chemicals and
equipment are the main contributors to land emissions of mercury in the country.
Table 2c. Summary of Mercury Land Emissions in the Philippines
LAND EMISSIONS
SOURCE CATEGORY
Gold and silver extraction with mercury amalgamation processes
Laboratory chemicals and equipment with mercury
kg Hg/year
13,165
1,311
Electrical switches and relays with mercury
710
Controlled landfills/deposits
412
Light sources with mercury
397
Cemeteries
344
Chlor-alkali production with mercury-technology
200
Informal local disposal of industrial production waste
183
Lead extraction and initial processing
26
Manometers and gauges with mercury
16
Thermometers with mercury
13
Copper extraction and initial processing
TOTAL
7
16,784
Impurities in Products
From Table 2d, lead extraction and initial processing, followed by cement production
and dental mercury amalgams are the main contributors from product impurities in
emissions of mercury in the country.
Table 2d. Summary of Mercury Products Emissions in the Philippines
PRODUCT IMPURITIES
SOURCE CATEGORY
Cement production
kg Hg/year
1,203
Dental mercury amalgam fillings
266
Chlor-alkali production with mercury-technology
200
Lead extraction and initial processing
TOTAL
26
1.695
76
General Waste
From Table 2e, miscellaneous product uses, mercury metal uses, and other sources along
with electrical switches and relays with mercury are the main contributors from general
waste emissions of mercury in the country.
Table 2e. Summary of Mercury General Waste Emissions in the Philippines
GENERAL WASTE
SOURCE CATEGORY
Miscellaneous product uses, mercury metal uses, and other sources
kg Hg/year
15,960
Laboratory chemicals and equipment with mercury
655
Electrical switches and relays with mercury
532
Dental mercury amalgam fillings
532
Light sources with mercury
529
Coal combustion in large power plants
54
Manometers and gauges with mercury
31
Thermometers with mercury
20
TOTAL
18,313
Sector Specific Disposal
From Table 2f, lead extraction and initial processing is the main contributor from
specific disposal waste emissions of mercury in the country.
Table 2f. Summary of Mercury Sector Specific Disposal in the Philippines
SECTOR SPECIFIC DISPOSAL
SOURCE CATEGORY
Dental mercury amalgam fillings
532
Chlor-alkali production with mercury-technology
158
Lead extraction and initial processing
26
TOTAL
1.3
kg Hg/year
716
Data Gaps
This report is the first inventory of mercury in the Philippines. The data presented will be
used as a baseline data for future refinement and research on the usage and emission of
mercury in the country.
Table 3 identifies the subcategories existing in the country for which there are no data
available for their estimation.
Table 3. Data Gaps in the Mercury Inventory
Subcategory
Biomass fired power and heat
production
Data Gaps
The use of biomass as a source of heat
production like in cooking foods is
77
Thermometers with mercury
Import and Production Data
2.0
widely used in urban areas but these
were not accounted for because of the
unavailability of data and the
assumption that the contribution of this
subcategory is negligible to the total
emissions
The calculation for the thermometers
needs refinement because the initial
calculation was based only on the
number of hospitals and schools.
Data on the importation and production
of thermometers in the country is not
available.
No data available for the production and
importation data of mercury in order to
be able to verify the validity of the total
consumption of mercury in the country.
Identified mercury release sources
Identified mercury release source
C
Sub-C
Source category
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
5.1.6
5.1.7
Source category: Extraction and use of fuels/energy sources
Coal combustion in large power plants
Other coal use
Mineral oils - extraction, refining and use
Natural gas - extraction, refining and use
Other fossil fuels - extraction and use
Biomass fired power and heat production
Geothermal power production
5.1
5.2
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
5.3.6
5.3.7
5.3.8
5.3.9
Source category: Primary (virgin) metal production
Mercury (primary) extraction and initial processing
Gold and silver extraction with mercury amalgamation
processes
Zinc extraction and initial processing
Copper extraction and initial processing
Lead extraction and initial processing
Gold extraction and initial processing by methods other than
mercury amalgamation
Aluminum extraction and initial processing
Other non-ferrous metals - extraction and processing
Primary ferrous metal production
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
Source category: Production of other minerals and materials
with mercury impurities
Cement production
Pulp and paper production
Production of lime and light weight aggregates
Yes
Yes
Yes
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.2
5.4.2
Source category: Intentional use of mercury in industrial
processes
Chlor-alkali production with mercury-technology
VCM production with mercury catalyst
Acetaldehyde production with mercury catalyst
Other production of chemicals and polymers with mercury
Yes
No
No
No
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.3
5.4
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
78
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.5.4
5.5.5
5.5.6
5.5.6
5.6
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
5.6.5
Source category: Other intentional product/process use
Dental mercury amalgam fillings
Manometers and gauges with mercury
Laboratory chemicals and equipment with mercury
Mercury metal use in religious rituals and folklore medicine
Miscellaneous product uses, mercury metal uses, and other
sources
5.7.1
5.4.2
5.4.2
Source category: Production of recycled metals ("secondary"
metal production)
Production of recycled mercury ("secondary production”)
Production of recycled ferrous metals (iron and steel)
Production of other recycled metals
No
No
No
5.8.1
5.8.2
5.8.3
5.8.4
5.8.5
Source category: Waste incineration
Incineration of municipal/general waste
Incineration of hazardous waste
Incineration of medical waste
Sewage sludge incineration
Informal waste incineration
No
No
No
No
No
5.9.1
5.9.2
5.9.3
5.9.4
5.9.5
Source category: Waste deposition/landfilling and waste water
treatment
Controlled landfills/deposits
Diffuse disposal under some control
Informal local disposal of industrial production waste
Informal dumping of general waste
Waste water system/treatment
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
5.10.1
5.10.2
Source category: Crematoria and cemeteries
Crematoria
Cemeteries
Yes
Yes
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.3
5.6.4
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
3.0
Source category: Consumer products with intentional use of
mercury
Thermometers with mercury
Electrical switches and relays with mercury
Light sources with mercury
Batteries with mercury
Biocides and pesticides with mercury
Paints with mercury
Cosmetics and related products with mercury
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Quantification of Mercury Releases
Among the ten listed in the UNEP Toolkit, eight major sources are considered to be
existent in the Philippines. Potential hot-spots are not included in the UNEP Toolkit
Excel calculation file.
After identification of the major sources, subcategories are listed based on secondary
data from various sources. Table 4 shows the major sources of releases.
79
Table 4. Major Sources of Mercury Releases
Sources







Extraction and use of fuels/energy sources
Primary (virgin) metal production
Production of other minerals and materials with mercury impurities
Intentional use of mercury in industrial processes
Consumer products with intentional use of mercury
Other intentional product/process use
Waste deposition/landfilling and waste water treatment
Crematoria and Cemeteries
In the UNEP Toolkit, waste incineration and secondary metal production are presented
as major sources. However, waste incineration is banned in the Philippines and hospitals
have stopped this practice of waste disposal (EMB 2003). No sources of secondary metal
production were also identified.
3.1
Extraction and Use of Fuels/Energy Sources
There are six identified subcategories in the extraction and use of the different energy
sources. Biomass production and other fossil fuels extraction and use are not included.
The subcategories are presented in Table 5.
Table 5. Subcategories in extraction and use of fuels/energy sources
Subcategories





Coal combustion in large power plants
Other coal use
Extraction, refining and use of mineral oil
Natural gas – extraction
Geothermal power production
The summary of the inventory for the extraction and use of fuel/energy sources is shown
in the table below.
Table 6. Emission Pathway for the Extraction and Use of Fuels/Energy Sources
Extraction and use of fuels/
energy sources
Coal combustion in large
power plants
Calc Hg
Air
Water
input
kg Hg/y kg Hg/y
kg Hg/y
Land
kg Hg/y
Products
kg Hg/y
General Sector
Specific
Waste Disposal
kg Hg/y kg Hg/y
539
485
0
0
0
54
0
Other coal use
Mineral oils - extraction,
refining and use
Natural gas - extraction,
refining and use
Other fossil fuels - extraction
and use
Biomass fired power and heat
production
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Geothermal power production
31,395
31,395
0
0
0
0
0
TOTAL
31,940
31,886
0
0
0
54
0
80
The table shows that the main contributor to mercury emissions is the geothermal power
production. It can also be observed from the table that the pathway of emissions is
mainly through air followed by the general waste.
3.1.1
Coal Combustion in Large Power Plants
The Department of Energy (DOE) reported 4,177 MW coal power generation for 2006
(DOE 2006). Table 7 shows the list of the major coal plants in the country. Only a
representative 3,263 MW from the different sources listed was gathered. Other power
plants existing are obviously missed. Locations of the mapped power plants are plotted
in Figure 1.
Based on the 2005 Philippines Energy Data, the total coal consumption of the country
was 10.103 million tons per year – 28% locally produced and 72% imported from other
countries.
In the calculation of the mercury emissions, it was assumed that all the consumption of
coal in the Philippines is used by the coal-fired power plants and that 28% locally
produces and 72% imported from other countries or 2.829 million tons per year is locally
produced and 7.274 million tons per year is imported from other countries.
The air pollution devices used vary from each plant, but majority used electrostatic
precipitators ESP, such as Masinloc coal power plant. The Quezon Plant which is run by
Quezon Power Ltd. even has a low-NOx burner. However, those which are run by Mirant
have wet – FGD system.
Table 7. Coal Power Plants Generation and Location
Power Plant
Pagbilao Unit 1
Pagbilao Unit 2
Calaca Unit 1
Calaca Unit 2
Masinloc Unit 1
Masinloc Unit 2
Sual Unit 1
Sual Unit 2
Quezon Power
Toledo Power Corp.
Cebu TPP1-2 (Salcon)
Generation, MW
382.00
382.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
511.00
88.00
100.00
Location
Pagbilao, Quezon
Pagbilao, Quezon
Calaca, Batangas
Calaca, Batangas
Masinloc, Zambales
Masinloc, Zambales
Sual, Pangasinan
Sual, Pangasinan
Mauban, Quezon
Toledo City, Cebu
Naga, Cebu
The default input factor in the UNEP Toolkit is 0.05-0.5 g Hg/ton coal, which is the
minimum and maximum value respectively. A total of 539-5,387 kg Hg/year is emitted.
The output distribution is allocated mostly in the air, comprising 90%, and general waste
for the remaining 10%.
81
Figure 1. Location of Power Plants in the Philippines
3.1.2
Extraction, refining and use of mineral oil
Other oil combustion facilities are present in the country. Table 8 shows the list of oilfired power plants in the country.
Table 8. Oil-Based Power Plants in the Philippines
Power Plants
FPPC- Bauang Diesel
Duracom Unit 1 & 2
Duracom 3 & 4
Enron Subic 2
5 power plants (< 50 MW)
Panay Power Corp.
Cebu Private Power
PDPP III(Pinamucan)
15 power plants(< 50 MW)
Power Barge 117
Mindanao PB Dsl II
WestMindanao Corp.
7 power plants (< 50 MW)
Generation, MW
235.20
133.38
109.00
100.00
188.00
70.00
60.00
110.00
382.00
100.00
100.00
107.00
284.00
Location
Bauang, La Union
Navotas, Metro Manila
Navotas, Metro Manila
Subic, Olongapo City
Luzon
Ingore, Lapaz, Iloilo City
Cebu City
Dingle, Iloilo
Visayas
Naspit, Agusan del Norte
Maco, Davao del Norte
Sangali, Zamboanga City
Mindanao
From Table 8, a total of 1978.60 MW is generated by all the plants. This list represents
only part of the total existing plants and their generation. According to the DOE, for
2006, the total power generated from diesel is 4,512 GWh. Using a gross calorific value
of 45.66 GJ/ton (IEA) this corresponds to 372, 333 tons per year.
A total of 0.37-37.23 kg Hg/year is emitted using the default input factor of 1 mg Hg/ton
of oil and 100 mg Hg/ton of oil for the minimum and maximum default factor
respectively. An estimated 0.34 - 33.51 kg Hg/year or 90% is emitted in air and the
remaining is considered as general wastes.
82
3.1.3
Natural Gas – Use
From the DOE, for 2006, a total of 2,763 MW is generated from natural gas (DOE
2006). From the Philippines Energy Profile, the total consumption of natural gas in the
country is 2.89 billion normal cubic meters. It was assumed that all the consumption of
natural gas is for raw or pre-cleaned gas and used for power generation. Table 9 shows
the list of natural gas-fired power plants. These companies are components of the
Camago-Malampaya Gas Power Project which supply the natural gas (First Gas 1998).
Table 9. Natural Gas-Fired Power Plants
Power Plants
Sta. Rita Natural Gas
First Gas Holdings
Ilijan
Generation, MW
1,060
500
1,200
Location
Sta. Rita, Batangas
Sta. Rita, Batangas
Ilijan, Batangas City
A total of 5.78 - 578 kg Hg/year is calculated based on the minimum and maximum
default value of 2 µg Hg/Nm3 and 200 µg Hg/Nm3 respectively. Emission is assumed to
be totally in the air.
3.1.4
Geothermal Power Production
Data from the Department of Energy showed that the total power generated from
geothermal power is 10, 465 GWh/year. The lists of the geothermal power plants in the
country are shown in Table 10 with a total generation of 1,838 MW from different
sources.
There is no default input factor in the UNEP Toolkit for geothermal power (UNEP
2005). A value of 3-4 g Hg/MWh was used (Bacci et al. 2000). Emission is assumed to
be totally in the air.
Table 10. Geothermal Power Plants
Power Plants
MakBan 1-4
MakBan 5-6
MakBan 7-10
Bac Man I-1
Bac Man I-2
Tiwi 1-6
Tongonan II & III
Leyte GPP
Negros GPP1-2
Generation, MW
248
100
80
110
40
240
600
120
200
Mindanao 1-2
Total Generation
3.2
100
Location
Calauan, Laguna
Calauan, Laguna
Calauan, Laguna
Manito, Albay
Manito, Albay
Tiwi, Albay
Tongonan, Leyte
Tongonan, Leyte
Valencia, Negros Oriental
Mindanao
1,838
Primary (virgin) metal production
Gold and silver, lead and copper extraction from whole ore (with mercury-amalgamation
process) is considered as the subcategory in this major source. Various mining activities
are happening in the country from small scale to big scale mining companies.
The table below shows the summary of mercury emissions for the primary virgin metal
production. The gold and silver extraction with mercury amalgamation is the main source
of mercury emissions. The emission pathway for the extraction and initial processing of
metals is mainly to air, followed by land and water.
83
Table 11. Emission Pathway for Mercury (primary) extraction
and initial processing
Mercury (primary)
extraction and initial
processing
Calc Hg
Air
Water
input
kg Hg/y kg Hg/y
kg Hg/y
Gold and silver extraction
with mercury amalgamation
processes
Zinc extraction and initial
processing
Copper extraction and initial
processing
Lead extraction and initial
processing
Products
kg Hg/y
General
Waste
kg Hg/y
Sector
Specific
Disposal
kg Hg/y
65,824
39,495
13,165
13,165
0
0
0
16
3
6
6
0
0
0
87
9
0
26
26
0
26
Gold extraction and initial
processing by methods other
than mercury amalgamation
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Aluminum extraction and
initial processing
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Other non-ferrous metals extraction and processing
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Primary ferrous metal
production
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
65,927
39,507
13,171
13,197
26
0
26
TOTAL
3.2.1
Land
kg Hg/y
Gold and Silver Production
The country has an annual gold production of 18,680 kg gold as of 2006 (Makati
Business Club 2007). Even though the use of mercury is no longer practiced in large
mines as they had shifted to cyanidation to extract gold, it is considered here since there
are many small scale miners that still use mercury. The Mines and Geosciences Bureau
reported that total gold production in 1996 was 14,523 kilograms (Bugnosen 1998). It
was reported in an ILO study quoting published figures, that more than half or about
58% of the Philippines’ gold production came from the small-scale mining sector. It was
suspected then that output from small-scale mines is considerably understated in official
statistics (Bugnosen 2002). According to MGB, this is a reasonable estimate since the
actual figure is unknown and difficult to obtain.
From the Mines and Geosciences Bureau, a total of 1.4-1.9 tons of mercury is being
used by mining operators in Mt. Diwalwal in Mindanao. Diwalwal is rich in gold
deposits, with remaining gold ore conservatively estimated to be worth more than $700
M at current process. Today, there are nearly 3,000 households and 12,000 small scale
miners in the area, down from the peak of about 150,000 – 200,000 in the mid 1980s
(Gozun 2004).
From the USGS Minerals Yearbook 2005, Volume III Philippines, the country has an
annual silver mine output of 19, 150 kilogram per year. Since silver is a by-product of
gold production, the actual mercury use in this process may not be as simple to estimate.
The UNEP toolkit added both gold and silver production and applied the same single
default input factor of 3 kg Hg/yr which may not reflect the true situation of mercury
use especially for silver production since there is recycling of mercury.
In the calculation of the total mercury consumption for the silver and gold extraction,
the activity rate is estimated to be 58% of the total 37, 830 kg gold and silver
production per year. The default input factor in the UNEP Toolkit is 3 kg Hg/kg gold
84
produced, as there is no range provided but which may be an overestimation. A total of
65, 824 kg Hg/year is emitted in various emission pathways. Sixty percent of the
mercury emission is released in air, land (20%) and water (20%).
3.2.2
Copper extraction and initial processing
From the USGS Minerals Yearbook 2005, Volume III Philippines, the country has an
annual copper mine output of 16,320 tons per year. The maximum default factor of 15 g
Hg/ton of copper was used in the calculation to obtain a total of 244.80 kg Hg/year of
emission. Using the minimum default input factor, a total of 16 kg Hg/year is emitted.
Forty percent of the emission goes to water and another 40% to land with the remaining
20 % emitted in air.
3.2.3
Lead extraction and initial processing
From the USGS Minerals Yearbook 2005, Volume III Philippines, the country has lead
production rate (secondary refined) of 30,000 ton per year. Lead ore in the Philippines is
approximately 50% lead content.
Lead concentrate utilized to produce 30,000 tons per year of secondary refined lead,
assuming 80% plant efficiency, will have an activity rate of 75,000 tons per year.
In the lead extraction and initial processing, it was also assumed that 58 % of the lead
output is from small-scale mining industries which incorporated mercury amalgamation
in the process. This assumption was made similar to gold and silver extraction but
which is difficult to verify.
The minimum and maximum default factor of 2-200 g Hg/ton is used in the calculation
for a total Hg emission of 87-8,700 kg Hg per year. Ten percent of the emission is in air
while the remaining 90 % is equally distributed in land, products and sector specific
treatment or disposal.
3.3
Production of Other Minerals and Materials with Mercury Impurities
The three subcategories identified for this major source are the cement, pulp and paper
production and lime production.
Table 12. Subcategories of Production of other Minerals and Materials



Subcategories
Cement production
Pulp and paper production
Production of lime
The production of cement is the main contributor of mercury emissions in the category
of production of other minerals and materials with mercury impurities. The emission
pathway is almost equally distributed to air and products.
Table 13. Emission Pathways for the Production of other minerals
and materials with mercury impurities
Production of other
minerals and materials
with mercury impurities
Cement production
Pulp and paper production
Calc Hg
Air
Water
input
kg Hg/y kg Hg/y
kg Hg/y
Land
kg Hg/y
General
Products
Waste
kg Hg/y
kg Hg/y
Sector
Specific
Disposal
kg Hg/y
241
241
0
0
241
0
0
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
85
Production of lime and light
weight aggregates
TOTAL
3.3.1
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
247
250
0
0
241
0
0
Cement Production
The Cement Manufacturer’s Association of the Philippines (CeMAP) releases an annual
report on the stand of the cement industry. Table 14, adapted from CeMAP, shows the
list of existing companies in the country.
A total of 12,033 kilo tons of cement was produced in 2006 (CeMAP 2007). A total of
1,203 kg Hg/year is calculated emission using the maximum input factor of 0.1 g
Hg/ton, and a total of 241 kg Hg/year is calculated using the minimum input factor of
0.02 g Hg/ton of cement. The emission is assumed to be totally in air.
Table 14. Cement Companies
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Holcim Philippines
Republic Cement Corporation
Fortune Cement Corporation
FR Cement Corporation
Iligan Cement/Mindanao Portland Cement Corporation
Solid Cement Corporation/Apo Cement Corporation
Taiheiyo Cement Philippines Inc.
Lloyds Richfield Industrial Corporation
Northern Cement Corporation
Pacific Cement Philippines Inc.
Figure 2 is adapted from the CeMAP website which shows the locations of the cement
companies.
Figure 2. Location of Cement Plants
3.3.2
Pulp and Paper Production
Below is a list of the existing pulp and paper companies in the country. There was no
default input factor provided in the UNEP Toolkit for calculation (UNEP 2005). An
input factor of 1.95x10-5 kg Hg/ton pulp or paper produced was used (Tsinghua
University 2006). A total of 308,542 tons of pulp and paper are produced per year with
86
an emission of 6.171 kg Hg/yr, mostly in air.
Table 15. Pulp and Paper Companies
Company
Production, tons
230+
3,000++
30,312+++
80,000*
195,000*
Trust International Paper Corporation
National Tobacco Administration
Fiber Industry Development Authority
Bataan 2020
United Pulp and Paper Co., Inc.
(Molina 2005)+; (Austria 2002)++; (FIDA 2007)+++; (Bataan 2020)*; (UPPC 2008)**
3.3.3
Lime Production
The list of the lime producing companies in the country is presented in Table 16. No
default input factor is provided in the UNEP Toolkit for calculation (UNEP 2005). A
value of 5.5x10-5 kg Hg/ton lime produced was used in the calculation (Tsinghua
University 2006). A total of 47,957 metric tons of lime are produced per year with a
calculated emission of 2.64 kg Hg/year, assumed mainly in air.
Table 16. Lime Producing Companies
Company/Location
Production, tons
5,000*
36,000**
6,957***
Guimaras
Negros Integrated Industries Corporation
Quezon
(OTOP 2008) *; (NIIC 2007) **; (Quezon Province 2006) ***
3.4
Intentional use of mercury in industrial processes
Only the Chlor-alkali production with mercury-technology is the industry considered.
There is no vinyl chloride monomer and acetaldehyde production in the country.
The Mabuhay Vinyl Corporation is the sole producer of caustic soda (Valdez 2007). It
has a capacity of 21,000 tons Cl2 per year. Using the maximum default input factor in
the UNEP Toolkit of 400 g Hg/ton Cl2 produced, a total of 8,400 kg Hg per year is
emitted (UNEP 2005). If the minimum default input factor of 25 g Hg/ton of Cl2 is
used, a total of 525 kg Hg per year is emitted. Emission is distributed in the air, land,
water, and product.
The table below shows that only the chlor-alkali production with mercury technology
contributes to the emissions of mercury. The emission pathway is mainly through land
and sector specific disposal.
Table 17. Emission Pathways for Intentional use of mercury
in industrial process
Intentional use of
mercury in industrial
processes
Chlor-alkali production
with mercury-technology
VCM production with
mercury catalyst
Calc Hg
input
kg Hg/y
Air
kg Hg/y
Water
kg Hg/y
Land
kg Hg/y
Products
kg Hg/y
General
Waste
kg Hg/y
Sector
Specific
Disposal
kg Hg/y
525
105
10
200
53
0
158
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
87
Acetaldehyde production
with mercury catalyst
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Other production of
chemicals and polymers
with mercury
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
525
105
10
200
53
0
158
TOTAL
3.5
Consumer products with intentional use of mercury
In terms of the consumer products with mercury, there are various sources present in the
country but only those found in Table 18 are used as gross estimate. This needs further
refinement.
Table 18. Subcategories of Consumer Products with Mercury



Thermometers with mercury
Electrical switches
Light sources with mercury
The table below shows that the electrical switches and relays with mercury are the main
contributors of mercury emissions from the consumer products with intentional use of
mercury. The main pathway of emissions of this category is through land and almost
equal distribution in air and on the products.
Table 19. Emission Pathways for Consumer products with
intentional use of mercury
Consumer products with
intentional use of mercury
Thermometers with
mercury
Electrical switches and
relays with mercury
Land
kg Hg/y
Product General
s kg
Waste
Hg/y
kg Hg/y
Sector
Specific
Disposal
kg Hg/y
66
13
20
13
0
20
0
1,774
532
0
710
0
532
0
1,324
397
0
397
0
530
0
Batteries with mercury
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Biocides and pesticides
with mercury
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Paints with mercury
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cosmetics and related
products with mercury
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,164
942
20
1120
0
1,082
0
Light sources with mercury
TOTAL
3.5.1
Calc Hg
Air
Water
input
kg Hg/y kg Hg/y
kg Hg/y
Thermometers
The following assumptions were applied in the calculation:
1. 1. A thermometer is included in the medical kit given by the hospital for every patient
admitted (the kit often comes with a spoon and fork, a face towel, a glass, and a
thermometer, placed in a hospital bag).
2.
88
3. 2. Hospitals will be filled to its actual full bed capacity twice every month to account for
the thermometers in school, small clinics and hospitals which are not members of the
Philippine Hospital Association.
4.
5. 3. The number of nursing students enrolled in 2005 and other allied medical courses is
equated to the number of thermometers since each medical student has a kit with at least
one thermometer.
6.
7. 4. The production phase is not included in the life phase of the thermometer.
8.
5. A breakage rate of 5% was assumed based on the 1992 report of US EPA which
conducted a telephone survey to US thermometer manufacturers.
Calculation:
According to the Philippine Hospital Journal, the authorized bed capacity of hospitals is
94, 482 per hospital per year as of September 2006, this was assumed to be applicable
for the whole year 2005.
The number of officially enrolled students in Medical and Allied Courses
(A.Y. 2003-2004) (CHED statistical bulletin) = 319, 774 students
This number is estimated to increase by 15% in 2005 especially those enrolled in
nursing courses.
Thus, estimated actual number of thermometers in use and possibly will be broken in
2005
= 2 (94,482) / month x 12 months/year + 319, 774 (1.15)
=
2,635,308 thermometers in use
The number of medical thermometers that may be broken = 0.05 (2,635,308)
=
131,765 thermometers
In the Philippines, there was no separate collection for thermometers. Using the
maximum default input factor in the UNEP Toolkit of 1.5 g Hg/item, a total of 198 kg
Hg per year is emitted. If the minimum input factor is calculated, the amount of mercury
emitted was 66 kg Hg/year. Emission is distributed in the air, land, water, and general
wastes. Only the medical thermometers were considered in the calculation, it was
assumed that ambient, industrial and other glass Hg thermometers are present in
negligible amounts as compared to the medical thermometers.
3.5.2
Electrical Switches
In the UNEP Toolkit, there is a default value of 0.02 -0.25 g Hg per year per inhabitant
(UNEP 2005). Using the projected population for 2006 with around 88.7 million, a total
of 1.7-22.17 tons of mercury per year is used and disposed (NSCB 2000). The emission
is distributed equally in air, water, land, and general waste.
3.5.3
3.5.3.1
Light Sources with Mercury
Double end Fluorescent Tubes
Based on the 2006 Innogy report on the Inventory and Profiling of Hg-containing Lamp
Wastes Generators, the estimated total inventory of mercury-containing lamps, in the
form of total fluorescent lamps is around 24.9 million pieces. Table 20 shows the
89
distribution of mercury-containing lamp wastes in the country. The basis used for the
calculation is the 2000 data from NSO and estimates of generation are from survey
results. All data and tables discussed in this sub-category are from the final report for
the policy study on lamp waste management carried out by Innogy Inc.
Table 20. Inventory of Mercury-Containing Lamp Wastes
in the Country (Innogy)
Source
Lamps
6,655,779
11,045,412
7,238,790
24,939,981
Households
Establishments
Institutional
Total
Household Sector
The estimation for the total amount of lamp wastes from the household sector was based
on the following factors: total number of households and the energy consumption of
lighting fixtures and household survey conducted by the Innogy study team.
In the 2000 Census, the total household population of the country is 15,278,808. In the
2004 DOE Household Energy Consumption Survey, the annual usage of household
security is 132 kilowatt-hour for fluorescent lamps and 63 kWh for compact fluorescent
lamps. Table 21 shows a rough distribution of potential mercury release arising from
residential use of lamps across regions in the assumption that fluorescent lamps are
proportionate to the electricity usage for lighting.
Table 21. Estimated Household Lamp Turnover Rate per Region
Region
Number of
Fluorescent Lamps
(millions per year)
Number of
Compact
Fluorescent
(millions/year)
NCR
CAR
1 Ilocos Region
2 Cagayan Valley
3 Central Luzon
4 Southern Tagalog
5 Bicol Region
6 Western Visayas
7 Central Visayas
8 Eastern Visayas
9 Western Mindanao
10 Northern Mindanao
11 Southern Mindanao
12 Central Mindanao
13 CARAGA
Total
0.681
0.056
0.227
0.121
0.491
0.646
0.168
0.238
0.235
0.117
0.088
0.109
0.216
0.085
0.073
3.59
0.557
0.046
0.186
0.099
0.402
0.528
0.137
0.195
0.192
0.096
0.072
0.089
0.177
0.070
0.059
2.94
From the above table, NCR with Regions 3 and 4 are the main contributors to the lamp
wastes in the country.
Business Establishments
The basis used by Innogy study was the 2000 data on the distribution of establishments
by size and survey results.
90
Table 22. Estimated Lamp Waste of Establishments Based on Study Survey
Flourescent Lamps
(pieces/year)
4,901,412
1,929,240
1,357,240
2,857,520
11,045,412
Business Type
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
Total
Based on the table, most mercury-containing lamp wastes are generated by the microsize establishments, followed by large establishments.
Institutional Sector
Institutional lamp wastes are those generated by government offices, public hospitals
and public schools. The inventory of the lamp wastes from institutional lamp was
derived by using the energy consumption for lighting fixtures from the Department of
Energy (DOE) Audits and from the Innogy survey. Table 23 shows the inventory of
government buildings while Table 24 shows the summary of the institutional Hgcontaining lamp wastes
Table 23. Inventory of Government Buildings
Region
National
Offices
CAR
Region 1
Region 2
Region 3
Region 4
Region 5
Region 6
Region 7
Region 8
Region 9
Region 10
Region 11
Region 12
Region 13
ARMM
TOTAL
Number of
Offices
108
No. of
Hospitals
49
No. of
Schools
705
Total
Buildings
862
22
28
14
35
23
21
5
24
4
No data
12
10
12
13
No data
331
24
36
38
43
98
50
40
56
48
30
17
34
20
33
7
616
1,635
2,747
2,386
3,209
5,173
3,551
3,884
3,368
3,892
2,274
2,221
1,801
1,780
1,806
2,087
42,519
1,681
2,811
2,438
3,287
5,294
3,622
3,929
3,448
3,944
2,304
2,250
1,845
1,812
1,852
2,094
43,473
Table 24. Summary of Institutional Hg-Containing Lamp Wastes
Sources
Offices
Hospitals
Schools
Total
Fluorescent Lamps
(pieces/year)
244,940
616,000
6,377,850
7,238,790
91
The inventory shows that schools are the major sources of lamp wastes among all
government-owned buildings, consisting 88% of the total wastes of almost 7 million
pieces per year.
3.5.3.2
Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL single end)
For the compact fluorescent Lamp, it was assumed that there is 1 compact fluorescent
lamp for every four double end fluorescent bulb based on the US production rate of
bulbs.
Therefore, based on the result of the estimation of the fluorescent lamps, there are 6.23
million units of CFL.
3.6
Other intentional product/process use
In terms of other intentional product or process use with mercury, there are various
sources present in the country. Table 25 lists the subcategories with both input rates and
activity rates that are available.
Table 25. Subcategories in Other Intentional Product or Process Use of Mercury
Subcategories





Dental mercury-amalgam fillings
Manometers and gauges with mercury
Laboratory chemicals and equipment with mercury
Miscellaneous product uses, mercury metal uses,
and other sources
The table below shows that the miscellaneous product uses such as the use of
lighthouse, dental mercury amalgam fillings and laboratory chemicals and equipments
with mercury, which are the main contributors to the mercury emissions for the category
of intentional products and product use with mercury. The main pathway of emission is
on general waste since they are disposed or removed upon generation.
Table 26. Emission Pathways for Other Intentional Product/Process Use
Other intentional product/
process use
Dental mercury amalgam
fillings
Manometers and gauges with
mercury
Calc Hg
Air
Water
input
kg Hg/y kg Hg/y
kg Hg/y
Land
kg Hg/y
General Sector
Products
Specific
Waste Disposal
kg Hg/y
kg Hg/y kg Hg/y
4,435
0
1,331
0
266
532
532
52
5
16
31
0
62
532
218
0
1,310
0
655
0
Laboratory chemicals and
equipment with mercury
2,184
Mercury metal use in
religious rituals and folklore
medicine
0
Miscellaneous product uses,
mercury metal uses, and other
sources
22,800
0
0
0
0
0
0
6,840
0
0
0
15,960
0
TOTAL
7,063
1,347
1,341
266
17,209
1,064
29,471
92
3.6.1
Dental Mercury-Amalgam Fillings
In the UNEP Toolkit, there is a default value of 0.05-0.20 g Hg per year per inhabitant
(UNEP 2005). Using the projected population for 2006, around 88.7 million, a total of
4,435 - 17,741 kilograms of mercury per year is used and disposed (NSCB 2000). The
UNEP maximum value of 0.20 g Hg per year per inhabitant takes care of the
disaggregated data among the population (such as for example for infants and children
who have no dental fillings). The emission is distributed in the air, land, product, and
sector specific treatment or disposal.
3.6.2
Manometers and Gauges with mercury
Only the barometers in the airports and weather stations are considered in the inventory
on a one to one ratio used for calculation.
Table 27. Number of Barometers
Sources
Barometers
Airports*
118
Weather Stations**
55
Total
173
*
(NEDA 2007) ; (DOST-PAGASA 2002)**
The default input factor in the UNEP Toolkit is 300-600 g Hg/unit with the maximum
value used. Hence for 173 barometers, around 52-104 kg Hg/year is emitted
proportionately in air, land, and general waste.
3.6.3
Laboratory Chemicals and Equipment with Mercury
In this subcategory, only the thermostat is considered. The assumptions and data used
are presented in Table 28. The table was put together from various government reports
and references.
Table 28. Assumptions for Thermostat Units Calculation
Thermostat
School (3325)*
Assumptions or Ratio Used
(5 thermostat/lab)(3 labs/school)
Government
1 A/C/50 students
Private
1 A/C/35 students
Vehicles**
Number
4561133
70528
887023
11368
Hospitals***
Level
1
2
3
4
Gauge
A/C
Private & Diplomatic -All
Gov't - 50%
For Hire - 50%
Tax Exempt -Not Included
Gov't (Thermostat:Patient)
6889 (20:1)
14279 (20:1)
12696 (10:1)
16143 (10:1)
Total Units
49875
16,583.62
45,476.43
5,530,052
4561133
35264
443511.5
0
344
714
1270
1614
93
Private (Thermostat:Patient)
7597 (15:1)
506
12546 (15:1)
836
11298 (7:1)
1614
13394 (7:1)
1913
(359 agencies) (2
thermostat/room)(20 rooms/flr)(3
43080
Government Agencies+
flrs/bldg)(2 bldgs/agency)
(7467 establishments)(500
Manufacturing
employees/establishment)(1
186675
Establishments++
thermo/20 employees)
Total Units 10,920,463.14
(CHED 2004)*;(LTO 2008)**; (PHA 2006)***; (NCC 2007)+; (NSO 2003)++
1
2
3
4
From the total of 10.92 million units of thermostats, using the minimum and maximum
default input factor of 1-6 g Hg/unit, 2.2-65.5 tons of Hg respectively are used and
disposed in a year. The emission is distributed in the air, land, and general waste.
3.6.4
Miscellaneous Product Uses, Mercury Metal Uses, and Other Sources
For this part, only the lighthouses were considered as there was no input factor and
activity rate for the other sources. There are 57 lighthouses in the country (Stockinger
1998). Using the maximum input of 600 kg Hg/light, around 22.8 tons of Hg/year is
emitted which are distributed equally in air and general waste.
3.7
Waste deposition/landfilling and waste water treatment
The controlled landfill, informal local disposal of industrial production waste and waste
waster system treatment are considered. From a total disposal of 457, 718 metric tons,
around 0.5-4.5 tons of Hg/year and 0.9-8.09 tons Hg/yr are emitted from these two
sources, respectively (Chavez 2001; PREGA National Technical Experts 2006).
For the wastewater system treatment, according to the economic impact of sanitation in
the Philippines (USAID, 2008), the amount of wastewater per year is 1,961,500,000
cubic meters per year. Using the minimum and maximum default factor or 0.5-10 mg
Hg per cubic meter of wastewater, a total of 981kg Hg/year and 19, 615 kg Hg/year is
emitted to water respectively.
The table below shows that wastewater system/treatment shows the highest emission of
mercury and the pathway of emission is in water.
Table 29. Emission Pathways for waste deposition/landfilling
and waste water treatment
Waste deposition/landfilling
and waste water treatment
Controlled landfills/deposits
Diffuse disposal under some
control
Informal local disposal of
industrial production waste
Informal dumping of general
waste
Waste water system/treatment
Calc Hg
Air
Water
input
kg Hg/y kg Hg/y
kg Hg/y
Land
kg Hg/y
Products
kg Hg/y
General Sector
Specific
Waste Disposal
kg Hg/y kg Hg/y
458
2
43
412
0
0
0
458
46
137
183
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
981
0
981
0
0
0
0
94
TOTAL
3.8
1,897
48
1,161
595
0
0
0
Crematoria and Cemeteries
From the Quickstat data from the National Statistics Office website, a total of 382, 418
were considered (excluding infant deaths). Only one percent of these were considered to
be cremated. A total of 382 kg Hg to 1.5 tons of Hg/year are released from those that are
buried. The minimum and maximum default input factor of 1-4 g Hg/corpse is used
(UNEP 2005).
The table below shows the summary of the emission pathway of crematoria and
cemeteries which is mainly to land.
Table 30. Emission Pathways for Crematoria and Cemeteries
Crematoria and cemeteries
4
Calc Hg
Air
Water
input
kg Hg/y kg Hg/y
kg Hg/y
Land
kg Hg/y
Products
kg Hg/y
General Sector
Specific
Waste Disposal
kg Hg/y kg Hg/y
Crematoria
38
38
0
0
0
0
0
Cemeteries
344
0
0
344
0
0
0
TOTAL
382
153
0
344
0
0
0
Conclusions
This mercury inventory assessment for the Philippines has presented an indication of the
pattern of emissions and sources of large generators of mercury which could be targeted
for control measures. It is useful as an initial exercise but UNEP could provide more
guidance on the appropriate input factors rather than using the maximum default values.
While the toolkit provided an easy template to guide the users in estimating the amount
of mercury emissions to the environment, its major drawback is the wide range of input
factors. Since the default values for the input factors in the toolkit are the maximum
values, this has created an approximate 75% increase compared to the minimum values.
For example in the Philippines, the total mercury released was estimated to be 234,031
kg Hg /yr using the maximum values for the input factors. If the minimum input factors
were used, the estimate of 133, 856 kg Hg/yr was obtained. There is a discrepancy of
about 100,000 kg Hg/yr or 75% more. This is considered significant that warrants a
second look at the toolkit in general and the country inventory assessment for the
Philippines.
The top three principal subcategories releasing mercury in the Philippines are:
Total output
Percent of
releases
1. Primary Virgin Metal Production
74,769 kg
Hg/year
32
2. Extraction and Use of Fuel and
Energy Resources
47,862 kg
Hg/year
20
3. Other intentional use-thermometer etc
46,653 kg
Hg/year
20
Subcategories
The overall mercury emissions in the Philippines are distributed mainly to air (45%),
95
then land (19%) and water (18%) and the rest to general waste and others. These are
gross estimates using the maximum default factors of UNEP. Further refinement could
be made given more time and resources to cross check the secondary data with the
respective generators or sectors and to develop suitable input factors for the Philippines.
In general, this initial mercury assessment in the Philippines has provided an indication
of the level of emissions from key sectors to specific media, which can then be used for
policy and decision making for control measures as outlined in the associated action
plan for mercury.
96
Asociados, A. 2001, ‘Preliminary Atmospheric Emissions Inventory of Mercury in
Mexico’, Instituto Nacional de Ecologia, Mexico
Austria, J. 2002, ‘Despite Health Risks, Cabinet Okays Coal Plant’, Manila Standard,
Philippines, viewed 30 March 2008,
<http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/?page=business01_sept27_2002>.
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plants at Mt. Amiata (Tuscany–Italy): mercury and hydrogen sulphide deposition
revealed by vegetation’, Elsevier BV, viewed 30 March 2008
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Bugnosen, E. 1998. Small-scale gold mining: Examples from Bolivia, Philippines &
Zimbabwe. N. Jennings (ed). International Labour Organization. SAP 2.76/WP.130
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R
E
F
E
R
E
N
C
E
S
Californians Against Waste 2008,’Mercury in our Bodies and the Ocean’, Californians
Against Waste, USA, viewed 30 March 2008,
www.cawrecycles.org/files/images/mercury.jpg
CeMAP 2007, ‘Annual Cement Industry Statistics’, Cement Manufacturer’s Association
of the Philippines, Pasig City, viewed 30 March 2008,
<http://www.cemap.org.ph/statistics.html>
Chavez 2001, ‘MMDA, QC government plan to develop Payatas dumpsite into sanitary
landfill’, The Manila Bulletin Online, Philippines, viewed 30 March 2008,
<http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2005/01/14/MTNN2005011426402.html>.
CHED 2004, ‘Statistics’, Commission on Higher Education, Pasig City, Philippines,
viewed 30 March 2008, < http://www.ched.gov.ph/statistics/index.html>
DENR 1997, ‘DENR Administrative Order No. 38’, Environmental Management Bureau,
Quezon City, Philippines
DOE 2006, ‘Philippine Power Statistics’, Department of Energy, Taguig, Philippines,
viewed 30 March 2008, <http.doe.gov.ph/EP/Power Stat update
2006_files/sheet001_htm>
DOST-PAGASA 2002, ‘A Brief History of the Philippine Meteorological Service’,
Department of Science and Technology - Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical &
Astronomical Services Administration, Metro Manila, Philippines, viewed 30 March
2008, <http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/fullhistory.shtml>
Environment Canada 2000, ‘The Status of Mercury in Canada: Report #2’, Commission
for Environmental Protection, Canada
EMB 2003, ’Legal Framework of Hazardous Waste Management’, Environmental
Management Bureau, Quezon City, Philippines, viewed 30 March 2008,
<http://www.emb.gov.ph/hazardous/legalframework_hwms.htm>
FIDA 2007, ‘Market Report: Abaca’, Fiber Industry Development Authority, Quezon
97
City, Philippines, viewed 30 March 2008, <http://fida.da.gov.ph/home.html.html.>
First Gas 1998, ‘Sta. Rita Gas-Fired Power Plant Starts Testing’, First Gas Holdings
Corporation, Batangas, Philippines, viewed 30 March 2008
<http://www.firstgas.com.ph/profiles/starita.html>.
Gozun 2004 , ‘Towards a revitalized mining and allied industries’, Mines and
Geosciences Bureau, Quezon City, Philippines, viewed 31 March 2008,
<http://www.mgb.gov.ph/miningphilippines_speec_gozun.htm>
Innogy Inc 2006, ‘Inventory and Profiling of Hg-containing Lamp Wastes Generators’,
Department of Energy, Philippines.
LTO 2008, ‘Number of Motor Vehicles Registered by Classification & Mode of
Registration’, Land Transportation Office, Quezon City, Philippines, viewed 30 March
2008, <http://www.lto.gov.ph/stats2006.html>.
Makati Business Club 2007, ‘Metallic minerals production value up 58.8% in H1’,
Makati Business Club, Makati City, Philippines, viewed 31 March 2008
<http://www.philippinebusiness.com.ph/news_updates/industry.htm>
Molina, T. 2005, ‘NTA now producing pulp boards from tobacco stalks’. National
Tobacco Association, Philippines, viewed 30 March 2008,
< http://www.nta.da.gov.ph/news060505.htm>
NCC 2007, ‘Status of National Government Agencies ISSP’, National Computer Center,
Quezon City, Philippines.
NEDA 2007, ‘Philippine Economic Indicators Online’, National Economic and
Development Authority, Pasig City, Philippines, viewed 31 March 2008 <
http://222.127.10.196/national.html>
NIIC 2007, ‘Profile’, Negros Integrated Industries Corporation, Negros Occidental,
Philippines, viewed 31 March 2008, <http://niiclime.com/profile.html>
NSCB 2000, ‘Projected Populations by Sex, Region and Province, and by SingleCalendar Years: 2000-2010’, National Statistical Coordination Board, Makati,
Philippines, viewed 30 March 2008,
<http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/popproj_tab3r.html>
NSO 2002, ‘Deaths in the Philippines 2000’, National Statistics Office, Quezon City,
Philippines, viewed 30 March 2008,
<http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/sr0366tx.html>
NSO 2001, ‘2000 Family Income and Expenditures Survey’, Integrated Survey of
Households Bulletin, 1 Volume, 293 pp.
NSO 2003, ‘2000 Census of Philippine Business and Industry (CPBI)’, National Statistics
Office, Quezon City, Philippines, viewed 30 March 2008,
<http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2003/cpbimfg00tx.html>
OTOP 2008, ‘Region VI: Guimaras’, Department of Trade and Industry, Makati City,
Philippines, viewed 30 March 2008,
<http://www.otopphilippines.gov.ph/sme.aspx?rid=7&provid=62&prodid=782>
PHA 2006, ‘Hospitals in the 21st Century’, Hospital Journal (Semi-Annual Publication of
the Philippine Hospital Association), 39 Volume 2 Issue, 162 pp.
98
PREGA 2006, ‘Integration of Methane Capture to Solid Waste Management of Roxas
City’, Asian Development Bank, Ortigas, Philippines, viewed 30 March 2008,
<http://www.adb.org/Clean-Energy/documents/PHI-FS-Methane-Roxas-City.pdf>
Quezon Province 2006, ‘Manufacturing, Services & Labor Force’, Quezon, Philippines,
viewed 30 March 2008, <http://www.quezon.gov.ph/profile/agriculture.htm>
Ransom, C. 2001, ‘Mercury Switches in Appliances: Final Report’, US Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., viewed 30 March 2008, <
http://www.epa.gov/reg5oair/mercury/appliancereport.html>
Stock 2005, ‘The Dental Amalgam Issue’, DAMS, Inc., Minnesota, USA, viewed 30
March 2008 <http://www.amalgam.org/#anchor96213>
Stockinger, J. 1998, ‘Picturesque Old Philippines: Philippine Lighthouses’, University of
Vienna, Austria, viewed 31 March 2008
<http://www.univie.ac.at/voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/pop/light.htm?>
Tsinghua University 2006, Improve the Estimates of Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions
in China, United Nations Environment Programme, Kenya
UNEP 2002, ‘Global Mercury Assessment Report’, United Nations Environment
Programme, Kenya, viewed 31 March 2008,
http://www.chem.unep.ch/MERCURY/Report/Final%20Assessment%20report.htm
UNEP 2005, ‘Toolkit for identification and quantification of mercury releases”, United
Nations Environment Programme, Kenya, viewed 17 March 2008,
http://www.chem.unep.ch/mercury/Toolkit/default.htm
USGS Minerals Yearbook 2005, Volume III Philippines
US EPA 1997, ‘Wisconsin Mercury Sourcebook: A Guide to Help your Community
Identify and Reduce Releases of Elemental Mercury’, US Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D.C., viewed 30 March 2008,
<http://www.p2pays.org/ref%5C02/03851.htm>
UPPC 2008,‘History of United Pulp and Paper Co., Inc.’, United Pulp and Paper
Company, Inc., Bulacan, Philippines, viewed 30 March 2008,
http://www.uppc.com.ph/about%20us.php
US EPA 1997, ‘Wisconsin Mercury Sourcebook: A Guide to Help your Community
Identify and Reduce Releases of Elemental Mercury’, US Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D.C., viewed 30 March 2008,
<http://www.p2pays.org/ref%5C02/03851.htm>
US EPA 1997, ‘Mercury Study Report to Congress, US Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D.C., viewed 30 March 2008, <
http://www.epa.gov/mercury/report.htm/>
Valdez, K.M. A. 2007, ‘Mabuhay Vinyl gets additional tax perks’, The Manila Times,
Philippines, viewed 31 March 2008 ,
http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/mar/22/yehey/business/20070322bus10.html
99
5.1
C
10 - 300
1 - 100
1 - 100
1 - 100
/Refining
Yes
/Use of gasoline, diesel and other
distillates:
Yes
Uses (other than combustion)
Residential heating with no controls No
Other oil combustion facilities
0
10 - 300
No
Other oil combustion facilities
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Geothermal power production
5.1.7
3-4
g Hg/MWh
0
mg Hg/t (dry weight)
?
µg Hg/Nm3 gas
0.03 - 0.4
40 - 193 (b
µg Hg/Nm3 gas
µg Hg/Nm3 gas
2 - 200
2 - 200
mg Hg/t
mg Hg/t
mg Hg/t
mg Hg/t
mg Hg/t
4 g Hg/MWh
0
0
t oil/y
t oil/y
t oil/y
t oil/y
t oil/y
t oil/y
t coal/y
t coal/y
t coal/y
372,333 t oil/y
0
7,756,560
10465000 MWh
0
0
t peat/y
t oil shale/y?
Nm3 gas/y
Nm3 gas/y
2,890,000,000 Nm3 gas/y
193 mg Hg/t (dry weight)
?
0.4 µg Hg/Nm3 gas
200 µg Hg/Nm3 gas
200 µg Hg/Nm3 gas
100 mg Hg/t
100 mg Hg/t
100 mg Hg/t
300 mg Hg/t
300 mg Hg/t
300 mg Hg/t
300 mg Hg/t
0.5 g Hg/t
0.5 g Hg/t
0.5 g Hg/t
0.5 g Hg/t
0.5 g Hg/t
41860 Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
0.0 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
578.000 Kg Hg/y
37.23 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y (a
0 Kg Hg/y
0
3,878
Oil Combustion Facility with PM
control using an ESP or scrubber
Oil Combustion Facility with no
emissions controls
Oil Combustion Facility with PM
control using an ESP or scrubber
Oil Combustion Facility with no
emissions controls
Emis. Red. Devices: None (a
General ESP or PS (a
FF or other high PM retention (a
PM+SDA (a
PM+wet FGD (a
Emis. Red. Devices: None (a
General ESP or PS (a
FF or other high PM retention (a
PM+SDA (a
PM+wet FGD (a
41,860
578
37
0
0
0
Kg
Kg
3,878 Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
0 Kg
Kg
1,508 Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
Hg/y
Hg/y
Hg/y
Hg/y
Hg/y
Hg/y
Hg/y
Hg/y
Hg/y
Hg/y
Hg/y
Hg/y
Unit
Air
1
0.9
0.5
0.4
0.5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.9
1
1
1
0.9
1
1
1
1
0.9
0.5
0.4
0.5
1
1
0.9
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.01
0.01
0.01
Water
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.19
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.19
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.19
General
Land Products waste
0.00
0.00
47,319.36
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
41,860.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
578.00
0.00
578.00
33.51
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
33.51
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3,490.45
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Water
Land
Calculated Hg output, Kg/y
Secto r specific
treatment/disposal Air
Enter output distribution factors (unitless)
(a: Important: If coal wash is aplied, the Hg input to combustion is the calculated output "Products" from coal wash. For more complicated mixes, see the relevant section in the toolkit report.
(b: Based on one data set only
Yes
5.1.6
Notes:
No
Biomass fired power and heat
production
Other fossil fuels - extraction and
use
No
Combustion of peat
No
Use of oil shale
No
Natural gas - extraction, refining
and use
/Extraction/refining
/Use of raw or pre-cleaned gas
/Use of pipeline gas (consumer
quality)
mg Hg/t
10 - 300
Residential heating with no controls No
Yes
mg Hg/t
10 - 300
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Mineral oils - extraction, refining
and use
/Extraction
/Use of crude oil:
Uses (other than combustion)
g Hg/t
g Hg/t
0.05-0.5
0.05-0.5 (a
No
Yes
g Hg/t
0.05-0.5
Yes
?
g Hg/t
g Hg/t
Other coal use
Coke production
Coal combustion
/Coal wash
/Combustion
0.05-0.5
0.05-0.5 (a
0 Kg Hg/y
1,508 Kg Hg/y (a
Enter Hg
input
No
Yes
0 t coal/y
3,016,440 t coal/y
"Output scenario (where
relevant)
b. Imported Coal
Coal Wash
Combusiton
0.5 g Hg/t
0.5 g Hg/t
Calculat. Hg
input
Unit
0.00
0.00
1,357.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
g Hg/t
g Hg/t
Unit
4,847.85
0.05-0.5
0.05-0.5 (a
Enter activity
rate
No
Yes
Enter input
factor
Unit
Yes
Combustion of other fossil fuels
5.1.5
5.1.4
5.1.3
5.1.2
5.1.1
Exists? Default input
(y/n/?) factor
Unit
Source category: Extraction and
use of fuels/energy sources
Coal combustion in large power
plants
a. Locally produced
/Coal wash
/Combustion
Source category /phase
EXTRACTION AND USE OF FUELS/ENERGY SOURCES
Su-C
6.1.1
Section 6 - Appendix A
Toolkit Spreadsheet
Extraction and Use of Fuels/Energy Sources – using maximum default input factor
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Products
542.37
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.72
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.72
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
387.83
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
150.82
0.00
0.00
0.00
538.65
General
waste
The DOE reported 4177 MW coal produced which is equivalent to 10.773
million tons of coal per year.
The total amount of coal produced was calculated from the conversion of
the MWh electricity generated from coal-fired power plant (DOE 2006)
From the Philippine Energy Data, in the year 2005: 28% locally produced and
and 72% is imported from other countries
Coke is produced from hard coal or from brown coal by carbonization
- UNEP toolkit
Other coal use covers coal combustion plants (typically below 300 MW)
including industrial combustion/boilers in various sectors, household use of
coal and coke for heating and cooking as well as production and use of coke
(from coal other uses, such as for metallurgical processes)-UNEP toolkit
0.00
0.00 Bacci et.al 3-4 g Hg/MwH used in geothermal power
heating and cooking in residential households using biomass is a common
0.00 practice in rural areas
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 Total consumption of natural gas of the country - EIA Philippine Energy Profile
0.00
0.00 Conversion from the MWh produced to the amount of diesel-DOE 2006
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 plastic bottles etc.
0.00 Crude oil is also used in polymerization process such as the production of
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 It was assumed that the total coal consumption is equivalent to 10.773 million
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Sector specific
treatment/disposal Remarks
6
6.1
APPENDICES
Excel spreadsheet electronic files of the UNEP Toolkit for the Philippines
100
Yes
Yes
No
No
0
0
0
Notes:
5.3.9 Primary ferrous metal production
0
Enter activity
rate
Unit
0
g Hg/t pig iron produced
0
0
0
t concentratel/y
t pig iron produced
t bauxit/y
t gold produced/y
75,000.00
43,500.00 t concentrate/y
t concentrate/y
16,320.00 t concentrate/y
1 g Hg/t pig iron produced
0
30 g Hg/t bauxit
0
0
0
200 g Hg/t
15 g Hg/t
15 g Hg/t
0
200 g Hg/t
0
0
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
8,700.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
244.80 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
65,824.20 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
Calculat. Hg
input
Unit
Output scenario
(where relevant)
(a: Due to lack of data, this calculation is proposed with traditional emission factors, instead of input and output factors as recommended in this Toolkit.
If you have data to use the inputs and outputs balance method, the calculation approach used for zinc can be copied here for gold.
No
0
0.05
g Hg/t
g Hg/t
g Hg/t
g Hg/t
Other non-ferrous metals - extraction and
5.3.8 processing
No
0
0
Enter input
factor
Unit
37,830.00
kg Hg/kg gold produced
3 kg Hg/kg gold produced21,941.40 kg gold produced/y
kg Hg/kg gold produced
1 kg Hg/kg gold produced
kg gold produced/y
kg Hg/kg gold produced0.001 kg Hg/kg gold produced
kg gold produced/y
0
30 g Hg/t bauxit
0
0
No
2-200
0
0
Unit
Aliminium extraction and initial
5.3.7 processing
/Alumina production from bauxit
/Aluminium production from alumina
Gold extraction and initial processing by
methods other than mercury
5.3.6 amalgamation (a
?
Yes
No
Yes
1-15
5.3.5 Lead extraction and initial processing
/Mining and concentrating
/Production of lead from concentrates
/Production of copper from concentrates No
10-200
1-15
No
No
No
No
3
1
0.001
5.3.4 Copper extraction and initial processing Yes
/Mining and concentrating
Yes
5.3.3 Zinc extraction and initial processing
/Mining and concentrating
/Production of zinc from concentrates
No
Gold and silver extraction with mercury
5.2.2 amalgamation processes
/From whole ore
/From concentrate
/From concentrate and with use of retorts
Yes
C Su-C Source category /phase
Source category: Primary (virgin) metal
production
5.2
Mercury (primary) extraction and initial
5.2.1 processing
Default
Exists? input
(y/n/?) factor
PRIMARY (VIRGIN) METAL PRODUCTION
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
(a
Kg Hg/y
8,700 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
245 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
65824.2 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Enter Hg
input
Unit
0.95
1
1
1
0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0
0.1
0.6
0.6
0.6
0
0.4
0
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0
0
0
0.3
0.02 0.24
0.4
0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0
0
0.3
0.4
0
0
0.3
0
0
0
0
0
0.05
0
0.3
0.24
0
0
0.3
0
0.00
Land
0.00
2,610.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2,610.00
0.00
2,610.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
40,413.48 13,262.76 15,872.76
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2,610.00
0.00
2,610.00
0.00
97.92
97.92
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
97.92
97.92
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Products
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
870.00
0.00
870.00
0.00
48.96
48.96
0.00
0.00
0.00
39,494.52 13,164.84 13,164.84
39,494.52 13,164.84 13,164.84
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Water
Calculated Hg output, Kg/y
General Secto r specific
Air Water Land Products waste treatment/disposal Air
Enter output distribution factors (unitless)
Section 6 – Appendix A
Toolkit Spreadsheet
Primary (Virgin) Metal Production – using maximum default input factor
6.1.2
101
General
waste
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2,610.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2,610.00 Lead Production: 30000 MT/year (USGS)
0.00 Lead ore in the Phils has approximately 50% lead content
2,610.00 plant effciency: 80%
58% were from small scale which incorporates the use of mercury
0.00 Volume III Philippines (need to verify the unit)
0.00
0.00 USGS Minerals Yearbook 2005
0.00 Silver Production: 19150 kg/year
0.00 USGS Minerals Yearbook 2005
0.00
Total: 37 830 kg and 58% only used mercury amalgamation
0.00
0.00 Data used:
0.00 Annual Gold Production (2006): 18 680 kg gold/year
0.00 Makati Business Club 2007
0.00
Sector specific
treatment/disposal Remarks
Yes
Yes
Yes
Production of lime and light
5.3.3 weight aggregates
Lime production
Light weight aggregate kilns
Notes:
0
0
0
0
0
0 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
2.64E+00 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
6.017 Kg Hg/y
1,203 Kg Hg/y
Calculat. Hg
input
Unit
1.95E-05 Kg Hg/t pulp or paper
308,542 t pulp or paper/yr
5.50E-05 Kg Hg/t lime produced 5.50E-05 Kg Hg/t lime produced47957
0
0
0
0
1.95E-05 kg Hg/t pulp or paper
Enter activity
rate
Unit
0.1 g Hg/t cement 12,033,000 t cement/y
Enter input
factor Unit
0 Kg Hg/y
2.64E+00 Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
6.017 Kg Hg/y
1,203 (a
Output scenario Enter Hg
(where relevant) input Unit
1
1
0.00
0.00
1,211.95
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.64
2.64
0.00
6.017
1,203.30
Water
Land
Calculated Hg output, Kg/y
General Secto r specific
Air Water Land Products waste treatment/disposal Air
Enter output distribution factors (unitless)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1,203.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1,203.30
General
Products waste
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 China (tsinghua university)
0.00 Default factor was based from the country
0.00 report of China
0.00 Data from CEMAP 2007
Tons cement per year (2006): 12033
0.00 Default factor used for pulp and paper
was based from the country report of
Sector specific
treatment/disposal Remarks
(a: Due to lack of data, this calculation is proposed with traditional release factors, instead of input and output factors as recommended in this Toolkit.
The traditional release factors entered here as defaults are the maximum values from the suggested default release factor intervals: Atmospheric emission factor: 0.1-6 g Hg/t cement produced. Hg in the produced cement: 0.02-0.1 g Hg/t cement. If you wish to calculate minimum values from defaults, correct the formulas in the output cells accordingly.
If you have data to use the inputs and outputs balance method, the general calculation approach can be used here instead, with the appropriate calculations entered.
5.3.4 Other minerals and materials No
Yes
5.3.2 Pulp and paper production
0.02-0.1 g Hg/t cement
Exists? Default input
(y/n/?) factor
Unit
Source category: Production of
other minerals and materials
with mercury impurities
5.3
Yes
5.3.1 Cement production (a
Yes
C Su-C Source category /phase
PRODUCTION OF OTHER MINERALS AND MATERIALS WITH MERCURY IMPURITIES
Section 6 – Appendix A
Toolkit Spreadsheet
Other Minerals and Materials with Mercury Impurities – using maximum default input
factor
6.1.3
102
Chlor-alkali prod.
Hg unaccounted for
presented under "Sector
specific treatment/disposal"
(a
Hg unaccounted for is
presented as releases (a
"Output scenario
(where relevant)
8,400
Enter Hg
input Unit
Note:
(a: These two possible presentation forms pertains to the way "unaccounted losses" is chosen to be presented - see the Toolkit report section. It is up to the users to decide which one of the release presentations they choose.
In order for the releases to be presented correctly in the summary sheet, only one of the presentation options can be used (or the summary sheet should be adjusted for this source by the user).
Kg Hg/y
Other production of chemicals and polymers
5.4.2 with mercury
No
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
t Cl2/y
No
g Hg/t VCM produced
Acetaldehyde production with mercury
5.4.2 catalyst
g Hg/t VCM produced
8,400 Kg Hg/y
Calculat. Hg
input
Unit
No
100-140
Enter activity
rate
Unit
g Hg/t Cl2 produced 400 g Hg/t Cl2 produced21,000 t Cl2/y
Enter input
factor Unit
5.4.2 VCM production with mercury catalyst
25-400
Exists? Default input
(y/n/?) factor
C Su-C Source category /phase
Unit
Source category: Intentional use of mercury
in industrial processes
5.4
Yes
Chlor-alkali production with mercury5.4.1 technology
Yes
INTENTIONAL USE OF MERCURY IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
0.02 0.02
0.36
0.2 0.02 0.38 0.1
0.1 0.01 0.01 0.01
0.6
0.3
0.87
0.00
1,680.00
0.00
0.00
1,680.00
0.00
1,680.00
Water
0.00
168.00
0.00
0.00
168.00
0.00
168.00
Calculated Hg output, Kg/y
General Secto r specific
Air WaterLand Products waste treatment/disposal Air
Enter output distribution factors (unitless)
Land
0.00
3,192.00
0.00
0.00
3,192.00
0.00
3,192.00
Section 6 – Appendix A
Toolkit Spreadsheet
Intentional Use of Mercury in Industrial Processes – using maximum default input factor
6.1.4
103
Products
0.00
840.00
0.00
0.00
840.00
0.00
840.00
General
waste
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2,520.00
0.00
0.00
2,520.00
0.00 Mabuhay Vinyl Corporation Production Capacity: 21 000 tons /year
2,520.00
Sector specific
treatment/disposal Remarks
C
items/y
items/y
items/y
Notes:
50 kg Hg/t
50 kg Hg/t
t cream or soap/y
t cream or soap/y
(a: Note that output distribution factors should not sum up to 1 for this source or phase.
kg Hg/t
kg Hg/t
0 Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
/Production
/Use (application + when appl.)
10-50
10-50
?
?
?
t paint/y
t paint/y
Cosmetics and related
5.5.6 products with mercury
/Production
/Use+disposal
5 kg Hg/t
5 kg Hg/t
0 Kg Hg/y
/Use+disposal:
(a1) No separate collection. Waste
handl. controlled
(a2) No separate collection. Informal
waste handl. widespread
(a3) Separate collection. Waste handl.
controlled
/Production
/Use (application + when appl.)
?
kg Hg/t
kg Hg/t
t bat/y
0 Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
/Production (a
/Production
/Use+disposal:
(a1) No separate collection. Waste
handl. controlled
(a2) No separate collection. Informal
waste handl. widespread
(a3) Separate collection. Waste handl.
controlled
/Production
/Use+disposal:
(a1) No separate collection. Waste
handl. controlled
(a2) No separate collection. Informal
waste handl. widespread
(a3) Separate collection. Waste handl.
controlled
0.3-5
0.3-5
0.25 kg Hg/t batteries
kg Hg/t batteries
0.25
t bat/y
t bat/y
t bat/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
94 Kg Hg/y
249 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
22,177 Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
/Use+disposal:
(a1) No separate collection. Waste
handl. controlled
(a2) No separate collection. Informal
waste handl. widespread
(a3) Separate collection. Waste handl.
controlled
/Production (a
"Output scenario"
5.5.6 Paints with mercury
/Production
/Use+disposal
5 kg Hg/t batteries
4 kg Hg/t batteries
kg Hg/t batteries
kg Hg/t batteries
12 kg Hg/t batteries
5
4
kg Hg/t batteries
t bat/y
t bat/y
t bat/y
t bat/y
t bat/y
t bat/y
items/y
items/y
items/y
items/y
6,234,995 items/y
24,939,981 items/y
0 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
Unit
198 Kg Hg/y
Calculat.
Hg input
/Production
/Use+disposal:
Yes
Yes
Silver oxide button cells
Alkaline, other than button cell
shapes
12
320 kg Hg/t batteries
0.25 kg Hg/t batteries
kg Hg/t batteries
kg Hg/t batteries
kg Hg/t batteries
kg Hg/t batteries
kg Hg/t batteries
kg Hg/t batteries
mg Hg/item
mg Hg/item
mg Hg/item
mg Hg/item
0.25
30
30
25
25
15 mg Hg/item
10 mg Hg/item
320
12
5
4
mg Hg/item
mg Hg/item
mg Hg/item
mg Hg/item
mg Hg/item
mg Hg/item
kg Hg/t batteries
kg Hg/t batteries
kg Hg/t batteries
kg Hg/t batteries
320
items/y
items/y
items/y
items/y
Unit
131,765 items/y
Enter activity
rate
320
12
5
4
30
10 - 30
5 - 25
25
5 - 15
10 - 40
40 g Hg/item
200 g Hg/item
5 g Hg/item
1.5 g Hg/item
40 g Hg/item
1.5 g Hg/item
5 g Hg/item
200 g Hg/item
Enter input
factor
Unit
g Hg/(y*inhabitant) 0.25 g Hg/(y*inhabitant) 88,706,300 Inhabitants
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
Unit
Biocides and pesticides with
5.5.5 mercury
/Production
?
/Use+disposal
?
Yes
Alkaline button cells
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
High-pressure sodium lamps
UV light for tanning
Metal halide lamps
5.5.4 Batteries with mercury
/Production (a
Mercury oxide (all sizes); also
called mercury-zinc cells
Zinc-air button cells
Alkaline button cells
Silver oxide button cells
Alkaline, other than button cell
shapes
/Use+disposal:
Mercury oxide (all sizes); also
called mercury-zinc cells
Zinc-air button cells
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL
single end)
High pressure mercury vapour
5.5.3 Light sources with mercury
/Production
/Use+disposal:
Fluorescent tubes (double end)
0.02-0.25
1-40
Other glass Hg thermometers
Yes
yes
Yes
5-200
Industrial and special th.
Electrical switches and
5.5.2 relays with mercury
/Production
/Use+disposal:
2-5
0.5-1.5
Ambient air thermom.
1-40
Yes
Medical thermometers
0.5-1.5
2-5
5-200
Other glass Hg thermometers
/Use+disposal:
5.5.1 Thermometers with mercury Yes
/Production (a
Medical thermometers
Ambient air thermom.
Industrial and special th.
Default
Exists? input
(y/n/?) factor
Su-C Source category /phase
Source category: Consumer
products with intentional use
of mercury
5.5
Yes
CONSUMER PRODUCTS WITH INTENTIONAL USE OF MERCURY
343
22,177
0
Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
198 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Enter Hg
input
Unit
Air
0.92
0.25
0.005
0.05
0.3
0.95
0.05
0.05
0.25
0.3
0.1
0.05
0.4
0.1
0.7
0.2
0.01
0.1
0.005
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
Land
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.01
Water
0.03
0.6
0.5
1
0.8
0.4
0.95
0.4
0.3
0.8
0.3
0.3
0.6
General
waste
Enter output distribution factors (unitless)
0.4
0.01
0.15
0.4
0.3
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
59.29
6,795.38
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
102.88
0.00
0.00
0.00
102.88
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
59.29
0.00
59.29
0.00
6,652.97
0.00
6,652.97
0.00
0.00
0.00
39.53
0.00
39.53
0.00
9,013.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
102.88
0.00
102.88
0.00
0.00
8,870.63
0.00
8,870.63
0.00
0.00
0.00
39.53
0.00
39.53
0.00
Calculated Hg output, Kg/y
Secto r specific
treatment/disposa
l
Air
Water
Land
6,849.44
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
137.17
0.00
137.17
0.00
0.00
6,652.97
0.00
6,652.97
0.00
0.00
0.00
59.29
0.00
59.29
0.00
General waste
Remarks
The total population was used in the calculation but this include all ages
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 There may be mercury present to pesticides, biocides and beauty products
0.00 (some whitening lotion and creams) but difficult to estimate.
0.00
It was also assumed that their contribution is negligible as compared to the
0.00 total emissions of mercury
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 Data needed for the consumption and disposal of mercury batteries
0.00
0.00
0.00 The ratio used 1 CFL: 4 DEF
0.00 For the assumptions on the calculations, refer to the written report
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 including infants
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 Assumptions are discussed in the written report
0.00
0.00 Assumption: No local company manufactures thermometers
Sector specific treatment/disposal
Section 6 – Appendix A
Toolkit Spreadsheet
Consumer Products with Intentional Use of Mercury – using maximum default input factor
6.1.5
104
rks
C
Notes:
Others
Infra red detection semiconductors
Bougie tubes and Cantor tubes
Educational uses
Gyroscopes with mercury
Vacuum pumps with mercury
Use of mercury as a refrigerant in certain cooling
systems
Light houses (Marine navigation lights)
Mercury in large bearings of rotating mechanic
parts in for example older waste water treatment
plants
Tanning
Pigments
Browning and etching steel
Certain colour photograph paper types
Recoil softeners in rifles
Explosives (mercury-fulminate a.o.)
Fireworks
Executive toys
5.6.5 and other sources
Miscellaneous product uses, mercury metal uses,
5.6.4 folklore medicine
Mercury metal use in religious rituals and
5.6.3 Laboratory chemicals and equipment with mercury
Blood gas analyzer
Mercury electrodes (calomel)
Blood lead analyzer
Mercury drop electrode
Coulter counter
Sample collector for oil offshore
Centrifuges
Electron microscope
Thermostats
Thermometers, manometers, and other measuring
equipment
Mercury lamps for atomic absorption
spectrophotometers and other equipment
5.6.2 Manometers and gauges with mercury
Medical blood pressure gauges
Manometers
U-shaped manometers
Manometers for milking systems
Manometers and barometers used for measuring air
pressure
Barometers
Environmental manometers
Pressure valves in district heating plants
Pressure gauges
Enter activity
rate
Unit
400 Kg Hg/lighthouse
g Hg/item
400 Kg Hg/lighthouse
g Hg/item
5 g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
6 g Hg/item
g Hg/item
600 g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
60 g Hg/item
500 g Hg/item
g Hg/item
340 g Hg/item
57 lighthouses/y
Items/y
Items/y
Items/y
Items/y
Items/y
Items/y
Items/y
Items/y
Items/y
Items/y
2,184,093 Items/y
Items/y
173 Items/y
Items/y
Items/y
Items/y
Items/y
Items/y
Items/y
Items/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
22,800 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13,105
0
104
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
17,741 Kg Hg/y
Calculat. Hg
input
Unit
Preparations of fillings at dentist clinics
(input is current Hg supply for amalgam
fillings)
Use (input is Hg supply for fillings 5-15
years ago (a)
Disposal (input is Hg supply for fillings 1020 years ago (a)
- In countries where most dental clinics are
equipped with high efficiency amalgam
filters (95% retention rate)
- In countries where only dental chair
filters/strainers are used in most clinics
"Output scenario"
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
22,800 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
13,105 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
104 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
0.1
0.3
-
0.3
0.1
-
-
-
-
-
0.6 -
-
0.6
0.7
0.3
0.12
0.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5,322.38
8,160.84
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5,322.38
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6,840.00
6,840.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1,310.46
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1,310.46
0.00
10.38
0.00
0.00
0.00
10.38
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.26
0.00
5,322.38
0.00
0.06
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.3
0.12
0.02
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-
-
-
-
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
15,960.00
15,960.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3,931.37
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3,931.37
0.00
62.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
62.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2,128.95
0.00
0.00
0.00
2,128.95
7,893.87 #VALUE! 22,082.60
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00 -
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 -
1,064.48
0.00
0.00
0.00
1,064.48
General
Products waste
0.00 -
7,862.73
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
7,862.73
0.00
31.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
31.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Calculated Hg output, Kg/y
Secto r specific
treatment/disposa
l
Air
Water
Land
Kg Hg/y
0.6
General
Products waste
17,741 Kg Hg/y
0.14
Land
0.00
0.02
Water
0.00
Air
Enter output distribution factors (unitless)
0.02
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Enter Hg
input
Unit
(a: See detailed explanations in the dental fillings section in the Toolkit report.
If no change in the amalgam fillings supply have been observed, current supply may be used as a substitute; changes are likely to have occurred in most countries.
(b: Note that output distribution factors should not sum up to 1 for this source or phase.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
54-454
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
g Hg/item
Yes
No
Enter input
factor
Unit
g Hg/(y*inhabitant) 0.2 g Hg/(y*inhabitant)
88706300 Inhabitants
Unit
g Hg/item
1-6
300-600
340
20-60
100-500
0.05-0.2
Default
input
factor
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
/Preparations of fillings at dentist clinics (share of
current mercury supply for amalgam fillings)
Yes
/Use - from fillings in the mouth (releases from mercury
supply for fillings 5-15 years ago)
/Disposal (releases from mercury supply for fillings 10-20
years ago)
Exists?
(y/n/?)
Su-C Source category /phase
Source category: Other intentional product/process
use
5.6
Yes
5.6.1 Dental mercury-amalgam fillings (b
Yes
OTHER INTENTIONAL PRODUCT/PROCESS USES
Section 6 – Appendix A
Toolkit Spreadsheet
Other Intentional Product/Process Uses – using maximum default input factor
6.1.6
105
2,128.95
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 Category exists in the country it was assumed that their contribution to
0.00 the total mercury emissions is negligible
0.00
0.00 No data available for the estimation
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2,128.95
0.00
0.00 the default input factor used was based in the UNEP toolkit
0.00 Total inhabitants including infant was used
2,128.95
Sector specific
treatment/disposal Remarks
medical incineration
om incineration since there is an incineration ban
6.1.7
106
6.1.8
107
g Hg/t waste
Yes
Yes
1-10
Unit
10 g Hg/t waste
Enter input
factor
Unit
Calculat. Hg
input
Unit
"Output scenario (where
relevant)
457,718 t waste landfilled/y 4,577.18 Kg Hg/y (a
Enter activity
rate
Unit
4,577
kg Hg/y
Enter Hg
input
Unit
Air
0.100 0.9
-
Informal local disposal of industrial
Yes
Yes
0.5-10
1-10
1-15
mg Hg/m3
waste water
g Hg/t waste
g Hg/t waste
15
457,718
t waste dumped/y
industrial waste
Kg Hg/y
6,865.77 kg Hg/y
Mechanical and biological
(activated sludge) treatment; 40%
of sludge used for land application
No treatment; direct release from
mg Hg/m3
10 waste water 1,961,500,000 m3 waste water/y 19,615.00 Kg Hg/y sewage pipe
Mechanical treatment only
Mechanical and biological
(activated sludge) treatment; no
land application of sludge
10 g Hg/t waste
g Hg/t waste
0.5
Kg Hg/y
0.1
0.3
1
0.9
0.1
19,615 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
6,866 Kg Hg/y
0.9
0.4
-
0.1
0.3
0.1
-
0.1
0.2
-
-
-
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
686.58
0.00
2.29
0.00
4,119.46
0.00
19,615.00
0.00
19,615.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2,059.73 2,746.31
0.00
455.43
Land
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Products
Kg Hg/y
0.5 0.2
0.15
0.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
688.87
22,130.16 6,865.77
0.00
Notes:
(a: Inputs to landfills can be estimated based on default input factors and waste amounts. Releases: Due to lack of data, the releases to air are proposed estimated here with traditional emission factors based amounts of landfill gas produced; note that "m3 landfill gas released/y" should be entered in "Enter Hg input" column for this source.
If you have data to use the inputs and outputs balance method, the calculation approach used for waste water treatment can be copied here.
The traditional release factors entered here as defaults are the maximum values from the suggested default release factor intervals: Atmospheric emission factor: 500 - 5000+++ μg Hg/m3 landfill gas released. To calculate minimum values from defaults, correct the formulas in the output cells accordingly.
(b: It should be noted that mercury releases to informal waste incineration and waste dumping under the individual product and materials sub-categories are quantified in these sub-sections as direct releases to land, air and water.
Beware of double-counting. Note, however, that mercury inputs to dumping from mercury trace concentrations in high volume materials (plastics, paper, etc.) are not quantified individually elsewhere in this Toolkit
5.9.5 Waste water system/treatment
Informal dumping of general waste
5.9.4 (b
Yes
5.9.3 production waste
-
-
Water
Calculated Hg output, Kg/y
General Sector specific
treatment/disposal Air
Water Land Products waste
Enter output distribution factors (unitless)
5.9.2 Diffuse disposal under some control No
This source category is expected covered under the original sources of the mercury containing material, under det output path "sector specific treatment/disposal accompanied by a descriptive note; e.g. solid residues from waste incineration or metal extraction.
C Su-C Source category /phase
Source category: Waste
deposition/landfilling and waste
water treatment
5.9
5.9.1 Controlled landfills/deposits (a
Exists? Default input
(y/n/?) factor
WASTE DEPOSITION/LANDFILLING AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
General
waste
Section 6 – Appendix A
Toolkit Spreadsheet
Waste Deposition/Landfilling and Waste Water Treatment – using maximum default input factor
6.1.9
108
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
For the wastewater system, the data was from USAID 2008
It was assumed that the amount of waste for both local disposal and industrial
production is the same
- Chavez 2001; PREGA National Technical Experts 2006
Sector specific
treatment/disposal Remarks
5.10.2 Cemetaries
C Su-C Source category /phase
Source category:
Crematoria and
cemetaries
5.10
5.10.1 Crematoria
Yes
Yes
1-4
1-4
g Hg/corpse
g Hg/corpse
Exists? Default
(y/n/?) input factor Unit
CREMATORIA AND CEMETERIES
Enter
input
factor
4 g Hg/corpse
4 g Hg/corpse
Unit
Calculat. Hg
input
Unit
344177 corpses burried/y 1376.708 Kg Hg/y
38241 corpses cremated/y152.964 Kg Hg/y
Enter
activity rate Unit
1376.708 Kg Hg/y
152.964 Kg Hg/y
Output scenario Enter Hg
(where relevant) input
Unit
1
1-
-
0.00 1,376.71
152.96
0.00
0.00 1,376.71
0.00
Land
0.00
152.96
Water
Calculated Hg output, Kg/y
Sector specific
General treatment/dispos
al
Air Water Land Products waste
Air
Enter output distribution factors (unitless)
Section 6 – Appendix A
Toolkit Spreadsheet
Crematoria and Cemeteries – using maximum default input factor
6.1.10
109
0.00
0.00
0.00
Products
General
waste
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
From NSO, total registered deaths-382 418 excluding fetal
0.00 deaths and it was assumed that 1% were cremated
- NSO Quickstat as of April 2008
0.00
Sector specific
treatment/disposal Remarks
5.1
C
10 - 300
1 - 100
1 - 100
1 - 100
/Refining
Yes
/Use of gasoline, diesel and other
distillates:
Yes
Uses (other than combustion)
Residential heating with no controls No
Other oil combustion facilities
0
10 - 300
No
Other oil combustion facilities
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Geothermal power production
5.1.7
3-4
g Hg/MWh
0
mg Hg/t (dry weight)
?
µg Hg/Nm3 gas
0.03 - 0.4
40 - 193 (b
µg Hg/Nm3 gas
µg Hg/Nm3 gas
2 - 200
2 - 200
mg Hg/t
mg Hg/t
mg Hg/t
mg Hg/t
mg Hg/t
3 g Hg/MWh
0
0
t oil/y
t oil/y
t oil/y
t oil/y
t oil/y
t oil/y
t coal/y
t coal/y
t coal/y
372,333 t oil/y
0
7,756,560
10465000 MWh
0
0
t peat/y
t oil shale/y?
Nm3 gas/y
Nm3 gas/y
2,890,000,000 Nm3 gas/y
40 mg Hg/t (dry weight)
?
0.4 µg Hg/Nm3 gas
2 µg Hg/Nm3 gas
2 µg Hg/Nm3 gas
1 mg Hg/t
1 mg Hg/t
1 mg Hg/t
10 mg Hg/t
10 mg Hg/t
10 mg Hg/t
10 mg Hg/t
0.5 g Hg/t
0.5 g Hg/t
0.5 g Hg/t
0.5 g Hg/t
0.05 g Hg/t
31395 Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
0.0 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
5.780 Kg Hg/y
0.37 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y (a
0 Kg Hg/y
0
388
Oil Combustion Facility with PM
control using an ESP or scrubber
Oil Combustion Facility with no
emissions controls
Oil Combustion Facility with PM
control using an ESP or scrubber
Oil Combustion Facility with no
emissions controls
Emis. Red. Devices: None (a
General ESP or PS (a
FF or other high PM retention (a
PM+SDA (a
PM+wet FGD (a
Emis. Red. Devices: None (a
General ESP or PS (a
FF or other high PM retention (a
PM+SDA (a
PM+wet FGD (a
31,395
6
0
0
0
0
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
388 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
151 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Unit
Air
1
0.9
0.5
0.4
0.5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.9
1
1
1
0.9
1
1
1
1
0.9
0.5
0.4
0.5
1
1
0.9
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.01
0.01
0.01
Water
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.19
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.19
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.19
General
Land Products waste
31,395.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.78
0.00
5.78
0.34
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.34
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
349.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Water
Land
Calculated Hg output, Kg/y
Secto r specific
treatment/disposal Air
Enter output distribution factors (unitless)
(a: Important: If coal wash is aplied, the Hg input to combustion is the calculated output "Products" from coal wash. For more complicated mixes, see the relevant section in the toolkit report.
(b: Based on one data set only
Yes
5.1.6
Notes:
No
Biomass fired power and heat
production
Other fossil fuels - extraction and
use
No
Combustion of peat
No
Use of oil shale
No
Natural gas - extraction, refining
and use
/Extraction/refining
/Use of raw or pre-cleaned gas
/Use of pipeline gas (consumer
quality)
mg Hg/t
10 - 300
Residential heating with no controls No
Yes
mg Hg/t
10 - 300
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Mineral oils - extraction, refining
and use
/Extraction
/Use of crude oil:
Uses (other than combustion)
g Hg/t
g Hg/t
0.05-0.5
0.05-0.5 (a
No
Yes
g Hg/t
0.05-0.5
Yes
?
g Hg/t
g Hg/t
Other coal use
Coke production
Coal combustion
/Coal wash
/Combustion
0.05-0.5
0.05-0.5 (a
0 Kg Hg/y
151 Kg Hg/y (a
Enter Hg
input
No
Yes
0 t coal/y
3,016,440 t coal/y
"Output scenario (where
relevant)
b. Imported Coal
Coal Wash
Combusiton
0.05 g Hg/t
0.05 g Hg/t
Calculat. Hg
input
Unit
0.00
0.00
135.74
0.00
0.00
0.00
g Hg/t
g Hg/t
Unit
484.79
0.05-0.5
0.05-0.5 (a
Enter activity
rate
No
Yes
Enter input
factor
Unit
Yes
Exists? Default input
(y/n/?) factor
Unit
Source category: Extraction and
use of fuels/energy sources
Coal combustion in large power
plants
a. Locally produced
/Coal wash
/Combustion
Source category /phase
Combustion of other fossil fuels
5.1.5
5.1.4
5.1.3
5.1.2
5.1.1
Su-C
EXTRACTION AND USE OF FUEL/ENERGY SOURCES
Section 6 – Appendix A
Toolkit Spreadsheet
Extraction and Use of Fuel/Energy Sources – using minimum default input factor
6.1.11
110
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Products
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
38.78
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
15.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
53.87
General
waste
The DOE reported 4177 MW coal produced which is equivalent to 10.773
million tons of coal per year.
The total amount of coal produced was calculated from the conversion of
the MWh electricity generated from coal-fired power plant (DOE 2006)
From the Philippine Energy Data, in the year 2005: 28% locally produced and
and 72% is imported from other countries
Coke is produced from hard coal or from brown coal by carbonization
- UNEP toolkit
Other coal use covers coal combustion plants (typically below 300 MW)
including industrial combustion/boilers in various sectors, household use of
coal and coke for heating and cooking as well as production and use of coke
(from coal other uses, such as for metallurgical processes)-UNEP toolkit
0.00 Bacci et.al 3-4 g Hg/MwH used in geothermal power
heating and cooking in residential households using biomass is a common
0.00 practice in rural areas
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 Total consumption of natural gas of the country - EIA Philippine Energy Profile
0.00
0.00 Conversion from the MWh produced to the amount of diesel-DOE 2006
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 plastic bottles etc.
0.00 Crude oil is also used in polymerization process such as the production of
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 It was assumed that the total coal consumption is equivalent to 10.773 million
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Sector specific
treatment/disposal Remarks
the output cells accordingly.
0.00
0.00 China (tsinghua university)
0.00 Default factor was based from the country
0.00 report of China
0.00 Data from CEMAP 2007
Tons cement per year (2006): 12033
0.00 Default factor used for pulp and paper
was based from the country report of
ic
posal Remarks
Yes
Yes
No
No
Notes:
5.3.9 Primary ferrous metal production
0
0
Enter activity
rate
Unit
g Hg/t pig iron produced
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
t concentratel/y
t pig iron produced
t bauxit/y
t gold produced/y
43,500.00 t concentrate/y
t concentrate/y
16,320.00 t concentrate/y
1 g Hg/t pig iron produced
0
30 g Hg/t bauxit
0
0
2 g Hg/t
15 g Hg/t
1 g Hg/t
0
200 g Hg/t
0
0
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
87.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
16.32 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
65,824.20 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
0.00 Kg Hg/y
Calculat. Hg
input
Unit
Output scenario
(where relevant)
(a: Due to lack of data, this calculation is proposed with traditional emission factors, instead of input and output factors as recommended in this Toolkit.
If you have data to use the inputs and outputs balance method, the calculation approach used for zinc can be copied here for gold.
No
0
g Hg/t
g Hg/t
g Hg/t
g Hg/t
Other non-ferrous metals - extraction and
5.3.8 processing
No
0
0
Enter input
factor
Unit
37,830.00
kg Hg/kg gold produced
3 kg Hg/kg gold produced21,941.40 kg gold produced/y
kg Hg/kg gold produced
1 kg Hg/kg gold produced
kg gold produced/y
kg Hg/kg gold produced0.001 kg Hg/kg gold produced
kg gold produced/y
30 g Hg/t bauxit
0
0.05
2-200
0
0
Unit
Aliminium extraction and initial
5.3.7 processing
/Alumina production from bauxit
/Aluminium production from alumina
No
Gold extraction and initial processing by
methods other than mercury
5.3.6 amalgamation (a
No
Yes
No
Yes
1-15
5.3.5 Lead extraction and initial processing
/Mining and concentrating
/Production of lead from concentrates
/Production of copper from concentrates No
10-200
1-15
No
No
No
No
3
1
0.001
5.3.4 Copper extraction and initial processing Yes
/Mining and concentrating
Yes
5.3.3 Zinc extraction and initial processing
/Mining and concentrating
/Production of zinc from concentrates
No
Gold and silver extraction with mercury
5.2.2 amalgamation processes
/From whole ore
/From concentrate
/From concentrate and with use of retorts
Yes
C Su-C Source category /phase
Source category: Primary (virgin) metal
production
5.2
Mercury (primary) extraction and initial
5.2.1 processing
Default
Exists? input
(y/n/?) factor
PRIMARY (VIRGIN) METAL PRODUCTION
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
(a
Kg Hg/y
87 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
16 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
65824.2 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
Enter Hg
input
Unit
0.95
1
1
1
0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0
0.1
0.6
0.6
0.6
0
0.4
0
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0
0
0
0.3
0.02 0.24
0.4
0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0
0
0.3
0.4
0
0
0.3
0
0
0
0
0
0.05
0
0.3
0.24
0
0
0.3
0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.70
0.00
8.70
0.00
3.26
3.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
39,494.52
39,494.52
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.53
6.53
0.00
0.00
0.00
13,164.84
13,164.84
0.00
0.00
Water
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
26.10
0.00
26.10
0.00
6.53
6.53
0.00
0.00
0.00
13,164.84
13,164.84
0.00
0.00
Land
Calculated Hg output, Kg/y
General Secto r specific
Air Water Land Products waste treatment/disposal Air
Enter output distribution factors (unitless)
Section 6 – Appendix A
Toolkit Spreadsheet
Primary (Virgin) Metal Production – using minimum default input factor
6.1.12
111
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
26.10
0.00
26.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Products
General
waste
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
26.10 Lead Production: 30000 MT/year (USGS)
0.00 Lead ore in the Phils has approximately 50% lead content
26.10 plant effciency: 80%
0.00 Volume III Philippines (need to verify the unit)
0.00
0.00 USGS Minerals Yearbook 2005
0.00 Silver Production: 19150 kg/year
0.00 USGS Minerals Yearbook 2005
0.00
Total: 37 830 kg
0.00
0.00 Data used:
0.00 Annual Gold Production (2006): 18 860 kg gold/year
0.00 Makati Business Club 2007
0.00
Sector specific
treatment/disposal Remarks
6.1.13
112
ntribution is negligible as compared to the
pesticides, biocides and beauty products
s) but difficult to estimate.
and disposal of mercury batteries
lations, refer to the written report
the calculation but this include all ages
written report
anufactures thermometers
Kg Hg/y
Chlor-alkali prod.
Hg unaccounted for
presented under "Sector
specific treatment/disposal"
(a
Hg unaccounted for is
presented as releases (a
"Output scenario
(where relevant)
525
Enter Hg
input
Unit
Note:
(a: These two possible presentation forms pertains to the way "unaccounted losses" is chosen to be presented - see the Toolkit report section. It is up to the users to decide which one of the release presentations they choose.
In order for the releases to be presented correctly in the summary sheet, only one of the presentation options can be used (or the summary sheet should be adjusted for this source by the user).
Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
t Cl2/y
No
g Hg/t VCM produced
525 Kg Hg/y
Other production of chemicals and polymers
No
5.4.2 with mercury
g Hg/t VCM produced
25 g Hg/t Cl2 produced21,000 t Cl2/y
Calculat. Hg
input
Unit
Acetaldehyde production with mercury
5.4.2 catalyst
100-140
g Hg/t Cl2 produced
Enter activity
rate
Unit
No
25-400
Unit
Enter input
factor
Unit
5.4.2 VCM production with mercury catalyst
C Su-C Source category /phase
Source category: Intentional use of mercury
in industrial processes
Yes
5.4
Chlor-alkali production with mercuryYes
5.4.1 technology
Exists? Default input
(y/n/?) factor
INTENTIONAL USE OF MERCURY IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
0.02 0.02
0.2 0.02 0.38
0.1 0.01 0.01
0.36
0.1
0.01
0.6
0.3
0.87
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
52.50
0.00
199.50
0.00
10.50
105.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
52.50
General
waste
0.00
199.50
Products
0.00
10.50
Land
0.00
105.00
Water
Calculated Hg output, Kg/y
General Secto r specific
Air WaterLand Products waste treatment/disposal Air
Enter output distribution factors (unitless)
Section 6 – Appendix A
Toolkit Spreadsheet
Intentional Use of Mercury in Industrial Processes – using minimum default input
factor
6.1.14
113
0.00
0.00
0.00
157.50
0.00 Mabuhay Vinyl Corporation Production Capacity: 21 000 tons /year
157.50
Sector specific
treatment/disposal Remarks
timation
try it was assumed that their contribution to
is negligible
was based in the UNEP toolkit
nfant was used
6.1.15
114
6.1.16
115
edical incineration
m incineration since there is an incineration ban
6.1.17
116
6.1.18
117
g Hg/t waste
Yes
Yes
1-10
Unit
Exists? Default input
(y/n/?) factor
1 g Hg/t waste
Enter input
factor
Unit
"Output scenario (where
relevant)
457.72 Kg Hg/y (a
Calculat. Hg
input
Unit
457,718 t waste landfilled/y
Enter activity
rate
Unit
458
kg Hg/y
Enter Hg
input
Unit
Air
0.095 0.9
-
Informal local disposal of industrial
Yes
Yes
0.5-10
1-10
1-15
mg Hg/m3
waste water
g Hg/t waste
g Hg/t waste
1
457,718
t waste dumped/y
industrial waste
mg Hg/m3
0.5 waste water 1,961,500,000 m3 waste water/y
10 g Hg/t waste
g Hg/t waste
Kg Hg/y
0.5
0.5
Kg Hg/y
Mechanical and biological
(activated sludge) treatment; 40%
of sludge used for land application
0.1
0.3
1
0.9
0.1
981 Kg Hg/y
Kg Hg/y
0 Kg Hg/y
458 Kg Hg/y
No treatment; direct release from
980.75 Kg Hg/y sewage pipe
Mechanical treatment only
Mechanical and biological
(activated sludge) treatment; no
land application of sludge
Kg Hg/y
457.72 kg Hg/y
0.2
0.9
0.4
-
0.1
0.15
0.3
0.1
-
0.1
0.15
0.2
-
-
-
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
45.77
-
2.29
0.00
0.00
980.75
0.00
980.75
0.00
137.32
-
43.48
Water
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
183.09
-
411.95
Land
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-
-
-
-
Products
Notes:
(a: Inputs to landfills can be estimated based on default input factors and waste amounts. Releases: Due to lack of data, the releases to air are proposed estimated here with traditional emission factors based amounts of landfill gas produced; note that "m3 landfill gas released/y" should be entered in "Enter Hg input" column for this source.
If you have data to use the inputs and outputs balance method, the calculation approach used for waste water treatment can be copied here.
The traditional release factors entered here as defaults are the maximum values from the suggested default release factor intervals: Atmospheric emission factor: 500 - 5000+++ μg Hg/m3 landfill gas released. To calculate minimum values from defaults, correct the formulas in the output cells accordingly.
(b: It should be noted that mercury releases to informal waste incineration and waste dumping under the individual product and materials sub-categories are quantified in these sub-sections as direct releases to land, air and water.
Beware of double-counting. Note, however, that mercury inputs to dumping from mercury trace concentrations in high volume materials (plastics, paper, etc.) are not quantified individually elsewhere in this Toolkit
5.9.5 Waste water system/treatment
Informal dumping of general waste
5.9.4 (b
Yes
5.9.3 production waste
-
-
General Sector specific
treatment/disposal Air
Water Land Products waste
5.9.2 Diffuse disposal under some control No
- This source category is expected covered under the original sources of the mercury containing material, under det output path "sector specific treatment/disposal accompanied by a descriptive note; e.g. solid residues from waste incineration or metal extraction.
C Su-C Source category /phase
Source category: Waste
deposition/landfilling and waste
water treatment
5.9
5.9.1 Controlled landfills/deposits (a
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-
-
-
-
General
waste
Section 6 – Appendix A
Toolkit Spreadsheet
Waste Deposition/Landfilling and Waste Water Treatment – using minimum default input factor
6.1.19
118
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-
-
-
-
For the wastewater system, the data was from USAID 2008
It was assumed that the amount of waste for both local disposal and industrial
production is the same
- Chavez 2001; PREGA National Technical Experts 2006
Sector specific
treatment/disposal Remarks
6.2
5.10.2 Cemetaries
Yes
1-4
g Hg/corpse
1 g Hg/corpse
344177 corpses burried/y 344.177 Kg Hg/y
Enter
Exists? Default
input
Enter
Calculat. Hg
factor Unit
activity rate Unit
input
C Su-C Source category /phase (y/n/?) input factor Unit
Unit
Source category:
Crematoria and
cemetaries
5.10
5.10.1 Crematoria
Yes
1-4
g Hg/corpse
1 g Hg/corpse
38241 corpses cremated/y 38.241 Kg Hg/y
CREMATORIA AND CEMETERIES
344.177 Kg Hg/y
38.241 Kg Hg/y
Output scenario Enter Hg
(where relevant) input Unit
1
1-
-
0.00
38.24
0.00
0.00
Water
0.00 -
Products
344.18 -
Land
Calculated Hg output, Kg/y
Sector specific
General treatment/dispos
al
Air Water Land Products waste
Air
Enter output distribution factors (unitless)
Section 6 – Appendix A
Toolkit Spreadsheet
Crematoria and Cemeteries – using minimum default input factor
6.1.20
Participants and contributors to the project
119
General
waste
0.00
0.00
From NSO, total registered deaths-382 418 excluding fetal
0.00 deaths and it was assumed that 1% were cremated
- NSO Quickstat as of April 2008
0.00
Sector specific
treatment/disposal Remarks
PROJECT PERSONNEL
1. Mr. Renato T. Cruz
2. Ms. Angelita T, Brabante
-
3. Ms. Elvira S. Pausing
-
4. Ms. Teresita A. Tagorda
-
5. Mr. Emiliano P. Kempis Jr.
-
6. Dr. Eva S. Ocfemia
-
7. Mr. Marcelino B. Tabuco
-
8. Dr. Genandrialine L. Peralta
9. Engr. Maria Eleanor A. Becina
-
Project Adviser, DENR-EMB-EQD
Project Adviser, DENR-EMB-CMS
Project Coordinator,
DENR-EMB-CMS
Project Co-Coordinator,
DENR-EMB-Region XI
Regional Focal Person,
DENR-EMB-NCR
Regional Focal Person,
DENR-EMB-Region V
Regional Focal Person
DENr-EMB-Region VII
Project Consultant
Technical/Admin. Staff
TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP MEMBERS
1. Engr. Geri Geronimo Sañez
2. Ms. Jean N. Rosete
3. Mr. Marcelino N. Rivera
4. Ms. Emmanuelita D. Mendoza
5. Mr. Edwin Concepcion
6. Ms. Vilma Cabanding
7. Ms. Petra U. Aguilar
8. Ms. Leonie H. Ruiz
9. Ms. Thelma Perez
10. Mr. Jose Carlos Reyes
11. Ms. Nelia Granadillos
12. Ms. Rhoda Noble
13. Ms. Helen Ocampo
14. Ms. Elby T. Mangoma
15. Maj. Nicomedes Enad
-
DENR-EMB-HWMS
DENR-EMB-AQMS
DENR-EMB-WQMS
DENR-EMB-CMS
DENR-EMB-Region IV
DENR-EMB-WQMS
DENR-EMB-AQMS
DENR-EMB-HWMS
DOH-BFAD
DTI-BPS
DOLE-OSHC
DENR-MGB
DOH-BHDT
DOH-BHDT
Bureau of Customs (BOC)
R RESOURCE PERSONS
1. Ms. Faye Ferrer
-
2. Atty. Richard Gutierrez
3. Engr. Sharon Mañalac
-
Health Care Without Harm
(HCWH)
Basel Action Network (BAN)
University of the Philippines
SUPPORT STAFF
1. Ms. Josephine L. Monilla
2. Ms. Robeliza Parangan
3. Ms. Almira Alvia
4. Ms. Catherine Paner
5. Ms. Angelica Anne Nicolas
6. Ms. Rechelle Andaya
-
DENR-EMB-CMS
DENR-EMB-EQD
DENR-EMB-CMS
DENR-EMB-CMS
DENR-EMB-CMS
DENR-EMB-CMS
REGIONAL CONSULTATIONS
NCR Consultation Workshop (May 16, 2008)
1. Ms. Angelita T. Brabante
2. Ms. Elvira S. Pausing
3. Ms. Maria Eleanor A. Becina
4. Engr. Sharon Mañalac
5. Ms. Nelia Granadillos
-
DENR-EMB-CMS
DENR-EMB-CMS
DENR-EMB-EQD
University of the Philippines
DOLE-OSHC
120
6. Ms. Ma. Cristina Zamora
7. Ms. Rhoda noble
8. Mr. Edwin Concepcion
9. Ms. Jean N. Rosete
10. Ms. Petra U. Aguilar
11. Ms. Leonie H. Ruiz
12. Ms. Josephine L. Monilla
-
DENR-EMB-NCR
DENR-MGB
DENR-EMB-Region IVA
DENR-EMB-AQMS
DENR-EMB-AQMS
DENR-EMB-HWMS
DENR-EMB-CMS
Region XI – Davao Consultation (May 29, 2008)
1. Ms. Elvira S. Pausing
2. Dr. Genandrialine L. Peralta
3. Ms. Maria Eleanor A. Becina
4. Engr. Teresita A. Tagorda
5. Ms. Felinor Ylagan
6. Ms. Florencia S. Bongalo
7. Ms. Conrada C. Vinluan
8. Mr. Elmer G. Manliguez
9. Mr. Rafael C. Baniqued Sr.
10. Mr. Wilfredo P. Alison
11. Mr. Alberto L. Fuerzas
12. Mr. Alexis F. Baligod
13. Ms. Helen J. Ancla
14. Ms. Jemailine Joy Cristobal
15. Mr. Ruel D. Colong
16. Mr. Glenn Adonis Impis
17. Ms. Gloria O. Raut
18. Mr. Efraim W. Penalas
19. Mr. Peter Abueva
20. Mr. Clemente R. Aguanta
21. Mr. Edgar R. Bersamin
-
DENR-EMB-CMS
DENR-EMB-EQD
DENR-EMB-EQD
DENR-EMB-Region XI
DENR-EMB-Region XI
DENR-EMB-Region XI
DENR-EMB-Region XI
DENR-EMB-Region XI
Minex Mining
Ruthsil Minerals
JBBMMC
Sigaboy Mining Development
San Pedro College
Davao Analytical Laboratories, Inc.
DENR-PENRO
DENR
DOH-CHD Region XI
DENR-PENRO
Davao Roatrade Corp.
JBMMC/Diwata Goldfields
San Pedro Hospital
Region V – Legaspi Consultation (June 6, 2008)
1. Ms. Elvira S. Pausing
2. Engr. Sharon Mañalac
3. Ms. Maria Eleanor A. Becina
4. Mr. Danilo A. Enova Sr.
5. Dr. Eva S. Ocfemia
6. Mr. Efren D. Pensader
7. Ms. Carmelita B. Pacos
8. Mr. Ferdinand C. Ormaza
9. Mr. Lemuel P. Marollano
10. Ms. Noemi R. Madrid
11. Ms. Elsie Capili
12. Ms. Maribeth L. Frilto
13. Mr. Anthony I Viñas
14. Mr. Romel R. Gapayao
15. Ms. Leonisa S. Madeloso
16. Engr. Sharon Mañalac
17. Mr. Arturo P. Corbe
18. Ms. Agnes L. Azul
19. Ms. Ma. Sheryn Palattao
20. Ms. Eunice Sabater
21. Ms. Evelyn O. Sambajon
22. Ms. Teresita M .Fernandez
23. Ms. Mary Christine C. An
24. Mr. Jeffrey Vargas
-
DENR-EMB-CMS
University of the Philippines
DENR-EMB-EQD
LGU-Paracale, Camarines Norte
DENR-EMB-Region V
Small Scale Gold Miner, Masbate
RRMI/RRPI
PPA
Alindeco
Bicol University
CGPHI
LGU-PENRO Sorsogon
PEMO Masbate
PEMO Catanduanes
DENR-EMB-Region V
Univeristy of the Philippines
DOLE Region V
DENR-EMB-Region V
DENR-EMB-Region V
DENR-EMB-Region V
DENR-EMB-Region V
DENR-MGB Region V
DOH-CHD Bicol/BFAD
DENR-EMB Region V
121
25. Mr. Richard Le Serrano
26. Mr. Rollie M. Rodriguez
27. Ms. Fe Rubio
28. Ms. Michelle Agripa
29. Ms. Moriel Prado
30. Ms. Marnela Hern Anidon
31. Mr. Luis B. Loyola
32. Ms. Eunice May S. Ocfemia
33. Mr. Pericio Joel
34. Mr. William romano
35. Mr. Ray Carranceja
36. Ms. Denise Mirabella
37. Mr. Ramon Parafina
38. Mr. Joel Nasayao
39. Mr. Rodanie Burcer
-
RRITH
DENR-EMB-Region V
NPC-TUPP
Bicol University
Partido State University
DTI Albay
DENR Masbate
BUTC
PENRO Albay
Peñafrancia
LGU-J. Panganiban
PENRO Sorsogon
DENR-EMB-Region V
GSS
PEMO Albay
122
123