Technological developments in best available techniques (BATs)
- Draft 1. The following overview of the most recent technological BAT developments in relation to
annex III of the Protocol covers both new and existing stationary sources and is given for each
source category as indicated in annex III. Additional information is given for emerging technologies. Techniques already described in annex III are not taken into account for this summary.
For further information on techniques with regard to application, environmental performance
etc., reference is made to the background information.
Sector
Combustion
of fossil fuels
in utility and
industrial
boilers
BAT
Emerging Techniques
Stable combustion conditions (reduce peak emissions)
Wet FGD plus particulate control device (ESP or FF) (plus high dust
SCR)
Injection of sorbent prior to FGD
Carbon filter bed filtration of flue gas
For low sulfur fuels (e.g. biomass):
FF
Primary iron
and steel industry
Direct reduction/smelting reduction (alternatives to the coke oven/BF
route)
Efficient capture and exhaust of emissions
Processing of ferrous metal ores
Increase the mercury rejection to the tailing
Sinter plants
Fine wet scrubbers or FF with lime addition
Exclusion of PM from last ESP field from recycling to the sinter
strand
Recirculation of waste gas
Pelletisation plants
Scrubbing
Semi-dry desulfurization and subsequent PM removal
Blast furnaces
Hot stoves
Cast house PM removal
Secondary
Minimize the presence of mercury in the scrap by removing mercuryiron and steel bearing components
industry
Electric arc furnace
Direct off gas extraction (4th or 2nd hole)
Iron foundries Minimizing fugitive emissions
Cupola furnace melting of cast iron
1
New designs of ESPs
Improving the liquid-togas ratio
Wet FGD Tower Design
Injection of activated carbon impregnated with
additives
Low-NOx technologies
Reburning
Simultaneous control of
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
oxides and Hg
Fuel cells
Biomass-fired IGCC
Blast furnaces
Continuous steelmaking
Basic oxygen steelmaking
and casting
New reagents in the desulfurisation process
Foaming techniques at pig
iron pre-treatment and
steel refining
Electric arc furnace
Comelt EAF / Contiarc
furnace / Direct reduction /
Liquid iron
Improve the thermal efficiency
Divided blast operation (2 rows of tuyères) for cold blast cupolas
Oxygen enrichment of the blast air
Minimize the blast-off periods for hot blast cupolas
Induction furnace melting of cast iron and steel
Increase furnace efficiency
Dry flue-gas cleaning
Rotary furnace melting of cast iron
Increase the melting efficiency
Post combustion
Dry PM removal
Primary and
Minimize emissions from materials handling, storage and transfer
secondary
Sealed reactors and furnaces
non-ferrous
Processes connected to a sulfuric acid plant:
metal industry
Wet scrubber or wet ESP
Removal of mercury from off-gas
Activated carbon filter
Spray dry systems with downstream FF
Removal of mercury from sulfuric acid
Superlig Ion Exchange process
Potassium iodide process
Primary and secondary production of copper
Various processes depending on raw materials
FF (with lime injection)
Scrubbing (if necessary)
Secondary production of aluminium
Various processes depending on raw materials
FF or ceramic filter
Primary and secondary production of lead and zinc
Various processes depending on raw materials
FF /wet ESP /wet scrubbing (depending on process)
Production of gold
FF / wet ESP / scrubbing (depending on process)
Production of mercury
Phase out primary production of mercury
Stop surpluses re-entering the market
Production of mercury from secondary raw materials
Mercury scrubber (Boliden, thiosulphate etc).
Selenium filter
Odda chloride process
Primary and secondary
production of copper
Bath smelting
ISA Smelt
hydro-metallurgical processes (e.g. leach-solvent
extraction-electro-win
(L:SX:EW) process)
Secondary production of
aluminium
Reuse of filter PM
Catalytic filter bags
Primary and secondary
production of lead and zinc
Leaching processes based
on chloride
Injection of fine material
EZINEX process (direct
treatment of EAF dusts)
Direct smelting
Lead sulfide process
BSN process using PM
from EAF
Production of gold
'J' process
Gold production from
pyrite concentrate
Production of mercury
Process with abatement of
fine mercury particles
Cement indus- Dry process kiln with multi-stage preheating and precalcination
try
Fluidised bed cement
manufacturing
Lower exhaust temperature
Adsorption on activated
carbon
Glass industry ESP or FF (with dry or semi-dry acid gas scrubbing)
Plasma melter
2
Dry Injection FF/ Dry Lime Scrubber combination, or wet scrubber
Minimize downstream emissions
Chlor-alkali
industry
PARCOM decision 90/3 of 14 June 1990 (phase-out of the mercury
process) was reviewed in 1999-2001 without any changes
Conversion to membrane cell technology
Non-asbestos diaphragm technology
Stop surplus of Hg from decommissioning re-entering the market
Minimizing emissions from handling, storage, treatment and disposal
of mercury-contaminated wastes
Gas stream cooling to remove mercury from hydrogen stream
Mist eliminators
Scrubbers
Adsorption on activated carbon and molecular sieves
Complete enclosure of the cell room
Municipal,
medical and
hazardous
waste incineration
In some countries, no differentiation between municipal, hazardous
and medical waste in terms of applied techniques or achievable emission limits.
Separate collection and treatment of mercury-containing wastes
Substitution of mercury in products
Sorbent injection
FGD
Carbon filter beds
Wet scrubber with additives
Selenium filters
Activated carbon injection prior to the ESP or FF
Activated carbon or coke filters
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
Co-incineration of waste and recovered fuel in cement kilns
BAT for cement kilns
Co- incineration of waste and recovered fuel in combustion installations
Avoid Hg entering as an elevated component of the secondary fuel
Gasification of the secondary fuel
Injection of activated carbon
BAT for combustion installations
3
Heavy metal evaporation
process
Hydro-metallurgical
treatment + vitrification
Municipal waste incineration
PECK combination process