3rd World Reports
Ali & Lowry, 1981
Aguilar Cordero et al. 2012
Armstrong, 1987
Arora, 2008
Awi & Alikor, 2004
Barros et al. 2010
Bera et al., 2014
Bergh et al., 2005
Bergh et al., 2010
Bergman & Jurisoo, 1994
Bergstrom et al., 2005
Blencowe et al. 2009
Boge 1986
Boju et al., 2012
Byaruhanga et al.,2005
Byaruhanga et al. 2008
Carlo et al., 2010
Cattaneo, Davanzo, B, C 1998
Cattaneo, D, W, S, E.B, 1998
Charpak et al. 2005
Charpak, RPC,1994
Charpak et al., 1997
Charpak & Figueroa, 2006
Charpak & R-P, 2006
Charpak & Ruiz, 2007
CharpakR-P, Motta, 2006
Clarke, 2009
Colonna-Uxa et al., 1990
Conde-Agudelo et al., 2003
Davanzo, 1993
Davanzo & Cattaneo, 1995
Davanzo, 2004
De Alencar et al., 2009
Updated: 5/29/10 & 3/14/2014
FT, RCT, 45 minns of birth KC improved maternal behaviors and
decreased infant crying and restlessness.
PT, descriptive, Palestine. 252 moms of preterms who were told about
KC did more KC. Younger mothers did more KC than older mothers.
Kenya
PT, KMC in India. Review article
Nigeria. Univ. hospital examination of factors associated with onset of
kc within 30 minutes of fullterm birth.
PT, review that says KMC is an important intervention to reduce
mortality and morbidity in third world countries.
PT, controlled trial of KMC til 40 wks on growth and motor/mental
development. KMC group same on growth at term age, then surpassed
controls on growth and mental motor develop at term and 12 months
age.
South African model of implementation and bench marks to quantify
implementation of KC at 65 hospitals throughout SA.
PT, implementation of 24/7 KMC in 10 Indonesia hospitals.
Implementation takes years of dedication and support.
South African bush
FT, Uganda, KC rewarms faster than warming units
PT, Malawi, early discharge is safe and feasible. Discharged at 1300 g.
Gambia
India, PT, one hour of KC created decrease in HR, RR, and increase in
temp and sao2, especially in SGA and female infants. 4-6 Hours of KC
was TOO MUCH for mothers.
FT, Uganda, KC rewarms faster than warmers
FT, Uganda, moms impressions of birth KC
FT, PT, essential care in 7 3rd world countries did not decrease neonatal
mortality in the first seven days postbirth.
South American countries
Indonesia
Reviews KMC use at the community level. Says we need to “ensure
That KMC is not taken to community level before it has been
introduced properly for the care of stable infants in hospitals” (515).
Colombia
Colombia
Colombia. 2773 preterms from one hospital were follow-up at one year.
Colombia, programs in 25 developing countries were assessed and
difficulty with early discharge with ambulatory follow-up was the
biggest implementation problem.
Colombia – breastmilk composition from 32weeks til term age.
Colombia. One year follow-up of 206 preterms discharged on oxygen
that continued until a maximum of 106 days age.
Review of KMC as care for improving newborn health and helping
meet Millenium Development Goals. Says no longer ‘poor man’s’
care, now is for rich and poor countries alike.
South America
Reviews seven studies, all from developing countries
India
South East Asia
Review of interventions to help newborns at birth in developing
Countries, includes exclusive BF, KMC, resuscitation, massage
PT, use of KMC unit decreased # of moms with postpartum depression
in Brazil
de Almeida et al., 2010
PT, RCT of KC vs routine care on Exclusive BF at discharge, term age,
3 months, all of which were significantly more in KC group, but not at
6 months.
de Aranjo et al., 2010
PT, descriptive of home KC and BF at home. KC given 6-7 hours/day
by 46.7% of moms who were taught KMC in hospital. Follow up is
poor (no money for transportation) and exclusive BF was by 86.7% of
moms.
De Hollanda Parisi et al., 2008
PT, Qualitative study of 5 nurses’s perceptions of implementation of
KMC in the NICU. All players must be involved and there must be
human and physical resources.
De Macedo et al., 2007
PT & FT, comparative descriptive of 3 groups of MOMs who visited
infant in incubator or in KC (one grp was FT moms who did KC).
Mood and many improved maternal feelings in KC moms but none of
these changes in incubator moms.
Dzukou et al., 2004 French
Review, KMC controls heat and metabolism in developing countries
Fidler, 2010
Review of Mendes & Procianoy 2008 and Procianoy & Mendes, 2009
in Brazil of 24/7 KC infants.
Filho et al.,2008
PT, clin eval of 16 (8 were KC; 8 were not) units in Brazil
Gangal 2007
Ft, Breast crawl as practiced in India to improve breastfeeding.
Ghavane et al. 2012
PT, RCT, micropreemies, 24/7 KMC ward vs NICU incubator showed
no differences in apnea,BF, hypoglycemia,hypothermia, sepsis,
morbidity, mortality, and weight gain but LOS was 11 days shorter
Groleau et al., 2009
PT, Brazil, breastfeeding of preterms at discharge soon stopped once
home because local norms for feeding preterms did not agree and
moms complained of insufficient milk supply. BF is sociosomatic
process.
Gontijo et al. 2010
PT, Brazil. Evaluation of PT Kc by hospitals . Implementation
Gontijo et al. 2012
PT, Brazil, Evaluation of PT KC in hospital by administrators
Gupta et al., 2007
PT, India,descriptive preterms gained weight and went home similar to
infants in incubator care. Because KMC is simple, may have role in
home care.
Ibe et al., 2004
PT Quasi-Exp cross over in Lago, Nigeria. More hyperthermia, less
hypothermia in KMC than incubator, Moms preferred KMC
Imdad & Bhutta, 2013
PT, Pakistan, clin. Review of IUGR babies and says KC and exclusive
BF can help improve their outcomes.
Kadam et al., 2005
PT, RCT in India. It worked well for babies and moms with
advantages to each.
Kambarami, C, P. 2003
Zimbabwelong term FU of post-discharge KC. Many die
Kambarami, Mutam etal 2002
Zimbabwe, Nurses prefer KC, no widespread use. Knowledge &
awareness of method need to be improved.
Karas et al., 2011
PT, FT, Descriptive of 22,766 14 day old and 23, 358 1 day old infants
born at home in Nepal. KC was practiced very rarely (4.5%).
Kirkwood et al. 2013
PT, FT, descriptive study of ESSENTIAL care of newborn home visits
that reduced mortality by 12% and KC increased from 29-44% of birth.
Kirsten et al., 2004
PT, RCT, south Africa level II NICU – she calls it a developing nat.
Kirsten & Kirsten 2006
PT, RCT, South Africa level II NICU
Kramer et al., 2001
FT, RCT, early Kc to promote BF in Belarus
Javorski et al., 2004
PT, qualitative study of the meaning of BF in Brazil
Lai et al., 2005
PT, RCT of KMC + Music on infant physiology and maternal anxiety in
Taiwan
Lepire 2000
Mexico
Lima et al., 2000
Brazil
Lincetto O, Nazir AI, Cattaneo A. 2000
Lizarazo et al., 2012
Colombia. Retrospective chart review of 374 infants in 24/7 KMC. Had
shorter length of stay, fewer infections, 22 g/day weight gain, more
stable temperature and better maternal psychology than non-kc infants
Lopez Maestro et al., 2013
McMaster,Haina, Vince, 2000
McMaster & Vince 2000
Miller-Petrie, 2011
Muddu et al. 2013
PT, National Survey to compare prevalence of KC in 2012 to 2006. It
increased.
New Guinea
New Guinea- 19year review
Report of first International Caribbean and Latin American KMC
Conference
PT. Quasi-experimental pretest-kc-posttest knowledge, attitude and
feeling questionnaire in India. Mom’s loved the closeness, 33%
thought it impossible to doBF during KC and a 24 hour KC duration
was deemed totally unfeasible by most of the mothers.
Mukasa 1992
Uganda. Reports KC results in Colombia and LatinAmerica and
Reports Ludington study in Cali incorrectly,saying temp dropped.
Namiiri et al., 2012
PT, descriptive of 235 PT/LBWs in 24/7 KMC unit. 113 (48.1%) had
not regained birth weight by 21 days post-birth as they should have.
Hospitalization >7 days and first feeding after 48 hours of age were
independently associate with failure to regain birth weight.
Nagai et al.,2010
PT RCT in Madagascar of Early KMC (within 24 hours of birth)
Nanavati et al., 2013
PT, RCT in India. No difference in PIPP pain due to adhesive tape
removal between KC and expressed breast milk groups.
Ngua et al., 2011
PT, descriptive study of KC at home in Ghana
Nimbalkar et al. 2012
PT, RCT cross over of 15 mins of KMC to reduce heel stick pain in 50
preterms from 3212-36 wks GA. KMC reduced pain effectively.
Palencia et al., 2009
PT, descriptive fu of 390 KMC LBW grads from Cali, Colombia
Priya 2004
PT: evaluation of implementation of KMC in India.
Quasem et al., 2003
Bangladesh- community based KMC after birth
Ramanathan et al., 2001
India
Rao et al., 2008
PT, RCT in India
Ruis, Charpak, Figueroa 2002
Colombia, 45% survive in KCBF (exclusive); 55% need supplement
Samra et al.,2013
PT, quasi=exp of 22 KC and 18 control LBW infants who had not regained birth
weight by 7 days of life and then started on KC for one hour two times per day
for 7 days per week til regained birth weight and had ad lib additional
breastfeeds while in KC (other feeds were q 2 hours of full strength formula
alternating with expressed breast milk. KCers regained birth weight 9 days
sooner, and have more than double the daily weight gain as controls and got 17
additional feeds during the 15 days it took KCers to regain birth weight.
SAmra et al., 2011
Senarath et al., 2007
FT, RCT of hospitals, three hospitals given Essential Newborn Care
course by WHO and it improved the number of infants given Birth KC
and 3 who got early BF in Sri Lanka.
Sloan et al., 1994
PT, RCT, in Ecuador.
Sloan et al., 2008
PT in Bangladesh
Sloan & Ahmed, 2007
KC in India, community-based KC
Stanton et al., 2013
PT, FT, Kc is considered a high impact measure of peripartum care and
should be included in the MNCH (Maternal , Newborn, child Health)
parameters to be measured . This was qualitative study of mothers in
Mozambique and they thought KC was important and authors say it
should be added to the evaluative criteria.
Trevisanuto et al., 2013
PT, NICU providers ideas of what would reduce neonatal infections in
Vietnam included KMC.
Thukral et al. 2012
FT, RCT of early KC –did not improve BF behaviors at discharge but
did increase number of exclusively BF infants at 48 hours and 6 mos.
Torres et al., 2006
PT, DESCRIPTIVE of 66 KMC infants in Cali Colombia
Treleaven, 2012
Report of 1st International KMC for Caribbean and Latin America
congress
Vaidya et al, 2005
FT, descriptive of 92 mothers given early postpartum KC and KC had
Wanga & LaCoste, 2011
Worku & Kassie, 2005
Zimba et al., 2012
More significant effect on exclusive BF than early initiation of BF.
PT, paternal KC of 2 hours per day in Stone Town, Zanzibar
PT, RCT in Ethiopia. Mortality better for KC group. Started in KC
early, at 10 hours post birth and many discharged by 7 days of age.
Mortality across a decade in Malawi from Save the Children. KC at
birth was called a”high impact intervention for newborn survival”.