ENVS 6123
Winter 2007
Final Project
Enhancing Ecological Design
in Urban Development Areas –
An Analysis of the
G Ross Lord Reservoir
and surrounding area
Fady Hanna
David Tunnah
April 23, 2007
ENVS 6123 – Project Proposal
April 23, 2007
Fady Hanna, David Tunnah
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ 1
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 2
2. Site Description ........................................................................................................................ 2
2.1. Macro Scale (see appendix 7.3 & 7.4) .............................................................................. 2
2.2. District Scale (see appendix 7.2) ...................................................................................... 3
2.3. General Site Potentials: ..................................................................................................... 3
2.4. General Site Problems: ..................................................................................................... 4
2.5. Site History ....................................................................................................................... 4
3. Description of Analysis Method .............................................................................................. 5
4. Detailed Analysis of Elements ................................................................................................. 6
4.1. Office Complex ................................................................................................................. 6
4.2. High Rise Residential Block ............................................................................................. 7
4.3. G Ross Lord Dam and Reservoir ...................................................................................... 8
4.4. G Ross Lord Tributaries (Culverts) ................................................................................ 11
4.5. West Don River valley and Greenway............................................................................ 13
4.6. Power Corridor................................................................................................................ 15
4.7. Residential Area .............................................................................................................. 18
4.8. Environmental Center and recreation area ...................................................................... 19
5. Summary ................................................................................................................................ 21
6. Resources ............................................................................................................................... 22
6.1. Online Resources and Reports: ....................................................................................... 22
6.2. From Map Library........................................................................................................... 22
7. Appendix ................................................................................................................................ 24
7.1. Historical Photos ............................................................................................................. 24
7.2. Close up image of study area, district level, with elements identified ........................... 26
7.3. Macro view with features identified ............................................................................... 27
7.4. Macro view of study area ................................................................................................ 28
7.5. Topographical Map ......................................................................................................... 29
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1. Introduction
This document introduces our research and analysis regarding the ecological features of a site
existing North of City of Toronto. The chosen site is bounded by Steeles Ave. West, Bathurst St,
Finch Ave. West and Dufferin St. It is described in detail in the next section.
The study area is rich with various ecological features. There are lots of wildlife habitat and
natural processes occurring on it. In order to achieve best ecological modifications and
ramifications, we focused on three main strategies which are; first, how to preserve and mitigate
the existing ecological features. Second, how to increase and enrich them, and finally, how to
improve the connectivity between them.
Our focus includes the analysis of Urban Greenways, marshlands and river banks protection,
vegetation of local plants and trees to increase tree canopy, natural storm water management,
encouraging environmentally-friendly means of transportation by supporting walking and
cycling trails.
Moreover, our research is based on two scales; the macro scale and the micro scale. The first one
enables us to get a broader over view of the study area and its relation to abutting ecological
features. For instance, this is imperative to increase the connectivity and contiguity between
these features. An example for that would be the West Don River watershed which is a major
component that goes north/south along not only our site, but all the way to Lake Ontario. Second,
the micro scale in which we conducted an in-depth examination of different natural features as
well as development projects existing in the study area. The methodology used is explained later
on the paper.
2. Site Description
2.1. Macro Scale (see appendix 7.3 & 7.4)
On a macro level, the study area is examined within its context of the Northern part of Toronto,
where it exists within natural systems of parklands, watershed and tributaries. Specifically, we
will focus on the area bounded by Highway 407 to the North, by 404 (DVP) to the East, by the
waterfront to the south, and by highway 404 to the West. Some major features are located near
the site such as the East Don River Watershed to the east, the Black Creek and the Humber River
as well as Dufferin Creek to the west.
The rationale behind this examination is to study the opportunities to increase connectivity
between relative features. For instance, the Don River watershed is a very rich wildlife habitat in
Toronto. Therefore, we tried to examine the possibility to widen the linkage between the east
side and the west side of the river. The latter passes North/South along almost all the study area.
This could occur from the south boundary of the proposed area i.e., south or north of Finch Ave
West. Also, this broader examination gives the opportunity to examine storm water management
in the area in a more integrated way by examining the site’s topography. This could be
implemented in the development project south of Steeles Ave. West as well as west of Dufferin
Street by intervening retention ponds, vegetated swales and filter strips.
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In addition, we will examine the possibility of reforesting the small part south of Finch Ave W.
to ensure the “contiguous relation” between “Hearthstone Valley Greenbelt” existing south of
Finch and the “G Ross Lord” park. Also, we propose to conserve the imperative contiguity
between Dufferin Creek existing in the south west of the area (west of Dufferin Street) with the
three tributaries of G. Ross Lord Reservoir.
2.2. District Scale (see appendix 7.2)
This is our main focus. We focused on the area bounded on the North by Steeles Ave W, on the
East by Bathurst St, on the South by Finch Ave W and on the West by Dufferin St.
The majority of the study area lies within the West Don River watershed and three tributaries
which flow to G. Ross Lord Reservoir. The tributaries are piped in some parts into three concrete
culverts. Generally, the watercourses within the study area flow in a north-south direction from
their headwaters in the Oak Ridges Moraine and South Slope physiographic regions to their
mouths at Lake Ontario. All watercourses fall within the jurisdiction of Toronto and Region
Conservation Authority (TRCA) and Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Aurora District.
(LGL, 2005)
One of the most prominent features is the G. Ross Lord Dam and the resulting reservoir in the
south west corner of the site. The G. Ross Lord Dam is blocking a tributary from the West Don
River which runs North/South through the site.
The North East side of the site is dominated by a large residential site. Lining Bathurst St., there
are several apartment buildings with a small strip mall perched in Cedarcroft and Bathurst streets.
On the North West corner of the site, there is an office complex and a public park. On the south
side, there is a residential development and just north, an East-West power corridor bisects the
site. North of the power corridor is Goel Tzedek cemetery.
In looking at pictures from 1954, the site used to be pure farm land with no sign of significant
built structures. The Don West River passed through without obstruction. But, in 1973 the Dam
was built and the reservoir was formed.
2.3. General Site Potentials:
2.3.1. Macro Scale
The rich ecology of city of Toronto represents a strong potential to link the missing pieces of
green natural areas and greenways together. The West Don River watershed and greenway is one
of these existing niches for wildlife habitats. The proximity of this watershed with the black
Creek and the Dufferin Creek from the west, allows the enhancement of such connectivity
feature.
2.3.2. Micro Scale
As the study area is rich with local vegetation, a strong potential exists to enriching the tree
canopy in many areas, for example, in the North West side of the area just south of “Steeles Ave.
W.” around the parking lot. Also, there is an opportunity to create a thin greenway to link it with
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the major green way in the area. Applying storm water management by using natural sustainable
elements such as vegetated swales and infiltration trenches along all the water bodies in the study
area will surely decrease erosion and enhance water purification.
Moreover, naturalizing the power corridor that goes East/West in the southern side of the area,
north of Finch Ave W by creating walking and cycling path represents good potential for more
sustainability. Also, day-lighting parts of the concrete culverts which flow into the G Ross
Reservoir may increase wildlife habitats and ecological features.
In general, minimal clearing occurs in the forested areas and the majority of clearing occurs
along the forest edge. Therefore, significant adverse effects associated with the creation of new
forest edge are not anticipated. Vegetation plantings along the eastern edge of Dufferin Street
Woodlot will help to create new edge to protect the inner core of the West Don River watershed.
2.4. General Site Problems:
The challenge is to conserve the ecological features’ inventory of the Don River valley. We will
focus especially, on the green way and the different tributaries in the area. This is essential to
strengthen the sustainability of the residential neighbourhoods in the study area as well as its
biodiversity.
The aquatic habitat communities associated with the G. Ross Lord Reservoir within the study
area are limited by factors such as sparse riparian vegetation and high sediment loads affecting
water quality. As well, the G. Ross Lord dam at the reservoir poses a major barrier to fish
movement (MTRCA 1994).
Moreover, certain physical barriers such as Steeles Ave. W in the north and Finch Ave. in the
south represent barrier for the greenway connectivity, thus habitats connectivity. We propose
putting some elements such as different pavement materials, crossing details and signs to
mitigate the situation by decreasing the speed along these specific parts of both avenues.
2.5. Site History
The site has changed significantly since it was mostly farmland in 1954. This is evident from
reviewing historical aerial photos from 1954, 1988 and a recent photo from 2007 (see Appendix
7.1).
In 1954 the area was mostly agricultural land, as evident from the large patches of cultivated
land, and grid road structure. Developed major roadways of the time include Dufferin St, Finch
Ave W, Bathurst St. The beginnings of development can be seen for the large cemetery to the
east, residential areas to the west and the office area to the north. Natural features include the
West Don River and surrounding patches of forest.
By 1988 the site has seen significant changes. The agricultural land has been entirely replaced by
development. The large residential development in the north-east has been complete and one in
the southern area along Finch Ave W is under way. The cemetery has been cleared completely
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and roadwork put in place. The office / industrial area to the north west is mostly in place and
land to the west has been cleared for further development.
Among the natural features, the most drastic change has been to the West Don River; the path of
the river has been altered significantly from its natural course and straightened. In addition, a
tributary has been created to the east on the edge of the residential development, presumably to
capture storm water run off. In 1973, G Ross Lord Dam and Reservoir was constructed on the
southern edge of the site, just north of where the West Don River crosses Finch Ave W. The dam
was created in addition to the reservoir to prevent flooding of downtown Toronto in the event of
a major storm.
By 2007, all planned developments had been completed including a new residential development
between the east and west branches of the West Don River. Remaining natural features include
the forested areas surrounding the West Don River. The rest of the site has either been developed,
or has been left open to fields.
3. Description of Analysis Method
The framework for landscape research (Steinitz, 1990) is used to analyze the sites and elements
identified in this paper.
We apply the process individually to each of the elements that have been identified. According to
the framework, we follow each of the six prescribed steps in analysis.
1. Identification of the elements; this is a description of the elements on the site.
2. Identification of the processes; how does the landscape work? What are the functional
and structural relationships among its elements?
3. Evaluation of the processes; what are the interrelations occurring between the existing
elements? Are they positive or negative relationships?
(For the purpose of this paper, we have incorporated the second and third steps into one step).
4. Proposed change models; in short what could be the mitigation methods and strategies.
5. Impact and effects; what would be the effects of intervening new elements and features to
the existing ones. This represent an in-depth examination of the applicability of the
proposed change models
6. Final Decision.
(Also, both step five and six are incorporated into one step).
Following, using the framework as described here, we analyze each element in detail.
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4. Detailed Analysis of Elements
4.1. Office Complex
4.1.1. Site Description
Many pharmaceutical and health-oriented companies such as Aventis and Canadian Society for
International Health are located in the site. In general, the site represents many dispersed
“suburban type” development with huge expanded asphalt parking lot.
Also, the site is bounded by a thin chain of trees from the north side facing Steeles Ave. W as
well as the east side facing Hidden Trail Street. From the west and the south the site is bounded
by the natural dense vegetation -urban forestry- of the West Don River watershed and its
associated green way passing north-south along all the study area.
4.1.2. Processes and Evaluation
The site represents strong example of unsustainable form of developments due to the office
buildings’ segregation. The large asphalt parking lot absorbs big amount of solar radiations
which results in strong feeling of heat and increases the phenomena of urban heat islands. The
lack of enough trees canopy also helps increasing the temperature of the area, thus increases
users’ dissatisfaction. In addition the impervious parking lots’ surfaces represent a danger
situation in the case of storm runoffs.
4.1.3. Change Models
To mitigate such problems, we propose to
increase vegetation and tree canopy for the
entire site and especially around the
parking lot as well as on the parking islands
to ensure that the majority of the parking
lot is shaded.
Also, using large evergreen trees to reduce
glare, absorb pollution, and help heal the
spatial holes that these lots create in the
urban fabric. Shade trees should be planted
at a density of approximately 1 tree per 5
stalls, have a minimum mature height of at
least 15 metres and spaced no more than 10
metres apart along both Steeles Ave W. in
the north and Hidden Trail street to the east.
Using permeable pavement and vegetated
swales may reduce stormwater runoffs.
This could include some stones and
suitable vegetation. In addition, creating a
detention pond as indicated in the photo
Figure 1 Office area (source: Google Earth)
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(south west of the parking lot) as a storm water element can lighten the pressure from the storm
water pipes’ system.
4.1.4. Impact Evaluation and Decision
The increase of tree canopy will enhance consumers’ satisfaction and will provide niche for birds,
thus increase wildlife habitat. Also, the retention pond will create strong natural mitigation for
storm water runoffs.
The vegetated swales will enhance drainage purification, and planting native trees on parking
aisles will increase contiguity. Finally, permeable pavement will absorb good amount of storm
water which lighten the pressure on the sewage and drainage system of the area.
In that sense, the final decision is to apply all the above mentioned changes.
4.2. High Rise Residential Block
4.2.1. Site Description
The area is located on the north east side of the study area. It comprises 12 high density and high
rise buildings. The residential zone is divided by Carpenter Road in the east side.
There are 7 large surface parking lots different in size. The site contains lots of trees and
vegetation between the buildings, though the tree canopy is not enough.
There are 2 tennis courts to the west as well as a surface swimming pool north west of them.
Also, there is another swimming pool in the other side, east of Carpenter Road.
4.2.2. Processes and Evaluation
There is a large amount of residents in the area. The tennis courts and the swimming pools
represent good recreational amenities. Also, just across Steeles Ave. W. there is a large grocery
store which provides residents with their daily needs. In fact, the existence of these mix-uses is
an advantage for the area; therefore the focus would be on more ecological integration.
The large asphalt parking lot absorbs big amount of solar radiations which results in strong
feeling of heat and increased the phenomena of urban heat islands. Also, the lack of enough
trees’ canopy helps increase the temperature of the area which decreases users’ satisfaction.
The groups of trees existing between the buildings create some wildlife and ecological features
important for the residential zone.
4.2.3. Change Models
Increasing vegetation and trees’ canopy for the entire site and especially around the parking lot
as well as on the parking islands will ensure that the majority of the parking lot is shaded.
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Source: Sustainable Urban Landscapes. Site Design Manual for BC
Communities p. 65
Figure 2 - Example of parking lot shading with trees
When planting such trees, we try to connect the existing trees with the new ones in an attempt to
create sort of “contiguity” between green elements and try to create green walking trails between
different residential blocks.
4.2.4. Impact Evaluation and Decision
Planting native, evergreen trees will have several positive impacts such as:



Enriching potential wildlife habitats
Creating better sustainable place for residents
Increasing the sense of satisfaction for users
Moreover, naturalizing the storm water management and using permeable pavement, including
stones, vegetation and other strategies will absorb rain water, support natural hydrological
system and reduce stormwater runoff. Also this may increase ground water recharge.
Thus, final decision is to focus on both increasing vegetation and naturalizing storm water
management.
4.3. G Ross Lord Dam and Reservoir
4.3.1. Site Description
Two major features on our study area. They exist in the south west side. In general, the majority
of the study area lies within the West Don River watershed and three tributaries, partially buried
in pipes, which feed into the reservoir. In the past, the West Don River passed through without
obstruction. Viewing a 1980 picture of the site shows the dam being built. In fact, it was
completed in 1973 after which the reservoir was also completed. The Dam is blocking a tributary
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of the West Don River which runs North/South through the site. in general, the depth of
tributaries (channels) range from 0.25 m to over 1.5 m towards the reservoir.
4.3.2. Processes and Evaluation
Aquatic habitat communities associated with the G. Ross Lord Reservoir within the study area
are limited by factors such as sparse riparian vegetation and high sediment loads affecting water
quality. As well, the G. Ross Lord dam poses a major barrier to fish movement. Both rock bass
(Ambloplites rupestris) and sunfish (Lepomis spp.) have been found near the dam face (MTRCA
1994).
Minimal clearing occurs in the forested areas and the majority of clearing occurs along the forest
edge. Therefore, significant adverse effects associated with the creation of new forest edge along
Dufferin St. are not anticipated.
Also, no rare, threatened or endangered (R, T, E) species have been documented by the MNR or
the TRCA within the watercourses/waterbodies within the study area. (LGL, 2005)
In addition, just an important note, that on November 18, 2003 the reservoir level had reached a
level so that the entire watercourse was backed up to the outlet of culvert #1165 which is one of
the three culverts further described below.
G Ross
Lord Dam
Figure 3 G Lord Ross Dam (left) and Reservoir (right) (source: Google Earth)
4.3.3. Change Models
On the Macro (Regional) level:
Reforesting the small part south of Finch Ave W. Also, conserving the imperative contiguity
between the main branches of Dufferin Creek existing in the south west of the area (west of
Dufferin Street) with the three tributaries of G. Ross Lord Reservoir
On the District level:
Reforesting the eastern edge of Dufferin Street Woodlot with native trees. Integrating storm
water management which includes enhanced grassed swales, infiltration/exfiltration trenches and
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filter strips along the reservoir. This reed-lined biofiltration system leads to a network of linked
treatment marshes adjoining the reservoir banks.
Treatment
Marshes
Source: Sustainable Urban
Landscapes. Site Design
Manual for BC Communities p
56
Figure 4 Naturalization of the G Ross Lord reservoir (source: Google Earth)
In addition, naturalize the edges of the reservoir with
native vegetation.
4.3.4. Impact Evaluation and Decision
On the Macro (Regional) level:
Manual for BC Communities
p56
Reforesting the small part south of Finch Ave W. will ensure the” contiguous relation” between
“Hearthstone Valley Greenbelt” existing south of Finch and the “G Ross Lord” park. Moreover,
conserving the imperative contiguity between Dufferin Creek existing in the south west of the
area (west of Dufferin Street) with the three tributaries of G. Ross Lord Reservoir will also
enhance the ecological features of the watershed.
On the District level:
G. Ross Lord Park
Reforesting the eastern edge of Dufferin Street Woodlot
with native trees and vegetation will help create new
edge to protect the inner core of the West Don River
watershed as well as will increase the rich ecological
features of the site and increase the wild life habitat.
Dufferin
Creek
Furthermore, the storm water management including grassed swales, infiltration/exfiltration
trenches and filter strips will limit the erosion occurring on the downstream of the tributaries.
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In addition, the reed-lined biofiltration system will lead to a network of linked treatment marshes
which help purify the water.
4.4. G Ross Lord Tributaries (Culverts)
4.4.1. Site Description
The three tributaries exist in the west side of the study area along Dufferin St. and are connected
to the Reservoir. According to Natural Sciences Report (LGL, 2005); they consist of three
concrete culverts in some parts as follows:



Tributary # 1: Twin closed concrete box
culverts; each 3.0 m wide, 6.0 m total
width and the uncovered part/channel is
3.6 m wide between walls.
Tributary # 2: a round concrete culvert
(#NR1163); 70 cm in diameter, 80 m
length. Plunge pool at outlet; 1.3 m drop
into pool which is 4 m in diameter and
50 cm deep. Vegetation includes
riverbank grape, sedges, Good riparian
willow shrub covering tributary’s banks.
Tributary # 3: a round concrete culvert
(#NR1164) 1.0 m in diameter and 1 CSP
culvert (#NR1165) also 1.0 m in
diameter. The culvert runs underground
under parking lot west of Dufferin Street
for approximately 300 m.
4.4.2. Processes and Evaluation
Warm fish communities live in 2 of these
tributaries. In order to evaluate the processes
occurring in the tributaries, we had to examine
them upstream as well as downstream. (LGL,
2005)
Figure 5 Tributaries (source: Google Earth)
Upstream: there are no fish habitats in the upstream because they are enclosed. Some substances
such as cobble, fine gravel, as well as sand and silt debris are blocking the culverts.
Downstream:
In tributary 1: The bank is consisted of 30% riffle, 30% pools, and 40% flats. In the latter,
heavy silt load and cloudy grey turbid water are found. In pools, Gabian floor, loose rubble as
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well as some silt and sandy spots are found; this especially results from storm water inflow on
west side/north bank. Also, some Debris are blocking the culvert.
In tributary 2: there is a large drop (>1.5 m) from the culvert to a large pool. Some erosion
occurs along north bank as well as considerable iron staining and debris which block and
contaminate both the culvert and the pool.
In tributary 3: Culvert # NR1164 drops 0.3 m into channel. Also, culvert # NR1165 flows
directly into a channel 4.4 m in width. The depth of channel ranges from 0.25 m to over 1.5 m
towards the reservoir. It was noticed that flashy storm flow from under plaza parking lot
(existing west of Dufferin Street). Some road visible detergent, oil and refuse are found in water.
Besides, some willows are washed out by recent storm flow received from both culverts.
Moreover, it’s important to mention that the three tributaries represent good drainage
connectivity to G. Ross Lord Park Reservoir. In specific, tributary # 3 serves as drainage ditch
during rain events.
4.4.3. Change Models
Increase vegetation and marshlands in the streams. Study the opportunity to daylight the culverts
just after passing Dufferin Street. Also, try to clean-up the upstream from fine gravel, sand and
silt debris blocking the culverts.
Also, increase and preserve riparian willow shrub cover along banks as well as putting vegetated
swales on parking lot west of Dufferin St. Try to limit the erosion occurring on tributaries’
downstream as an increase in runoff may promote erosion downstream, thus impairing water
quality with sediments.
Furthermore, apply storm water management including enhanced grassed swale
infiltration/exfiltration trenches and filter strips
4.4.4. Impact Evaluation and Decision
Increasing the native vegetation will enhance the drainage connectivity of the three tributaries to
the Reservoir and decrease debris in the streams. Also, putting swales on the parking lot west of
Dufferin will increase Tributary # 2 and 3 drainage capability for storm water flow and decrease
contaminations flowing into culverts and channels.
Moreover, apply storm water management systems along the channels themselves as well as
using sedimentation control techniques may purify both culverts and water streams. This could
include enhanced grassed swale infiltration/exfiltration trenches, filter strips, etc…
Furthermore, preserving fish habitat downstream is important. Although, this watercourse does
not directly support fish habitat but it contributes to the existence of other aquarium species.
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4.5. West Don River valley and Greenway
4.5.1. Site Description
The study area comprises the Don River valley which goes north/south in the study area. The
Don River Valley is forested with native tree cover that is assumed to have spread in the area.
The greenway continues to the north and south of the study area, as indicated in the macro view
(see Appendix 7.3).
The greenway that extends the length of the West Don River runs for just over 32km, as
measured from Treston Rd in the north, down to the shore of Lake Ontario in the south. In our
study area, the length is approximately 2.9km. The forested area is about 200m wide at its widest
area and about 50m at its narrowest area near Steels Ave W.
Within the study area, the greenway is relatively sheltered from traffic, as it lies in between a
residential area and an office area, with no major roadways running adjacent. There is a
pedestrian / bike path that traces the river for about 2.0km through the greenway in the study area
from Steeles Ave W to Torresdale Ave.
To the north, the major barrier is Steels Ave W, but the greenway continues north of Steeles. To
the south, the greenway is interrupted by G Ross Lord Reservoir, Dam and Finch Ave. It
continues on to the south with a large forest area roughly 260m wide.
The West Don River valley and watershed is rich of wild life habitats and other ecological
features.
4.5.2. Processes and Evaluation
The most significant wildlife habitat constitutes the natural areas associated with local parks,
such as G. Ross Lord Park, Antibes Park, Harryetta Gardens Park, Hidden Trail Park and
Rockford Park. Urban vegetation provides habitat for birds and small mammals, shade, soil
stabilization, and carbon cycling through respiration. The greenway provides a natural strong
connection between different parts of the study area.
It also offers alternative modes of transportation as walking and cycling through the trails
existing within the greenway. This provides for natural strong connectivity and provides a
needed recreational amenity for the abutting neighbourhoods.
In addition to providing a habitat and mode of transportation, the vegetation in the greenway is a
sink for carbon sequestration and provides shade. It should have a slight cooling effect on the
surrounding area. Looking to the eastern (newly created) branch of the West Don River, we can
see that there is some potential to connect the existing N/S trail that currently stops at Fisherville
Rd. There is an opportunity to add trees and enhance the pedestrian trail through the subdivision
divided by Carnival Ct and Festival Dr, then bounded on the north by Steeles Ave W.
The root structure of the vegetation will also stabilize the soil in the greenway area. This is
especially important to the embankments of the river, to prevent erosion of riparian areas. In
addition, trees line the western edge of the office development area, and adjacent residential area.
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From the topographical map, we can see that those areas are steep, so the tree root system
provides an erosion prevention service to the steep embankment.
4.5.3. Change Models
First we need to preserve the rich greenway and its
associated wildlife habitat. Next, it would be
beneficial to integrate the parks with the greenway by
planting native vegetation to some areas in the parks.
In many areas throughout the greenway there are open
spaces that can be improved by planting native
vegetation.
Finally, we should seek to plant native vegetation at
the eastern side of the greenway, up to the large green
patch crossing Steeles Ave W. Accordingly, we
propose to extend the pedestrian trail on the eastern
river branch from where it currently ends at
Fisherville Rd to Steeles Ave W, as can been seen in
the figure.
Pedestrians can then move across Steeles Ave W to
the north to the recreational area which has tennis
courts, a baseball diamond and parks. Due to the
increased traffic moving north/south it will be
necessary to add a crossing detail to Steeles Ave W,
or a pedestrian bridge, as shown in the figure below.
Figure 7 Steeles crossing:
a) pedestrian bridge
Sources: www.greencorridor.ca,
Figure 6 Proposed path on eastern greenway
(Google earth Plus, 2007)
b) crossing detail
http://www.rochesterhills.org/city_services/images/
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Linking the greenway with the thin set of vegetation existing in this residential zone all the way
up to the large green patch crossing Steeles Ave W will attempt to sustain the wildlife inventory
and ecological features for a longer path.
4.5.4. Impact Evaluation and Decision
Adding native vegetation will provide increased habitat potential for birds and other small
animals.
Connecting the N/S trail across Steels Ave will increase pedestrian traffic across the street and
enhance access to the trail system. However, adding a crosswalk to Steels Ave will slow traffic
along the busy traffic corridor. A pedestrian bridge would be more suitable than a crosswalk, but
budgetary constraints will likely not permit this.
Based on the assessment, we propose to add native vegetation to areas that are currently not
covered. Regarding the crosswalk, we propose to add a crosswalk because it will be cheaper, but
it will also have a slowing effect of the traffic along Steeles Ave W, which is desirable to reduce
noise pollution in the area.
4.6. Power Corridor
4.6.1. Site Description
The power corridor is a utility corridor that runs in an east-west direction in the study area, north
the residential area (just north of Finch Ave W) and south of the cemetery. The utility corridor is
a contiguous path of utility towers and lines that runs east-west across Toronto for more than
80km from a power junction at the 407 & 403 just outside of Burlington in the west, to Pickering
in the east.
In the study area, the power corridor is an area of about 20 ha and stretches for 2km east-west
and is approximately 100m wide. The reservoir occupies the western portion of the corridor
(about 430m worth), and the eastern portion (1.44 km) is relatively flat land.
The lands were originally owned by Hydro One but then transferred to the Government of
Ontario on Dec 31, 2002 (Ontario Realty Corporation, 2005) as part of government appropriation
of the land at that time. The land use is governed by the Provincial Secondary Land Use Program,
but the original owner, Hydro One, is still responsible for all land maintenance.
The eastern portion of the land is slated for recreational use and there are four full-sized soccer
pitches located under the power lines. There is a paved parking lot in the area directly adjacent to
Bathurst St. that is about 1.1 ha in size. Presumably the parking is used to service the nearby
stadium and the soccer fields.
Due to the nature of the utility corridor, the plant structure is very simple, with no tree canopy
and just short grass and a few trees. There is low connectivity with the surrounding greenways.
The corridor bisects the study area, the residential area to the south and the cemetery and
recreational areas to the north in particular.
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The utility corridor and the area immediately to the north are relatively flat. However there is a
slight downward incline towards the residential area to the south of the corridor.
4.6.2. Processes and Evaluation
There are several processes active in this region. First, in regards to storm water, due to the slight
gradation of the region storm water could run off from the area down into the residential area to
the south, if the utility corridor became saturated. This could be unlikely, given that the area
consists of open field and short grass which should have high absorption.
Since there is no tree cover the area will not provide shade, absorb solar radiation, or evaporate
water to contribute to a cooler micro-climate. The 1.1 ha parking lot to the east will act as a mini
heat island in summer months.
There will likely be substantial north-south traffic between the residential areas to the north and
south of the corridor. The sign of several worn paths provide evidence for this. There is likely
limited east-west traffic pedestrian or bike traffic along the corridor due to an inadequate trail
system.
The area could be home to small rodents or other small animals, but due to lack of tree canopy or
complex vegetation structure it will likely not offer habitat to birds or other animals. In addition,
there is virtually no shelter for animals and the plant structure is very simple. The width at 100m
makes the corridor too narrow to provide for a reasonable east-west corridor for wildlife
movement throughout the region. The lack of canopy creates a barrier for animals to migrate
across the utility corridor.
Finally, due to the high-voltage power lines passing through the region the presence of electric
fields cannot be ignored. Although there seems to be inconclusive evidence of the effects of
electric fields (WHO, 2007), many people fear adverse effects due to exposure. Therefore, we
find it disturbing that soccer fields for recreational use should be placed directly below the power
lines, encouraging children to play in those exposed areas. This is especially confounding
considering that there are other soccer fields and recreational facilities located 1km away to the
north on the other side of the West Don River.
4.6.3. Change Models
Upon investigation the original proposal for this site area was to increase tree canopy for the site,
however we know this is not feasible due to the power transmission lines. We do know though
that it is important to enhance the plant structure of the area. Therefore we propose to convert the
soccer fields to a marsh land with low vegetation to enhance the biodiversity of the site. This
requires some excavation of the site though. Without excavation, there is a fear that storm water
will flow through the residential area to the south, due to the incline of the area. In addition to the
marsh land conversion, we feel that it is necessary to preserve the unmowed grasses, shrubs and
small marshes along the hydro corridor.
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In terms of transit, we propose to add both north/south and east/west trails to the site to
encourage transit around the site and to enhance recreational access to the site, and to divert
pedestrian and bicycle traffic from heavy traffic Finch Ave W.
Finally, we propose to stop usage of the recreational soccer fields due to the unknown effects of
electricity in the area.
4.6.4. Impact Evaluation and Decision
Adding a marsh to the site will have a number of beneficial impacts on the local area. First, by
enhancing the ecological features by adding a meadow, scrub and marsh, the wildlife habitat will
be improved, thus attracting wildlife to the area. Currently the area is not flanked by any large
roadways and is relatively sheltered.
Adding natural vegetation to the area would reduce the need for maintenance, thus saving money
for Hydro One.
The micro-climate of the area will improve by increasing the water content of the area.
The storm water management of the area will also be bettered, as the marsh-lands will act as a
reservoir for water flooding down hill from the north to the south. However, due to the
downward incline immediately to the south of the utility corridor, there is a fear that in the event
of a large storm (eg 100 year storm) the area could overflow and flood the residential area.
Closing the soccer fields in the power corridor will reduce the recreational usability of the area,
but this will encourage people to go just 1km north to the other public parks where there are
already soccer fields. This will increase the north-south traffic along Torresdale Ave.
Revegetating the area and adding recreational trails should raise the property values of houses in
Figure 8 Power corridor change models (source: Google Earth)
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the abutting residential areas.
Furthermore, improving vegetation will improve the contiguity of the greenways both east-west
and north-south.
Based on our consideration, we would like to proceed with the proposed change with a slight
change. We proceed with the proposed change, except for the marsh-land due to hydrological
considerations and the potential for flooding in the area.
4.7. Residential Area
4.7.1. Site Description
The residential area to the south of the site is a medium density area with single-family
households that covers an area of about 30 ha. The main features include the large subdivision on
the west side that we estimate has over 200 single family homes. There is also one high rise
building in the center of the development along Finch Ave W.
To the east of the large subdivision is another smaller subdivision of about 45 households of
about 3.2 ha in size.
Between the two subdivisions lies a public library with a large parking lot (0.7 ha) in behind.
There is also a narrow north-south power corridor (30m x 280m).
Further to the east in the area is a public school, along with a stadium in behind.
All throughout this region there is a limited amount of tree cover and a significant amount of
impervious surface in the forms of parking lots and streets. The south west of the residential area
is bordered by native tree species that form a reasonably dense canopy in a wedge between the
houses and Finch Ave W. The exit stream of the G Ross Lord also runs through this area.
Due to the development of the area, there is a high level of impervious surface here as well.
As mentioned, the large subdivision to the west is built on an incline with the entire region
sloping down hill to the west with a 20m drop in elevation from east to west. The slope at the
forested area to the west of the subdivision is on a steep slope of about 15m.
4.7.2. Processes and Evaluation
In terms of the micro-climate of the area, the large parking lot and streets will absorb heat
radiation and have a heating effect on the area in the hot summer months.
Obviously there is limited wildlife habitat in this region due to the limited tree canopy and
vegetation.
Since the subdivision is built on a slope we expect that storm water will run off the area down
into the West Don River.
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In terms of transport around the region, right now, we see that it is car centric, with limited
pedestrian or bike friendly trails. There is poor pedestrian access to the cemetery to the north,
and parks throughout the site.
There is potential for increased vegetation in the utility corridor between the library and small
residential subdivision.
4.7.3. Change Models
It is difficult to address the micro-climate in the area due to lack of free space to plant new trees
in this area.
To limit the amount of sediment from runoff that is carried into the West Don River, we propose
to add thicker vegetation to the hillside on the south west side of the residential subdivision. This
can be in the form of vegetated swales.
A cycling path is proposed bordering the north side of the residential area, along the power
corridor.
The existing parking lot can be modified to impervious pavement
4.7.4. Impact Evaluation and Decision
Adding thicker vegetation to the slope at the south west side of the subdivision will help to
remove sedimentation from the river. The vegetation must be natural vegetation so that it does
not interfere with the current vegetation in place. It will also provide further habitat for small
wildlife.
Adding a bike trail to the power corridor will improve access and possibly divert bike traffic
from the busy Finch Ave W, as it is a very busy roadway.
Modifying the parking lot to impervious pavement will improve storm water retention. However,
this is not likely that large of an issue, since the parking lot is still a modest size.
4.8. Environmental Center and recreation area
4.8.1. Site Description
The element we have identified here includes the developed area bound on the west side by
Dufferin Ave, and on the east by the West Don River, and the south by the G Ross Lord
Reservoir. The main building on the site is the environmental center. Servicing the building is a
large parking lot, 1.4 ha in size. Further in from Dufferin, there is a large cleared area, with a
building and large round structure in the center. The square clearing measures about 6.6 ha in
size.
In addition to these features, as discussed in section 4.4, a tributary is buried below the site.
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We also observe from the topographical map that there is a 15m difference in elevation from
Dufferin Ave to the reservoir.
To the south of the environmental center, there is a 6.6 ha recreational field, an area with two
large round tracks, for equestrian use on the western half of the plot, and three soccer fields on
the eastern half of the plot.
4.8.2. Processes and Evaluation
In terms of micro-climate, the parking lot will absorb a significant amount of solar radiation, but
due to the modest size, it is not expected to be significant.
When we examine expected wildlife movement through the area, we observe that the
environmental agency and large clear-cut area is situated in the path of the large north-south
greenway. Since the area is quite wide at 250m, it creates somewhat of a barrier for wildlife
moving north south through the
region.
In addition, the clear cut area could
cause increased runoff into the
West Don River. There is potential
to increase vegetation and forest
cover in this area.
There is also the potential for
runoff to flow from Dufferin St.
due to the elevation difference and
enter into the West Don River
water system.
There is potential to increase the
vegetation and tree cover along
Dufferin St.
4.8.3. Change Models
Several changes are proposed to
improve the processes listed here.
First, increasing the vegetation and
the trees canopy for the clear cut
area, would improve the
connectivity of the north-south
greenway and reduce runoff.
Next, increasing vegetation and
tree canopy cover along Dufferin
Figure 9 - Environmental area
would reduce the heat island effect
N
Vegetated swales
Reforestation
Daylighting
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and create another parallel greenway.
We propose to daylight a portion of the tributary running north-south in the forested patch.
4.8.4. Impact Evaluation and Decision
As mentioned above, adding trees to the clear-cut area surrounding the environmental agency
buildings to improve the tree canopy would not only provide added shade to improve local
climate, it would also improve the habitat for wildlife in the area. It would improve the
contiguity of the north-south greenway and allow for wildlife to move in the north-south
direction along the greenway.
Adding vegetated swales along Dufferin St would reduce runoff and improve the local climate.
Finally, daylighting the buried tributary would increase the potential for wildlife habitat in the
area.
Given the positive potential of the changes outlined here, we advise to proceed with all proposed
changes.
5. Summary
In summary we have undertaken an extensive review of the study area – G Ross Lord Reservoir
and surrounding area – with the goal of enhancing urban design features with an ecological
perspective. The area was chosen for its rich diversity in both environmental habitat and
development types.
A preliminary examination of the study area potentials and problems were explored. Then eight
prominent elements were selected for further detailed examination and potential exploration.
Each element was examined using the Steinitz framework for landscape research.
Using this process, we made several recommendations for improvement of urban features using
ecological design concepts. The majority of the proposed changes were to do with the processes
of local climate, hydrology, wildlife ecology and transportation.
With the proposed changes, we feel the area will be enhanced to increase the comfort for the
residents living there and others who use the area. This should also lead to increased property
value. Further studies can be done to prioritize the proposed changes in for cost-benefit.
However this study gives a comprehensive list of changes that will enhance the study area.
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6. Resources
6.1. Online Resources and Reports:
 Steinitz, Carl. (1990) A Framework for Theory Applicable to the Education of
Landscape Architects (and Other Environmental Design Professionals). Landscape
Journal.
 Natural Sciences Report, Spadina Bus Only Lanes From The Downsview Subway
Station to York University, prepared by: LGL, March 2005
 Ontario Realty Corporation (2005) Q&A – Hydro One. Retrieved March 13, 2007
from http://www.orc.on.ca/Page144.aspx
 World Health Organization (2007) Electromagnetic Fields. Retrieved April 11, 2007
from http://www.who.int/peh-emf/en/
 Toronto Official Plan. 2006
http://www.toronto.ca/torontoplan/index.htm
 Ontario Municipal Board
http://www.toronto.ca/planning/official_plan/pdf_chapter1-5/chapter1-5_searchable_locked.pdf
 Toronto Park Map
http://www.toronto.ca/parks/brochures/parks_trails_1.pdf
 Toronto Land Use from Official Plan
http://www.toronto.ca/planning/official_plan/pdf_chapter1-5/16_landuse_2006.pdf
6.2. From Map Library
 Photomap April, 1980
Record Number: 3524 / T61 A4 / 5 / 1980 / no. 163
Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, Department of Management Information Systems,
Central mapping Agency
Scale: 1:5000
 Photomap April, 1985
Record Number: 3524 / T61 A4 / 5 / 1985 / no. 49Q
Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, Department of Management Information Systems,
Central mapping Agency
Scale: 1:5000
 Photomap April, 1988
Record Number: 3524 / T61 A4 / 5 / 1988 / no. 49Q
Toronto Corporate Services, Land Information Services
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Scale: 1:5000
 Ravine Protection Ward Map / Ward 9 / York Centre
Works and Emergency Services, Survey and Mapping Services, Mapping Services
Record Number: G / 3524 / T61 G5 / 0 / 2003 / 9
Scale: 1:4000
 Ravine Protection Ward Map / Ward 10 / York Centre
Works and Emergency Services, Survey and Mapping Services, Mapping Services
Record Number: G / 3524 / T61 G5 / 0 / 2003 / 10
Scale: 1:4000
 Ontario Water Resources Don River Watershed
Record Number: G / 3524 / T605 C3 / 50 / 1970A
Scale: 1:50,000
 Department of Planning and Development, City of Toronto
Assessment Sheet No 42, Lots 21-25
Topographic Map, Borough of North York
Record Number: 3524 / T67 C1 / 2 / 1955 / No 42
http://wikimapia.org/1083232/
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7. Appendix
7.1. Historical Photos
Figure 10: 1954 aerial photo (source: Google Earth)
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Figure 11: 1988 aerial photo (source: Google Earth)
Figure 12: 2007 aerial photo (source: Google Earth)
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7.2. Close up image of study area, district level, with elements identified
Figure 13 - Elements of study area (source: Google Earth)
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7.3. Macro view with features identified
Figure 14 Macro view of study area with major elements (source: Google Earth)
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7.4. Macro view of study area
Figure 15 Macro View (source: Google Earth)
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7.5. Topographical Map
Expected topography of Toronto: North to South grade decline
Source: Ontario Base Maps 101762004845
Figure 16 Topographical map
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