Final Laboratory Quiz

Study the following words. Be ready to define these words. The test format may be multiple
choice, fill in the blank or written response.
1. Acid (Arrhenius) – a substance that yields hydrogen or hydronium ions in aqueous solution.
2. Alcohol – an organic compound containing one or more hydroxyl (OH) groups. The general
formula for a monohydroxy albcohol is R – OH, where R is a hydrocarbon group.
3. Aldehyde – an organic compound containing one or more –CHO groups. The general fomula is
R-CHO where R is a hydrocarbon group or hydrogen.
4. Alkane – a saturated hydrocarbon; a hydrocarbon that has no carbon – carbon multiple bonds; has
only carbon-carbon single bonds.
5. Alkene – an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a double bond.
6. Alkyne – an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a triple bond.
7. Alkyl group – a monovalent radical of the general formula CnH2n+1 formed when an alkane loses
one hydrogen atom.
8. Alkyl halide – an aliphatic hydrocarbon with one or more halogen atoms attached.
9. Amide – any compound derived from ammonia by substitution of a carbonyl group (C=O) for
hydrogen, or from an organic acid by replacing the –OH group of the carboxyl group with an
amino group (-NH2) .
10. Amine – an organic compound containing nitrogen; any compound formed from ammonia by
replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic radicals. The general formula for primary
amines is R-NH2.
11. Amino Acid – the building blocks of proteins; a compound containing an amino group (-NH2) a
carboxyl (-COOH) group attach to an alpha carbon and a radical.
12. Anion – a negatively charged atom or group of atoms.
13. Aqueous solution – a solution in which water is the solvent.
14. Base (Arrhenius) – a substance that yields hydroxide ions in aqueous solution.
15. Buffers – substances that in solution are capable of neutralizing, within limits, both acids and
bases and thereby maintaining the original, or constant pH, of the solution.
16. Carbohydrate – a compound of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen that is an aldehyde or ketone
derivative of polyhydroxy alcohol. Examples are sugars, starches and glycogen.
17. Carbonyl group – a chemical group composed of one carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen.
18. Carboxylic acid – an organic compound containing the carboxyl group (-COOH).
19. Cation – a positively charged atom or group of atoms.
20. Catalyst – a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction but undergoes no net change
itself during the reaction.
21. Density – the ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume.
22. Diffusion – the movement of molecules or other particles in solution from an area of greater
concentration to an area of lesser concentration until uniform concentration is reached.
23. Denaturation – the disruption and breakdown of the secondary structure of a protein by heat or
chemicals.
24. Enzyme - a protein that acts as a biological catalyst.
25. Ester – a compound with the general formula RCOOR’ (where R is a hydrocarbon group or a
hydrogen and R’ is a hydrocarbon group.) It is formed from an alcohol and organic (or
carboxylic) acid by removal of water (denaturation).
26. Ether – any organic compound with the general formula ROR’, where R and R’ are hydrocarbon
groups formed by dehydration between two alcohols.
27. Functional group – a specific atom or group of atoms that is attached to a carbon atom in an
organic compound and that imparts an identifiable chemical behavior to the compound.
28. Glucose – a simple sugar (monosaccharide) with a molecular formula of C6H12O6.
29. Hydrocarbon – an organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen.
30. Hydroxyl group - -OH is a univalent radical and the functional group of the basic compounds in
inorganic chemistry and the alcohols in organic chemistry.
31. Hypertonic solution – a solution having a greater concentration of dissolved solute that the
solution to which it is compared.
32. Hypotonic – a solution having a lesser concentration of dissolved solute than the solution to which
it is compared.
33. Ketone – any of a class of organic compounds containing the carbonyl group (C=O) whose carbon
atom is joined to two other carbon atoms.
34. Lethal Dose 50%. (LD50) – the amount of a poison or radiation that will kill 50% of the group to
which it has been administered.
35. Mass – the quantity of matter present in an object.
36. Mixture – a combination of two or more substances not chemically united and NOT in definite
proportion by mass.
37. Minimum Lethal Dose (MLD) - the smallest dose of a poison (or radiation) on record that
produces death.
38. MSDS – Material Safety Data Sheet - form containing data regarding the properties of a particular
substance. It is intended to provide workers and emergency personnel with procedures for
handling or working with that substance in a safe manner.n
39. Neutralization – the reaction of an acid and a base to produce salt and water.
40. Osmosis – the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser solute concentration to one of
greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane
which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but it is permeable to the solvent.
41. Peptide bond – a bond formed from a dehydration reaction between the amino group on one amino
acid with the carboxyl group on the other amino acid.
42. pH – the measure of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
43. poison – any substance that imperils health or life when absorbed by the body.
44. polyatomic ion – a group of atoms that act as a unit and possess a charge.
45. Polymer – a large molecule made by linking together a number of monomer, or basic chemical
units.
46. Polymerization – the linking together of monomers or basic chemical units to form a polymer.
47. Protein – a biological component that is a polymer of many amino acids.
48. Salt – any group of substances that result from the reaction between acids and bases other than
water.
49. Substrate – the material on which an enzyme works.
50. Toxin – a poisonous substance produced by higher plants, animals, or pathogenic bacteria that is
toxic to humans.