Name ______________________
Pd ___________
EOC REVIEW 2013
Safety and Scientific Method
1. What piece of equipment would be most appropriate for measuring the volume of a marble? Triple beam scale
2. The safest way to dilute concentrated sulfuric acid is to add ____ water_ ____ to ____ acid ________.
3. In the space below, list 5 important safety rules to follow in the science lab:
Wear goggles, tie back hair, no food or drink, close toed shoes, no loose fitting clothes
4. After completing a laboratory experiment, Grace had some left-over chemicals that she did not use. These chemicals should be?
Disposed of according to the instruction of the teacher .
5. Define placebo?
A substance that has no therapeutic effect, used as a control in testing new drugs
6. Define the following: independent variable, dependent variable, controlled variable:
Independent variable- factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes.
Dependent variable- factor in an experiment that a scientist wants to observe.
Controlled variable- factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely keeps the same.
7. Objects of the same mass but of different sizes and shapes were dropped from a given height. Their rates of free fall were measured and recorded. What is the most likely question this experiment was designed to answer? Does size and shape affect the rate at which an object falls.
8. Shawn and Jose are setting up an experiment to measure the effect of a new fertilizer on the growth of daisies. They get five identical pots with the same amount of soil and place the same number of daisy seeds into each pot. Each pot has the same amount of water and gets the same amount of Sunlight. Pot 1-4 get 1mg,2mg,3mg,and 4mg of the fertilizer respectively. The fifth pot gets no fertilizer. At the end of three weeks the daisies were measured. What is the dependent variable?
How tall the plants are.
9. Vocabulary Terms to know:

hypothesis Possible explanation for a set of observations.

valid/invalid- Actually supporting the intended point or claim
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________

accuracy- being correct or precise

precision- exact and accurate
10. Put the following steps of the scientific method in the correct order:
Hypothesis, Procedure , Observations, Collecting Data, Results, Conclusion
Biomolecules
11. Which of the following compounds may be polymers? a. carbohydrates c. proteins b. nucleic acids
12. An unsaturated lipid contains ______. d. all of the above a. more oxygen than hydrogen b. double bonds c. ionic bonds d. only one fatty acid
13.Lipids are organic molecules that store energy and serve as components of cell membranes. What smaller biomolecules combine to make a lipid? a. glycerol and fatty acids b. glycerol and amino acids a. lipids
c. nitrogen and a carboxyl group d. sugar and a phosphate group
14.Proteins are polymers formed from _______. b. carbohydrates c. amino acids d. nucleic acids
15.When an animal has to survive without food for a long time, it will eventually break down proteins for energy. However, this process occurs only after exhausting the animal’s reserves of a. DNA and RNA. b. carbohydrates and lipids . c. carbon dioxide and water. d. enzymes and nucleic acids.
16. When an animal has to survive without food for a long time, it will eventually break down proteins for energy. However, this process occurs only after exhausting the animal’s reserves of a. DNA and RNA. c. carbohydrates and lipids . b. carbon dioxide and water. d. enzymes and nucleic acids.
17.Complex molecules are broken down during cellular respiration and converted into smaller molecules containing energy. What are these complex molecules called? a. proteins b. nucleic acids c. enzymes d. carbohydrates
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________
18.In polymerization, complex molecules are formed by joining the together of a. macromolecules b. carbohydrates
19.An enzyme speed up a reaction by a. Catalyst b. product
Cells
20. What are the three parts of the cell theory? c. polymers d. monomers c. substrate d. active site
All living things are made up of cells, Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, New cells are produced from existing cells.
21. List the eight characteristics of life.
Living things are made up of units called cells, reproduce, genetic code, grow and develop, obtain and use materials and energy, respond to their environment, homeostasis, evolve.
22. Which organelle below provides energy for the cell to function? Mitochondria
23. In the human body the circulatory system transports and delivers substances within the cell. Which organelle performs a similar function?
Golgi Apparatus
24. Energy conversion within an animal cell would be severely limited by removal of the cell’s — Mitochondria
25. What is the basic unit of life? CellsP
26. For the following, write a “P” if it belongs to a plant; write an “A” if it belongs to an animal; write “B” if it applies to BOTH a plant and animal cells; write “N” if it applies to neither:

Cell membrane B

Cytoplasm B

Cell wall P

Nucleus B

Nucleolus B

Golgi body B

Chloroplast P

Mitochondria A

SER/RER B

Ribosomes B
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________

Large vacuole P

Small contractile vacuole A

Prokaryotic N
27. Fill in the following chart:
Organelle and Sketch
Mitochondria
Function
Converts chemical energy into food for the cell
Nucleus Control center for cell, houses DNA
Ribosome
Rough and Smooth
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Chloroplast
Small particle in cell where proteins are assembled; made of RNA & protein
RER – synthesis of proteins
SER – synthesis of membrane lipids
Captures energy from sunlight & is site of photosynthesis
Golgi Apparatus
Plasma Membrane
(there are three functions you must know!)
Modifies, sorts and packages proteins from the ER
1.
controls materials moving in and out of cell
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________
2.
helps maintain cell’s shape cell communication and recognition
Cell Wall Provides support and protection
28. Two differences between plant and animal cells are.
Plant Cells have cell walls and chloraplast
Photosynthesis and Cell Resp
29.
Define autotroph and heterotroph.
Autotroph: organism can produce its own food/
Heterotroph: organism gets energy from food it consumes, canNOT make own food
30.
What is radiant energy?
Energy from the sun
31. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
32. What is used in light reactions? What is made in this reaction?
Take place in thylakoid membranes
Light dependent reactions produce oxygen gas and convert ADP & NADP into energy carriers: ATP & NADPH.
33. What is used in the Calvin Cycle? What is made in this reaction?
Takes place in stroma
The calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars.
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________
34. What is the equation for cellular respiration?
35. List the steps occurring during cellular respiration.
36. How is cellular respiration the opposite of photosynthesis?
Products and reactants are switched. Reversed process
37. What happens after glycolysis? ( If oxygen is available, and if it is not)
First step in releasing the energy of glucose, glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
If O2 is present,
Krebs cycle- pyruvic acid is broken down into CO2
Electron Transport Chain-uses high energy electrons from krebs cycle to convert ADP to ATP
38. What is fermentation? Define different types
Occurs when O2 is NOT present!
Fermentation releases from food molecules by producing ATP in absence of oxygen
2 types are: Alcoholic-yeast, alcoholic beverages & Lactic Acid – produced in muscles when O2 can’t get to them
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________
39. In the following boxes, write whether the statement represents photosynthesis, cellular respiration, both or neither.
Uses carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Photosynthesis
Takes place in the mitochondria.
Cellular Respiration
Releases energy from food.
Occurs only in autotrophs.
Both
Releases oxygen into the atmosphere.
Photosynthesis
Takes place here:
Requires sunlight to occur.
Cellular Respiration
Occurs in all eukaryotes.
Cellular Respiration
Takes place in the chloroplasts.
Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide is a product.
Cellular Respiration
Occurs only in heterotrophs.
Takes place here:
Occurs only at night (or in the dark).
Cellular respiration
Involved in changing one form of energy to another form of energy.
Both
Carbon dioxide is a reactant.
Photosynthesis
Glucose is a product.
Photosynthesis
Oxygen is a reactant.
Cellular Respiration
Is represented here:
CO
2
+ H
2
O O
2
and sugars
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________
Cell Transport Review:
40.
Using a t-chart, compare passive and active transport. Include the following: use ATP, do not use ATP, H  L concentration gradient, L  H concentration gradient, against the gradient, down the gradient, diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, endocytosis, exocytosis.
Active Transport- Occurs with energy
Moves particles from low concentration to high concentration
Moves particles against their concentration gradient
Involves moving substances into and out of the cell
Passive TransportOccurs without energy
Moves particles from high concentration to low concentration
Moves particles with or down their concentration gradient
Includes endocytosis and exocytosis
Includes osmosis
Involves moving substances into and out of the cell
41. Explain what molecules can simply diffuse across a lipid bilayer. Small nonpolar molecules WATER
42. Explain why cell surface proteins are needed for facilitated diffusion. The proteins assist in letting other molecules through the semi permeable membrane
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________
43. Draw and Label the three types of osmotic solutions. Demonstrate solute concentration inside and outside of the cell and the flow of water with pointed arrows:
44. F ill in the blanks: a. When a cell is placed in a “hypertonic” solution, there is _less__ solute inside the cell so _water___ flows _out___. b. When a cell is placed in a “hypotonic” solution, there is __More__ solute inside the cell so ___water__ flows __in___. c. When a cell is placed in an “isotonic” solution, there is __balanced solute inside the cell so __water__ flows __equally_.
45. What will happen to a freshwater fish placed in saltwater? Draw this example, including the flow of water. He will shrivel up and die.
46. Which type of transport is illustrated in Cell A? What about Cell B? Explain why discussing the movement of particles against or down their concentration gradient.
47. Endocytosis involves cells bringing materials and substances __into___ the cell, while exocytosis involves cells bringing materials and substances __out____ of the cell.
48. Complete the following analogy for the two types of endocytosis: ___________________: liquids :: __________________ : solids
49. Why is transport into and out of cells a requirement for the cell to maintain homeostasis? To keep the cells balanced and happy
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
50. Genes contain instructions for assembling a.
proteins.
b.
purines.
c.
nucleosomes.
d.
pyrimidines.
51. During transcription, an RNA molecule is formed a.
that is double-stranded.
b.
inside the nucleus.
c.
that is identical to part of a single strand of DNA.
d.
that is complementary to both strands of DNA.
52. What is DNA used to code for? a.
carbohydrates b.
proteins c.
d.
fats amino acids
53. During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide chain depends on the a.
codon on the mRNA only.
b.
anticodon on the tRNA to which the amino acid is attached only.
c.
codon on the mRNA and the anticodon on the tRNA to which the amino acid is attached.
d.
anticodon on the mRNA only.
54. How many codons are needed to make three amino acids? a.
12 b.
3 c.
9 d.
6
55. Which type(s) of RNA is(are) involved in protein synthesis? a.
transfer RNA only
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________ b.
messenger RNA only c.
ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA only
56. What happens during the process of translation? a.
Messenger RNA is made from DNA.
b.
Copies of DNA molecules are made.
c.
Transfer RNA is made from messenger RNA.
d.
The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.
Figure 12-2
57. What does Figure 12 –2 show? a.
the code for splicing mRNA b.
anticodons c.
the genetic code d.
the order in which amino acids are linked
58. According to Figure 12 –2, what does the mRNA strand AUGCGGUUGUGA code for during translation/protein synthesis?
Methionine- Arginine- Leucine- Stop
Use figure 12-4 to answer the following questions.
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________
59.
What process is being demonstrated in the arrow labeled X? Where does this occur in the cell? Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from DNA template. It is like DNA replication in that a DNA strand is used to synthesize a strand of mRNA. Only one strand of DNA is copied. A single gene may be transcribed thousands of times. After transcription, the DNA strands rejoin.
60. What process is being demonstrated in the arrow labeled Y? Where does this occur in the cell?
Translation is the process where ribosomes synthesize protens using the mature mRNA transcript produced during transcription. NUCLEUS
Figure 12 –4
Use the diagram below to answer the following question:
61. What is C? What is D? Explain what is happening in this picture.
C= Protein Synthesis D= tRNA The tRNA are coding for proteins from the mRNA
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________
Mitosis/Meiosis: Draw out the processes of mitosis and meiosis and compare and contrast them using two different colored pencils:
1.
2.
3.
Genetics and DNA technology
62. Describe the cloning process and the three things you need to make a clone.
Cloning is a process used to create an exact copy of a mammal by using the complete genetic material of a regular body ( somatic ) cell.
Isolate the nucleus, fertilized eggs, remove eggs nucleus, Insert donor nucleus, place into the womb.
63. What is a gel electrophoresis and what is it used for? Separating DNA to make easy viewing
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________
64. What is gene transformation?
transfer of genetic material between organisms: the insertion of genetic material from one organism into another in a laboratory procedure, to produce an effect such as resistance to disease
65. What is PCR? Polymerase Chain rection
66. What are the pros and cons of stem cell research?
67. . What is the def of genetics and Who is the Father of Genetics? Gregory Mendel
68. Give the possible gametes for each genotype:
1. Aa ____A-a________
2. BB _____B_______
3. cc ______c_______
69. Define heterozygous and homozygous. Heterozygous- having 2 different alleles Homozygous- having the same allele
Show all work for the following problems:
70. The gene for tongue rolling is dominant. A man that cannot roll his tongue marries a woman that can and she is homozygous for the trait. List all possible genotypes and phenotypes for future offspring.
71. In guinea pigs, brown fur (B) is co-dominant with white fur (W). If you cross two heterozygous guinea pigs, what are the possible phenotypes?
72. In snapdragons, red (R) shows incomplete dominance with white (r). If you cross a heterozygous snapdragon with a white snapdragon, what are the possible phenotypes?
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________
73. The pea plant produces plants of two different sizes, and seeds that are two different shapes: tall pea plants (T) are dominant to dwarf pea plants (t) whereas round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r) . Two plants heterozygous for both traits are mated. What fraction of their progeny will be dwarf and have wrinkled seeds?
74. Fill in the following chart:
Single Gene Trait Polygenic Trait
Controlled by?
(single gene or many genes)
Type of variation?
(Discontinuous or
Continuous)
Expressed as?
(Either/Or or a Range)
Examples – at least five
Single
Discontinuous
Either
Many genes
Continuous
Range
Coat color in rabbits Eyes of fruit flies
Skin color in humans
75. A man with Type AB blood marries a woman with Type A blood. What are all the possible combinations of genotypes? For each combination, work out the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the possible offspring.
76. What is a sex-linked trait?
A trait that is linked to the X or Y chromosome
77. Are the following traits dominant or recessive?
First is Dominant the Second is Recessive
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________
Use the following pedigree chart to answer the following questions:
78. What does each symbol in the above pedigree represent? Square= Male Circle= female Line between male and female is a marriage
Line under the marriage is for children. The colored in areas are with trait.
79. What is the possible genotype that the 2 nd generation affected male has: AA, Aa, or aa? aa
Classification:
80.The science of classifying organisms is: Taxonomy
81.Dichotomous keys are : a tool to identify unfamiliar organisms.
82.What is binomial nomenclature and provide an example of how it is used. Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name. It is used in classification of organisms
83.Identify the correct listing of taxa from largest to smallest. Species  Genus  Family  Order  Class  Phylum  Kingdom
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________
84. A cladogram shows relationships of organisms based on what three things?
Use the diagram below to answer question 87:
85. Which character from the list below was derived by only two organisms? a. feathers b. fur c. claws d. lungs
86. This kingdom includes “true” bacteria that live in a variety of environments. Archaebacteria
87. Identify the correct statement below. a. Archaebacteria commonly cause diseases. b. Protista are eukaryotes . c. Fungi are autotrophs. d. Plantae are heterotrophs.
88.Which kingdom contains organisms that are producers for all other organisms? Plantae
89. Fill out the following chart:
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________
Kingdom
1.
Eubacteria
2.
Archaebacteria
3.
Protista
Pro Vs Euk
Pro
Pro
Euk
Auto vs. hetero
Both
Both
Both
Multi vs uni.
Uni
Uni
Both
Extra defining characteristics
Cell walls with peptidoglycan
Cell walls with peptidoglycan
Cell wall of cellulose in some and chloroplast in some
4.
Fungi
5.
Plantae
6.
Animalia
Euk
Euk
Euk
Hetero
Auto
Hetero
Both
Multi
Multi
Cell walls of chitin
Cell walls of cellulose and chloroplast
No cell wall or chloroplast
Evolution:
90.Who was Lamarck and what where his three theories? Explain each one.
He was the first to recognize that living things have changed over time.
1. Theory of Needs- Organisms need to change to live in their environment
2. theory of Use and Disuse- Animals change and develop over time based on their needs.
3. Theory of aquired traits- Developed change was passed on by the parents
91. Who was Darwin and what are the parts to his theory of natural selection? Darwin went around the world looking for different species.
Individual organisms differ and some of this variation is heritable, Organisms produce more offspring than can survive, and many that do survive do not reproduce, Because more organisms are produced than can survive they compete for limited resources.
92. Define the following Chapter 15 terms: a. Evolution- Change in an organism over time b. Fitness- ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment c. Adaptation AND give an example- inherited characteristic that increased an organisms chance of survival. d. Common ancestor- the organism decended from a common line
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________ e. Natural Selection- process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully. f. Artificial Selection- Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits g. Homologous Structures AND give an example- structures that have diff. mature forms in different organism but develop from the same embryonic tissue. Limbs of different animals h. Vestigial Structures AND give an example- organ that serves no useful function in an organism. Femur in whales i. Analogous Structures AND give an example- Structures of different species having similar or corresponding function but not from the same evolutionary origin – wings of insects and birds j. Embryology- The study of embryo’s k. Fossil- preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism
Define the following Chapter 16 terms: l. Gene pool- combined genetic information of all members of a particular population m. Population- group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area. n. Allele frequency- how often a different form of a gene is available to be seen. o. Genetic drift- randon change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations. p. Founder Effect- change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population q. Genetic equilibrium- situation in which allele frequencies remain constant r. Speciation- formation of new species
93.What are the two sources of genetic variation? Gene shuffling and mutations
94. What does natural selection act upon: genotypes or phenotypes? Phenotypes
95. What is the relative frequency of an allele? How can that change? The number of times that the allele occurs in a gene pool, compared with the number of times other allels for the same gene occur. Mutations can change this.
96.What are the three types of natural selection on polygenic traits? Draw AND label the graphs.
Most traits are polygenic , meaning they are coded for by more than one gene.
Because many genes influence these traits, polygenic traits come in a range of phenotypes . For example, height is a polygenic trait. As a result, people come in a variety of sizes, rather than simply short and tall.
There are three categories of natural selection that act upon polygenic traits.
Directional selection occurs when phenotypes at one end of the spectrum lead to greater survival and/or reproduction. Stabilizing selection occurs when
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________ phenotypes in the middle range confer greater survival/reproduction, while phenotypes at both extremes lead to decreased fitness. Disruptive selection is the least common of the three types and occurs when phenotypes at both ends of the spectrum lead to greater survival and reproduction, while phenotypes in the mid range are a disadvantage.
97.What besides natural selection causes species to evolve in small populations? (hint: there are two things.)The increase in predators and the decrease in producers.
98. What does the Hardy Weinburg principle explain? List AND explain the five things necessary for genetic equilibrium.
The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that in a large randomly breeding population, allelic frequencies will remain the same from generation to generation assuming that there is no mutation, gene migration, selection or genetic drift.
1.
Large population
2.
Random mating
3.
mutation
4.
natural selection
5. emigration/immigration
99. What must occur for speciation to happen? When genetic changes increase fitness that allele will eventually be found in many individuals of that population
100.What are the three kinds of reproductive isolation? Explain each.
The three types of reproductive isolation are:
1. Temporal isolation: different times of reproduction
2. Behavioral isolation: different habits of the same species
3. Geographical isolation: species are separated by natural barriers
ECOLOGY:
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________
101.Draw and label the Carbon cycle
102.Draw and label the Nitrogen cycle:
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________
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Name ______________________
Pd ___________
103. What is ecological succession? What is the difference between primary and secondary?
What is a climax community?
The gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance.
Primary occurs on surfaces where no soil exists.
Secondary occurs on surfaces where there is some soil.
Climax community- a mature stable community that did not undergo further succession.
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