AP ART HISTORY
Chapter 1 & 2 – Comparative
Mrs. Lawson
Due: (BOP)_______________________
Name:
CHAPTERS 1 & 2
ANCIENT EUROPEAN & NEAR EASTERN ARTWORK
ANALYSIS PACKET
DIRECTIONS: Use the attached worksheets to record information from assigned reading homework. On the reading
due date, turn in each assigned analysis page to Mrs. Lawson for a Reading-check grade. Then, add information
from class discussion to the returned pages. Upon completion of chapters, place entire analysis packet (with any
other notes stapled to the back) into the turn-in drawer for a completed-packet grade.
GRADING: Points based on: Reading and worksheets done outside of class and before material is discussed in
class; Notes demonstrate (show evidence) of appropriate analysis, interpretation of artwork, understanding of visual
elements & principles of design, media & techniques, and contextual meaning (relevant historical / social / economic /
political).
Architecture
Sculpture-in-the-Round
Architectural & Relief Sculpture
Painting
AP ART HISTORY
Chapter 1 & 2 – Comparative
Name:
Mrs. Lawson
Due: (BOP)_______________________
Paleolithic dates: c 40,000- 8,000 BCE (Old Stone Age)
Social: no written language - nomadic hunter/gathers - belief in supernatural-magical power of objects -art found in
place on inhabited / evidence people lived near & in the entrances of natural caves or in open-air camps –
ritual site inside cave
Artistic Characteristics/Style: art probably identified with magical & religious power - images control/petition natural
forces through ritual - naturalistic tendency/ some stylization -natural pigments & materials -abstract
qualities appealed to Modern artists / naturalism / selective observation / twisted perspective / superpositioning
Architecture: None / no architecture has survived
Sculpture: Mobil art - techniques=> fully rounded & relief – engraved / incised abstracted images of nude
females=>fertility?? / Reliefs & engravings on cave walls & small objects / animals / carving done in
stone, bone, ivory & horn / selective observation / traces of color remain / naturalism (stronger in animals)
/ carved stone & bones found throughout Europe / cave carvings in France / small, portable size
Painting: found in caves = France/Spain/Danube region - high aesthetic quality-use of contour lines / pigments=
natural materials / earth tone colors=black browns, reds & yellows / subjects- animals, signs, some
human beings / purpose= assumed to be religious-magical / subjects- large, hunted animals / some fish
birds & monsters / occasional images of male humans beings as shaman or priest / lines, signs & dots
intermixed with other markings / naturalism= shapes & colors defined forms, closely resembled natural
sources / selective observation = artist showed only essential elements of form / twisted perspective =
images shown with various viewpoints combined / figures without settings- appear to float without ground
lines or suggested landscape / mixed species grouping – different types of animals grouped together
(even natural enemies) / super-positioning= images often overlapped / made on walls, floors & ceilings of
caves / in hidden or remote chambers & passages / figures one-fourth life-size or larger / scale
monumental due to bold outlines, simplified forms & naturalistic, powerful images
Mesolithic dates: c 8000-7000 BCE (Middle Stone Age)
Social: No longer live in caves-traces of fire pits, domestic debris & bones
Artistic Characteristics/Style: abstraction / silhouette images / figures in settings / figures in action
Architecture: none / no architecture has survived
Sculpture: Some low-reliefs & engravings / same subjects / small in scale
Painting: Rock shelter paintings of people in action / animals seldom seen without people / on open-air rock surfaces
/ abstraction replaces naturalism= figures simplified & elongated / action & movement replace static
poses / narrative groupings replace isolated images / flat, silhouette images / reduction in size
Neolithic dates: c 8000-2300 BCE (New Stone Age)
Social: organized system of agriculture -animal husbandry -permanent year round settlements -non-centralized
Artistic Characteristics/Style: construction of monumental architecture, highly stylized human images found in
painting-animals in greater detail/black or red -pottery first appears / megalithic architecture- monumental
& sculptural / pottery & painting abstract or naturalistic / sculpture similar to Paleolithic Period
Architecture: *two distinct regional styles / Megalithic arrangements & structures appear -probably ritual centers cromlech= a circle of monoliths - see post & lintel system for building / religious- temples & shrines /
Memorial-tombs & grave markers / gigantic blocks of rough-hewn stone / no wood & thatched structure
survive / occasional use of corbelled arch, vault & dome
Sculpture: small “earth goddess” -elements of human figures reduced to geometric forms -incised- discovered pottery
production centers
Painting: highly stylized human images found in painting- animals get smaller-become narrative/illustrative- show
some tendency for composition and spatial structure
Bronze Age dates: 2,300 - 1,000 BCE
Social: permanent settlements - trading with other cultures
Artistic Characteristics/Style: introduction of metal working -materials copper, gold, tin
AP ART HISTORY
Chapter 1 & 2 – Comparative
Name:
Mrs. Lawson
Due: (BOP)_______________________
*Beginning of the “historic period” – a written record
Geography & Culture
WHERE = Ancient Near East encompasses Anatolia (modern Turkey), Mesopotamia (Iraq), and Persia (Iran).
The Fertile “Crescent” rose along the Mediterranean coast through modern Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, and
Syria, arched into central Turkey, and descended along the fertile plains of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
through Iraq and a slice of western Iran to the Persian Gulf.
WHEN: Neolithic era- Agriculture emerged in the ancient Near East before
Europe and Egypt.
-c. 9000 BCE
-Europe c. 8000 BCE
WHAT: farming communities began in the hills above rivers and later in the river valleys.(c.6000)
-oldest settled communities found in grassy uplands (not river valleys)
-provided plants, herds of animals, sufficient rain
-after village farming life was well developed move to river valleys and deltas--fertility of the soil
-farming spread from this region to the east & northeast and reached Europe by c.5000BCE. (before Egypt)
-Mesopotamia’s climate, prone to drought and flood
-constructed large-scale systems for controlling their water supply.
-near east agricultural villages gradually evolved into *cities (large population and separated from its rural
surrounding).
Early Neolithic Cities
1.
Jericho – first known stone fortifications
-between 8000BCE – 7000BCE
-plastered and painted floors & walls
-created statuettes of “mother goddess” & animals “spirit traps
2.
Chatal Huyuk–
-located in Anatolia (Turkey)
-occupied c. 6500BCE to 5500BCE
Mesopotamia –4000 BCE and 3000 BCE
- developed at the same time as Egypt
-geography discouraged uniting the area under a single ruler or head of state.
- first Urban Planners- designed complex cities
-*centralized society-those societies having a recognized, institutionalized central political and religious authority.
-complex societies with hierarchies of priests and kings
-prosperous cities located around large temple complexes-clusters of religious, administrative, and service
buildings
-each city a cultural center (worship & business)
-became large city-states, (which later became kingdoms and empires)
-administered property, received a portion of the harvests, engaged in commercial trade
-architectural complexes: included an inner shrine, workshops, storehouses, residential quarters
-*urban life increasingly regularized & specialized: division of labor & communal efforts, provided
goods for exports to other city-states, specialized workshops were developed(milling flour, making
bricks , pottery, cloth, carpets, metal ware
-construction for temples and palaces kept builders & artists busy=class of religious specialists
emerged to control rituals and sacred sites
- peoples were *polytheistic- worshiped numerous gods and goddesses
-gods/goddesses were attributed with power over human activities and the forces of nature.
-importance of deities depended on the area of life they controlled
-each city had a special deity=believed dominance of the city depended on its deity’s being more powerful than that of
surrounding cities.
-names of gods changed over time & as they spread from language to language
Land of many changes:
-over the centuries the balance of power shifted greatly in this area
-vulnerable to repeated invasions because-of wealth and agricultural resources, few natural defenses,
hostile neighbors, internal conflicts
AP ART HISTORY
Chapter 1 & 2 – Comparative
Name:
Mrs. Lawson
Due: (BOP)_______________________
Near Eastern Art
**Concepts= Art influenced by: exchange of styles, techniques & material, political events, trade relations, dictates &
needs of religion, specialization of roles, cultural blending
-*begin to see art produced by great centers of political & economic power
-art & architecture centered on gods and rulers
-developed formalized depiction of the human form
Architecture: Lacked building stone or timber=mud-brick over rubble used, not durable => inadequate knowledge /
temples most important structures (except Assyrian & Persian = palace) / civic structures include fortifications
& city gates / Ziggurats = solid mud-brick with facing of baked brick laid in bitumen / post & lintel construction /
design = stepped, mud-brick platform- served to elevate temple closer to heaven, square base oriented to
four points of compass, walls blockish, massive, windowless, * sloped inward, wall surfaces had vertical
grooves & niches, paint used interior & exteriors, glazed tiles & clay cones attached to walls for decoration in
geometric patterns / massive city walls defended city-states, rectangles of mud-brick, Gateways decorated –
stone guardian figures used / palaces have same plan as temples- Assyrian= interconnecting chambers (not
detached), rectangular rooms around central courtyards, emphasis on horizontal elements & massive forms`Persian= separate building spread over site, open plans, square rooms & buildings, emphasis on vertical
elements, light, open forms, use of column (not structural) from contact with Egypt, Crete, & Greece / both
elevated enclosed by wall
Sculpture: Conventions & stylizations established in prehistoric & Sumerian periods-continue until contact with
Greeks / purpose = search for immortality & prestige-propaganda, immortalize gods, commemorate rulersmilitary victory, tribute, sacred rituals / human laws impressed into stelae / figures= gods, rulers, heroes,
worshippers, scared animals, & guardian creatures / narrative scenes = mythological rituals & events,
offerings & tribute (religious & political, combat (military & ritual) / Medium= carved reliefs & free-standing
works in ivory, bone, alabaster, brick, limestone, diorite, basalt & granite –inlay of lapis-lazuli, mother-of-pearl,
ebony, carnelian – cast & hammered bronze, silver, gold & alloys for reliefs & free-standing work –modeled
clay & brick for both / emphasis on linear detailing in all materials / design= static figures-no suggested
movement, repeated poses, costumes, & faces; multiple perspective; figures in settings-implied landscapes or
architectural interiors, spread out in registers; hierarchic scale-social rank or class; conventionalizationcontinuous eyebrows “V” shaped, large staring eyes (pure thoughts), tight spiral curls=hair & beard; nature:
wavy & zig-zag lines= rivers, water, rows of semicircles= mountain tops, circles with radiating lines= sun &
stars, leaves & flowers= whole trees & plants / free-standing intended for temples & palaces, varied in size,
relief used as decorations for walls of temples, palaces & gates, most over life-size or monumental in scale
Painting: Very little painting survived / painted pottery from Prehistoric period-later pottery=utilitarian / few fragments
of wall paintings-depict gods, scenes of war, hunting & ritual
Sumer dates: c. 3,500-2,340 BCE
c. 2150-2030 BCE
Social/Historical characteristics: between Tigris & Euphrates -vulnerable to invasion / established the oldest
civilization (probably came from Persia) =>developed theocratic (priests)-socialistic independent citystates=>ruled by local god through a human ruler=> steward of the deity / invented: wagon wheelplow-casting objects (copper & bronze)-system of writing=> cuneiform
Artistic Characteristics: hieratic style / naturalist tendencies= esp. animals / human figure=>frontality
Sculpture: votive statues (offerings)-stylistic/ small figures / carved / rigid cylindrical shape-tubular armsclasped-skirted body-large inlaid eyebrows & eyes & hair inlaid with gold or copper/ depict individuals
– hieratic =>Gods larger in size with huge eyes and pupils with colored inlays / patron= anyone who
could afford statue / animals-sacred & important in mythological-represented in inlaid decoration
forms or free-standing
Architecture: multi-storied temple-ziggurat =>dominated cities (Ur & Uruk) / with houses, workshops &
storehouses clustered around it / shaped like a mountain =>believed was where the gods dwelt –
mud-brick, sides reinforced by masonry -sides oriented to the points of the compass -stairs & ramps
led to the shrine at the top dedicated to the deity -setbacks probably planted with trees & vegetation
to simulate a mountain - worshipers started the ascent at the east and climbed in a spiral
Akkad
dates: c. 2340-2180 BCE
Social/Historical characteristics: Sargon I concurred Sumer -extended empire to Mediterranean -after empire
collapsed-was briefly united in 2125 BCE by kings of Ur / united political & religious authority
Artistic Characteristics: few artifacts survive / carved / stylistic / inlayed / imperial authority
Sculpture: Royalty stylistically portrayed in bronze, bearded, with braided hair & large deep-cut eyes that
convey a majestic & human expression / Stela of Naramsin - Narm-Sin = depicted on a stone stele
defeating enemies / imperial authority / commemorates military victory => **horizontal registers replaced
with wavy ground lines / Iconographic symbolism
Architecture: built of mud brick & timber-few survive
AP ART HISTORY
Chapter 1 & 2 – Comparative
Name:
Mrs. Lawson
Due: (BOP)_______________________
Lagash dates: c. 2180 BCE
Social/Historical characteristics: Sumerian independent city-state –region under Guti rule/ Gudea => ruler
Artistic Characteristics: diorite / compact-simplified portraits of Gudea
Sculpture: king Gudea figures most important= carved with round face / tense, cylindrical body sitting or
standing / cuneiform inscriptions
Babylon dates: c. 1760-1600 BCE
Neo-Babylonia: 615 BCE
Social/Historical characteristics: Sumer briefly re-united by Hammurabi & kings of Ur -established
capital=Babylon -strong & humane ruler -recorded earliest written law code -saw himself as the servant
of the sun god Shamash
Artistic Characteristics: rounded forms / linear surface detail / stylized
Sculpture: Stela of Hammurabi = large scale / hieratic style =figures carved in stocky, cylindrical
proportions - The Law Code, inscribed in likes of cuneiform on a diorite stele-surmounted with the image of
Hammurabi & sun god Shamash-stylistically figures relate to the Gudea statues / symbolism unites
political & religious authority
Architecture: palace architecture becomes more important than religious architecture / Nebuchadnezzarmost famous neo Babylonian ruler= Tower of Babel / Ishtar Gate
Assyria dates: c. 1000-612 BCE
Social/Historical characteristics: conquered Babylon=aggressive nation of powerful military warriors expanded empire to Egypt / rulers developed armaments and battlefield maneuvers that made them
almost invincible-were feared for the atrocities and tortures they inflicted on their enemies / various cities
served as capitals => built citadel & palace complexes / first urban planners
Artistic Characteristics: mud-brick / imported stone to build temples / relief carvings -subjects => war
campaigns
Sculpture: carved low relief panels of alabaster (more durable) -events from war campaigns & hunting
expeditions=visual narrative / human headed winged bulls-5 leg=seen from front & side / massive,
muscular
Architecture: most building=mud-bricks & reinforced with stone slabs- built large scale Citadel-23 acrescourtyards, turreted walls-warehouses - two gateways/winged Human-Headed Bulls (lamassu) -walls
decorated with reliefs -Palace of Ashurnasirpal depict royal lion hunt= naturalistic / narrative / overlap
Persia dates: 559-331 BCE
Social/Historical characteristics: from prehistoric age was inhabited by migratory tribes- ruled by
Cyrus=>largest empire in the world-extensive network of roads / Darius I (521-486 BCE) / fell to Alexander
the Great in 331 BCE
Artistic Characteristics: monuments serve as visible symbols of power & authority / unique capitals=parts of
bulls/lions
Sculpture: relief sculpture=ceremonial - stylized figures=stiff/more naturalism in animals -project from
background- stylized Greek garments=influence -purpose & function to glorify the king in a decorative &
monumental manner -may depict actual ceremony
Architecture: Most famous Palace Complex at Persepolis-stands on rock podium- unique capitals=parts of
bulls/lions- building forms derived from Egyptian architecture frames / Apadana (audience hall)
Vocabulary
abstraction
low relief
modeling
radiometric dating
cromlechs
potsherds
sculpture in the round
dating
corbeling
dolmen
cairn
sculpture
incising
kilns
absolute dating
passage grave megalithic
menhirs
schematic
silhouette
anthropomorphic
undulating
tensile strength conventionalization
bas-relief
hierarchic scale
lamassu
votive
registers
lost-wax casting
apadana (apandana)
post-and-lintel construction
beveling
ware
alignments
corbel vault
capstones
icon
contour
living rock
ritual
city-state
ziggurat
fortification
stele/stelae
column
capital
henge
relative
relief
shaman
outline
cuneiform
stratified
AP ART HISTORY
Chapter 1 & 2 – Comparative
Mrs. Lawson
Due: (BOP)_______________________
Name:
Directions: Read pages. Collect data on the structures listed below. Note: Check the beginning of the chapter for historical & cultural information.
Reconstruction Drawing
ARCHITECTURE
ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 1
(Required)
CRITERIA:
Stonehenge, pgs 50-55
Skara Brae House, pgs 50-55
Neolithic / c. 7000-2000 BCE
England
Neolithic / c. 7000-2000 BCE
Orkney Islands
Shrine Room, Chatal Huyuk,
pgs 62-65
Neolithic / c. 6500-5500 BCE
Turkey
Attempt to control environment /
religious / Astronomical observatoryaccurate solar calendar / Spiritual-ritual
/ equinox – solstice
Settlement of stone houses
=> SAME * happens at different times
Inhabited for at least 600 years
Easy to defend / durable in dry climate
Located on natural spring
-Warming of climate/gradual changes
over many thousands of years/end of
Ice Age/ domesticated animals/ farming
=organized, on going system of
agriculture/permanent
settlements/become more complexspecialized jobs / Slow change /
Hunter-gathers become farmers Agriculture / domesticated animals /
centralized towns / ritual centers /
specialized
Stone- 2 types bluestone (Whales) &
sarsen (Marlborough Downs)
Cromlech-circle arrangement /
monoliths / megaliths / lintels/ heel
stone / human compass
=> SAME
=> SAME
(Architect if Known)
Artistic Time Period /
Date / Orig. Location
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –
Social-Political-Economic
Patron-Architect (relationship)
Location –Geographical
Relationship to site=
geography, climate, etc.
Medium / Technique:
Materials /
Construction / Building
Techniques / Process /
Terms
Post & lintel construction
Fortification-site covered 6 acres
Agriculture economic mainstay / some
manufacturing = trade / abandoned for
unknown reasons
Subterranean houses connected by
passages
Hearths, dressers, beds, side cells
Gigantic blocks of rough-hewn stone built into mounds of pre-existing rubbish
Stone foundations, mud-brick walls,
thatch, timber, or mud-brick roofs
(supported by timbers) / based on
rectangular house design / crossed from
roof-top
Post & lintel construction – occasional
use of corbelled arch, vault, & dome
Post & lintel construction
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism / Iconography
Patron / Audience
Various theories/ most likely ritual /
earth-goddess / summer solstice
No written records
House => SAME – Illustrates living
conditions
Shrine=> SAME /ritual
Formalism (visual):
Orientation / Form / Plan
Principles & Elements of
Design
Exterior
Henge= 4 stages of building / circle of
stones, large ditch, built-up mounds /
sarsen circle / open plain / Horseshoe
arrangement of stone / middle=tallest /
altar
Large scale / megalithic monument /
sun rise over heel stone morning
summer solstice
Permanent villages
House shape changed slightly,
becoming more rectangular with rounded
internal corners
Rectangular Plan
Exterior decoration uncertain
Interior decoration = plaster & stone
reliefs and dry fresco paintings =space
elaborately decorated with shrines / bold
geometric designs / painted animal
scenes / actual animal skulls & horns /
3-D shapes resembling breasts & horned
animals / women shown giving birth to
bulls (may suggest worship of a fertility
goddess)
-Decoration
-Axis
Interior Organization /
Scale/Size/Proportion
Space / Light
Expressive Content:
Commonalities /
Originality of
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences
-Manner of expression
-Dominant forms, motifs,
symbols
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Megalithic arrangements- last of
Neolithic period =graves, ceremonial /
not planned-superimposed on other
sites
European Style
Monolith / ritual / community organized
-Information= educated guesses based
on other cultures/changing with modern
technology/ types of dating/
ethnographic analogy
-Change in culture between
Paleolithic/Neolithic based on
domestication of plants & animals /
happens at different times in various
geographical locations
-Act of creating the object most
important (results secondary) not
created to decorate
Never grew any larger than eight
structures
Interior design of each house was also
deliberately laid out to guide the
movement of any visitor entering the
dwelling
European Style
Near Eastern Style
Large, square hearth, made up of stones
= Source of heat and light / center of
domestic and social life
Blockish, low, few windows
Densely clustered / single-story / shared
court yards / no streets or plazas /
unbroken exterior walls 5' thick
Other relevant structures
and/or criteria
Avenbury Henge
Passage Grave
AP ART HISTORY
Chapter 1 & 2 – Comparative
Mrs. Lawson
Due: (BOP)_______________________
Name:
Directions: Read assigned pages. Collect data on the structures listed below.
ARCHITECTURE
ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 2
(Required)
CRITERIA:
Nanna Ziggurat Ur, pgs 65-68
(Architect if Known)
Artistic Time Period / Date /
Orig. Location
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –SocialPolitical-Economic PatronArchitect (relationship)
Location –Geographical
Relationship to site=
geography, climate, etc.
Citadel & Palace of Sargon II,
pgs 78-80
Bronze Age* introduction metalworking
Sumerian = 3500-2340 BCE
Assyrian = 1000-612 BCE
Persian = 539-330 BCE
Ur = modern Iraq
Polytheism / god= human/animal
qualities / Kings power affirmed by
deities / stratified social structures=
need for administration
Independent city-state / invented wagon
wheel & plow / system of writing =
cuneiform on clay tablets / organized
system of justice (law code) / first
written literature / gods hated laziness
in their people
Temple served as administrative &
religious center
Dur Sharrukin (modern Iraq)
Polytheism / god have human/animal
qualities / Kings power affirmed by
deities
Sargon II (721-705 BCE)- use of art as
propaganda to support political power /
symbolized kings claim to the empire
Aggressive nation of powerful military
warriors / developed armaments &
battlefield maneuvers that made them
almost invincible / feared for the
atrocities & tortures inflicted on their
enemies / by end of 9th century
controlled most of Mesopotamia /
expanded empire to Egypt by 7th
century
Mud brick & reinforced imported stone
Iran
Polytheism / god have human/animal
qualities / Kings power affirmed by
deities Site = on high natural plateau /
laid out on a rectangular grid / heavily
fortified wide raised rock-cut podium /
Imperial center - symbol of power &
authority / relief=subjects of the great
empire
Apadana gateway flanked by Assyrianinspired colossal man-headed winged
bulls/ relief sculptures decorate walls &
stairway = processions of royal guards,
Persian nobles, dignitaries, &
emissaries in national costume from 23
nations bringing the king tribute
representative of that nation
Single approach = by a wide flight of
steps (wide= horsemen) with shallow
steps / Hypostyle construction =
Audience Hall (Apadana) & Throne
Room dominant structures / capitals
distinctively carved with confronting
bulls & other creatures-supported
ceiling beams/ other capitals were
shaped in the palm & lotus designs of
Egypt / fluted columns & scroll capitals
came from the Ionian Greeks / Large
scale complex
Little supply of building stone or timber
Medium / Technique:
Materials /
Construction / Building
Techniques / Process /
Terms
Elevated by design not successive
rebuilding / stone foundations, thatch,
timber or mud-brick roofs – fired brick
over foundations of rubble / post & lintel
construction-some use of corbelled arch
Ziggurats built of solid mud-brick with
facing of mud brick laid with bitumen
(asphalt-like)
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism / Iconography
Patron / Audience
Temples most important / ReligiousDedicated to the moon god Nanna /
Proclaim wealth, prestige, stability of a
city's ruler / glorified & protected the
city's gods / functioned symbolically as
bridge between earth & heaven /
ziggurat elevated temple closer to
heaven
Imperial center - symbol of power &
authority / relief=subjects of the great
empire
Formalism (visual):
Orientation / Form / Plan
Principles & Elements of
DesignExterior
Ziggurat = stepped structure
supporting temple or shrine on top /
base = rectangle with 3 sets of stairs100 steps each, converging at a towerflanked gateway entrance at first
platform / 2nd set of steps led to temple
/ each platform angled outward from top
to base (probably to prevent erosion)
4 sides = oriented to points of the
compass / stairs & ramps lead to ornate
shrine dedicated to deity / setbacks
probably planted with trees &
vegetation to simulate a mountain /
worshippers started the ascent at the
east & climbed in an angular spiral /
Large scale
Interior decoration=plaster & stone
reliefs & dry fresco paintings
Near Eastern Style
Blockish, massive, windowless, slope
inward
Wall surfaces= vertical groves & niches
for sculpture
Paint used on Interior & exterior
surfaces
Ziggurats & temples influenced by the
Sumerians but larger scale=covered 23
acres / citadel surrounded by turreted
walls with 2 gateways / within => 200
courtyards, rooms, & warehouses / walls
decorated with reliefs / palaces set on
high platforms / decorated with scenes of
victorious battles, audience hall =
presentations of tribute to the king,
combat between men & beasts, religious
imagery/ first urban planners
-Decoration
-Axis
Interior Organization /
Scale/Size/Proportion
Space / Light
Expressive Content:
Commonalities / Originality
of
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences
-Manner of expression
-Dominant forms, motifs, symbols
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Other relevant structures
and/or criteria
Apadana of Darius & Xerxes,
pgs 78-83 & 85-87
Oval house & city plans used mostly in
Mesopotamia
White Temple
Near Eastern Style
Complex = fortified cities-citadel /
architectural monuments-rectangular
plan on platforms /decorated with cone
mosaics & reliefs =Narrative & religious
rituals /immortalize rulers
/commemorative /government-rulerreligious propaganda/ power of ruler
Masonry / stone-cut / special material
(imported) convey authority
Near Eastern Style
Complex, fortified cities-citadel/
architectural monuments/ rectangular
plan palaces on platforms/decorated
with reliefs -Narrative/religious
rituals/immortalize rulers /
commemorative/government-rulerreligious propaganda/ power of ruler
Darius I (r. 522-485) & Xerxes (r. 486465) / Persepolis palace complex was
destroyed by Alexander the Great / at
the time = was largest empire in world
AP ART HISTORY
Chapter 1 & 2 – Comparative
Name:
Directions: Read assigned pages. Collect data on the structures listed below.
ARCHITECTURE
ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 3
(Required for an A)
CRITERIA:
(Architect if Known)
Artistic Time Period / Date /
Orig. Location
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –SocialPolitical-Economic PatronArchitect (relationship)
Location –Geographical
Relationship to site =
geography, climate, etc.
Medium / Technique:
Materials /
Construction / Building
Techniques / Process /
Terms
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism / Iconography
Patron / Audience
Formalism (visual):
Orientation / Form / Plan
Principles & Elements of
Design
Exterior
-Decoration
-Axis
Interior Organization /
Scale/Size/Proportion
Space / Light
Expressive Content:
Commonalities / Originality
of
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences
-Manner of expression
-Dominant forms, motifs,
symbols
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Other relevant structures
and/or criteria
Reconstruction drawing of Babylon,
pgs 81-83
6th Century BCE
Mrs. Lawson
Due: (BOP)_______________________
AP ART HISTORY
Mrs. Lawson
Chapter 1 & 2 – Comparative
Name:
Due: (BOP)_______________________
Directions: Read pages. Collect data on the artworks listed below. Note: Check the beginning of the chapter for historical and cultural
information.
RELIEF SCULPTURE
ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 4
(Required)
CRITERIA:
(Artist if Known)
Bison with Turned Head,
not in book
Bull lyre, pgs 68-73
Stela of Hammurabi, pgs 73-77
Paleolithic / c. 15,000-10,000 BCE /
Cave Le Tuc d'Audoubet, France
Sumerian / c. 2600 BCE / from tomb of
Puabi
BABYLONIAN / c. 1792-1750 BCE /
Iran
Pariental art- indicates permanent
locations-change from nomadic
City-state ruled by a local god through a
human ruler
Independent City-states=Land of change
-Spoils of war & successful farming &
trade brought wealth to some of the citystates/ families of Ur buried dead in
vaulted chambers beneath the earth /
most likely actual event / beginning of the
“historic period” – a written record
Independent City-states =Land of change
-Periods of political turmoil alternated
with period of stable government / Sumer
reunited under Hammurabi (r. 1792-1750
BCE) / capital set at Babylon / written
legal code listed the laws & penalties
City-state ruled by a local god through a
human ruler
Medium / Technique:
Materials /
Construction / Building
Techniques / Process /
Terms
Reindeer horn, c. 4 in, high
Free-standing -distinguishing features
=strict profile / carved eyes, nostrils,
mouth, & mane
4 horizontal registers=scenes in inlaid
shell / box scenes include imaginary
composite creatures (man & animal) /
heraldic composition (symmetrical
around center figure) / composite view
Black-Basalt / relief sculpture with
inscribed inscription
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism / Iconography
Patron / Audience
Various theories/ super natural / ritual /
initiation rites
Bison (food)- invention of symbols to
represent values & beliefs
Shaman -educated guess= ritual /
fertility / educational - magic Art product
of ritual intended to gain favor of
supernatural forces
Grave goods=may be funerary narrative /
Ruler= paid for art / musical
instrument=lyre-harp
Power & Authority - Hammurabi – code
of law
Stele / top depicts Hammurabi in the
presence of the sun god-Shamash /
Symbolism=god bestows authority to rule
& enforce laws on Hammurabi
Formalism (visual):
Principles & Elements of
Design
Stylistic / mature sense of 3-D formstrict profile / emphasis on broad mass
of side view / simplified form
Suggests interest in depth of space /
figures=smooth rounded forms / relative
importance represented in size
Form / Shape– geometric,
organic / open, closed / Mass /
Volume / Texture- smooth, rough
/ Color / Value / Space –
positive, negative
Movement / Gesture / Balance /
Type – free-standing / relief /
Orientation / Stance /
Presentation
Proportion / Scale / Relationship
to viewer / space
Small scale
Bearded bulls head=3-D -life-like except
for beard & simplified nose /
animals=profile/ recurring theme in both
literature & art of animals acting as
people / characterizing parts-avoid
positions or view that would conceal
characteristics
Conventionalized
Conventionalization- wavy & zig-zag
lines= rivers, water, rows of semicircles=
mountain tops, circles with radiating
lines= sun & stars, leaves & flowers=
whole trees & plants
Expressive Content:
Commonalities /
Originality of-
Selective observation
Naturalism –stronger than in human
figures
Effort to create an order through
customs, conventions & ceremonies /
conceptual rather than optical reality
Rounded-cylindrical forms / linear
surface detail / stylized / hieratic /
Figural-anatomical correctness /
facial expression or Nonobjective elements
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences / Manner of
expression / Dominant forms,
motifs, symbols
- Narrative
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Engraved parallel lines = shaggy coat
Hieratic / naturalistic tendencies, esp.
animals &human figures / frontality
Artistic Time Period /
Date /Orig. Location
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –
Social-Political-Economic
Patron-Architect (relationship)
Location –Geographical
Relationship to site =
geography, climate, etc.
Gold leaf and lapis lazuli over wooden
core; wood inlaid with gold, lapis lazuli &
shell
Static –no movement
Other relevant structures
and/or criteria
Head, Bull lyre
Combined front & side view / headdress
in profile (new) / new=beard is a series of
diagonal lines (not horizontal)
AP ART HISTORY
Mrs. Lawson
Chapter 1 & 2 – Comparative
Name:
Due: (BOP)_______________________
Directions: Read pages. Collect data on the artworks listed below. Note: Check the beginning of the chapter for historical and cultural
information.
RELIEF- SCULPTURE
ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 5
(Required)
CRITERIA:
(Artist if Known)
Artistic Time Period / Date
/Orig. Location
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –SocialPolitical-Economic PatronArchitect (relationship)
Location –Geographical
Relationship to site =
geography, climate, etc.
Medium / Technique:
Materials /
Construction / Building
Techniques / Process/
Terms
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism / Iconography
Patron / Audience
Formalism (visual):
Principles & Elements of
Design
Form / Shape– geometric, organic
/ open, closed / Mass / Volume /
Texture- smooth, rough / Color /
Value / Space – positive, negative
Movement / Gesture / Balance /
Type – free-standing / relief /
Orientation / Stance / Presentation
Proportion / Scale / Relationship
to viewer / space
Expressive Content:
Commonalities / Originality
ofFigural-anatomical correctness /
facial expression or Non-objective
elements
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences / Manner of expression
/ Dominant forms, motifs, symbols
- Narrative
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Assurnasirpal II Killing Lions,
pgs 78-80
ASSYRIAN / c. 850 BCE
Iraq
Palace complex of Ashurnasirpal II,
Kalhu Land of change -Ashurnasirpal
II r. 883-859 / built fortified city at
Kalhu (Tigris River) / Assurbanipal r.
669-627 / capital at Nineveh /
decorated palace complex
(citadel/fortress) courtyard with
pictorial narratives /-specialization of
roles /cultural blending / artists have
status of worker => result no artist
names / begin to see art produced by
great centers of political and
economic power
Guardian Figure, pgs 78-80 & 83
ASSYRIAN / c. 720 BCE
Iraq
Apadana of Darius & Xerxes,
pgs 85-88
Persian / 518-c. 460BCE
Persepolis, Iran
Palace complex of Sargon II
Polytheism / god have human/animal
qualities / Kings power affirmed by deities
Sargon II (721-705 BCE)- use of art as
propaganda to support political power /
symbolized kings claim to the empire
Aggressive nation of powerful military
warriors / developed armaments &
battlefield maneuvers that made them
almost invincible / feared for the atrocities
& tortures inflicted on their enemies / by
end of 9th century controlled most of
Mesopotamia / expanded empire to Egypt
by 7th century
Art & architecture centered around gods
and rulers
Carved stone
Ceremonial complex of
Darius I & Xerxes I
Power & authority / record great
deeds of the king – religious rituals,
war campaigns events, hunting
expeditions Carved / low relief panels
/ show king & subjects in battle or
hunting / Garden scene=Egyptian
necklace hangs from end of the
couch-may be symbolic reference to
conquest of Egypt / Hunting
scene=staged hunting symbolizes
king of men overcoming king of
beasts / animals shown
naturalistically- wounded, & dying /
king attacking /-developed formalized
depiction of the human form
High degree of detail / linear
narrative / hieratic / overlap-depth /
naturalistic mixed with stylistic
Exchange of styles, techniques and
material / subjects=political events,
trade relations & dictates of religion /
visual narrative / human headed
winged bulls-guardian figures
Guardian figures- palace & gateways
Royal audience hall
Purpose & function to glorify the king in a
decorative & monumental manner -may
depict actual ceremony
Narrative hunting relief / example of
many reliefs celebrating the king with
inscriptions describing
accomplishments / king larger than
animal & not standing with
animals=symbolizes power &
authority / moves away from
timelessness to depicting a visual
narrative / man over nature
Multiple perspective – 5 legs
Art & architecture centered around
gods and rulers
Bas-relief
Carved stone
Other relevant structures
and/or criteria
Land of change/ largest empire in the
world-extensive network of roads / Darius
I (521-486 BCE) / fell to Alexander the
Great in 331 BCE
Masonry / stone relief sculpture
Traces of color suggest reliefs were
painted / relief sculptures decorate walls
Bas-relief
Carved stone
Protect the ruler
Subjects= displays of allegiance &
economic prosperity (not heroic exploits) /
garments reveal body beneath / knife
edge pleats reflect Greek sources /
stairway = processions of royal guards,
Persian nobles, dignitaries, & emissaries
in national costume from 23 nations
bringing the king tribute representative of
that nation
Not entirely free-standing= combination
Large scale
Monuments serve as visible symbols of
power & authority / unique capitals=parts
of bulls/lions/ ceremonial - stylized
figures=stiff/more naturalism in animals
conventionalization- continuous eyebrows
“V” shaped, large staring eyes (pure
thoughts), tight spiral curls=hair & beard;
nature: wavy & zig-zag lines= rivers,
water, rows of semicircles= mountain
tops, circles with radiating lines= sun &
stars, leaves & flowers= whole trees &
plants
Ceremonial-project from backgroundstylized Greek garments=influence
Lion Gate, Anatolia
Assurbanipal & His Queen
Darius & Xerxes Receiving Tribute,
detail
AP ART HISTORY
Mrs. Lawson
Chapter 1 & 2 – Comparative
Name:
Due: (BOP)_______________________
Directions: Read pages. Collect data on the artworks listed below. Note: Check the beginning of the chapter for historical and cultural
information.
RELIEF- SCULPTURE
ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 6
(Required for A)
CRITERIA:
(Artist if Known)
Artistic Time Period / Date
/Orig. Location
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –SocialPolitical-Economic PatronArchitect (relationship)
Location –Geographical
Relationship to site =
geography, climate, etc.
Medium / Technique:
Materials /
Construction / Building
Techniques / Process`/
Terms
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism / Iconography
Patron / Audience
Formalism (visual):
Principles & Elements of
Design
Form / Shape– geometric, organic
/ open, closed / Mass / Volume /
Texture- smooth, rough / Color /
Value / Space – positive, negative
Movement / Gesture / Balance /
Type – free-standing / relief /
Orientation / Stance / Presentation
Proportion / Scale / Relationship
to viewer / space
Expressive Content:
Commonalities / Originality
ofFigural-anatomical correctness /
facial expression or Non-objective
elements
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences / Manner of expression
/ Dominant forms, motifs, symbols
- Narrative
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Other relevant structures
and/or criteria
Bison, Le Tuc d”Audoubert,
pgs 40-47
Stela of Naramsin, pgs 73-74
Akkadian (Sumerian Rule)
AP ART HISTORY
Chapter 1 & 2 – Comparative
Mrs. Lawson
Due: (BOP)_______________________
Name:
Directions: Read pages. Collect data on the artworks listed below. Note: Check the beginning of the chapter for historical and cultural
information.
SCULPTURE-IN-THEROUND ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 7
(Required)
CRITERIA:
(Artist if Known)
Artistic Time Period / Date
/Orig. Location
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –SocialPolitical-Economic PatronArchitect (relationship)
Location –Geographical
Woman from Willendorf,
pgs 38-40
Upper Paleolithic, c. 22,00021,000 BCE /
Austria
Horse & Sun Chariot, pgs 58-59
Bronze Age, c. 1800-1600 /
Denmark
Neolithic / c. 2900-2600 BCE /
Sumer (Square Temple, Iraq)
Nomadic - hunters, gathers / Europe
covered in glaciers/ artist-shaman /
non-centralized society -leader
=shaman
Northern Europe = farming
communities / metal working appeared
later than southern / metal objects often
found in graves & settlements / major
mining & smelting center in Britain &
Scandinavia
Religious beliefs & rituals=act of worship
to the gods-depict individuals / inscription
tells who offers prayer-what was done in
god's honor / eternal wakefulness
necessary to fulfill duty
Relationship to site =
geography, climate, etc.
Votive Statues, pg 62-70
Cities / then city-states / collective group
known as Sumer / first with wagon wheel
& plow, casting objects, writing system =
cuneiform
Gypsum / alabaster / inlayed black
limestone & shell / Sculpture-in-the-round
/ carved / inlaid with dark shell, stone or
bitumen /
Medium / Technique:
Materials /
Construction / Building
Techniques / Process`/
Terms
Limestone / originally colored with
red ocher / found materials /
Sculpture-in-the-round / carved
(subtractive) / incising
Bronze / alloy = tin & copper
/Metalworking / casting / faults in
casting (repaired), horse surface
finished, head & neck incised, sun disk
cast in two pieces, engraved with thin
sheet of gold applied & pressed into
patterns on disk
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism / Iconography
Patron / Audience
Personal object/ unknown - educated
guess= ritual / fertility/ Spiritual
magic
Ritual practices = suns passage across
the sky/ Unknown – educated guess=
religious ritual
Invention of symbols to represent
cultural values & beliefs / earliest
known human figure=female /
rounded shapes convey stability,
dignity, permanence
Sun pulled through sky by animal or
bird = sun cult
Small scale - hand held / stylization /
simplified - abstracted to basic
rounded forms / exaggerated female
attributes- breasts, belly, wide hips,
thighs/ face, arms, legs neutral /
mobiliary art
Small scale 23” / geometric & rectilinear
patterns on horse / continuous &
curvilinear on sun disk
Votive figures / Religious ritual / available
to all
Various theories / relative dating /
may be fertility related
Great attention to detail = importance of
object
Wheeled horse pulling a cart with disk
(sun)
Men & women = represent mortals / wide
open eyes=religious importance of an
attentive gaze / distinguished physical
types-men=beards, shoulder-length hair,
women=bare shoulder & long robes
Formalism (visual):
Principles & Elements of
Design
Form / Shape– geometric, organic
/ open, closed / Mass / Volume /
Texture- smooth, rough / Color /
Value / Space – positive, negative
Movement / Gesture / Balance /
Type – free-standing / relief /
Orientation / Stance / Presentation
Proportion / Scale / Relationship
to viewer / space
Expressive Content:
Commonalities / Originality
ofFigural-anatomical correctness /
facial expression or Non-objective
elements
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences / Manner of expression
/ Dominant forms, motifs, symbols
- Narrative
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Other relevant structures
and/or criteria
Small scale / inability to interpret art
from this period (educated guess) /
subject= animals & women /
abstraction of form
Small scale / inability to interpret art
from this period (educated guess) /
abstraction of form
Stand-in for human / stance=solemn /
gesture=prayer
Various sizes-may correspond to
importance in community / figures
reduced to simple geometric shapes
(cones & cylinders) / not true
portrait=stylized
Arched brows & large eyes-inlayed with
shell or stone / square shoulders / large
fee
AP ART HISTORY
Mrs. Lawson
Chapter 1 & 2 – Comparative
Name:
Due: (BOP)_______________________
Directions: Read pages. Collect data on the artworks listed below. Note: Check the beginning of the chapter for historical and cultural
information.
SCULPTURE-IN-THEROUND ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 8
(Required for an A)
CRITERIA:
(Artist if Known)
Artistic Time Period / Date
/Orig. Location
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –SocialPolitical-Economic PatronArchitect (relationship)
Location –Geographical
Woman from Brassempouy,
pgs 38-40
Face of a woman from Uruk,
pgs 65-68
Votive statue of Gudea,
pgs 74-76
Ancient / c.2120, Lagash (Iraq)
Relationship to site =
geography, climate, etc.
Medium / Technique:
Materials /
Construction / Building
Techniques / Process`/
Terms
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism / Iconography
Patron / Audience
Formalism (visual):
Principles & Elements of
Design
Form / Shape– geometric, organic /
open, closed / Mass / Volume /
Texture- smooth, rough / Color /
Value / Space – positive, negative
Movement / Gesture / Balance /
Type – free-standing / relief /
Orientation / Stance / Presentation
Proportion / Scale / Relationship to
viewer / space
Expressive Content:
Commonalities / Originality
ofFigural-anatomical correctness /
facial expression or Non-objective
elements
-Stylistic Characteristics / Influences
/ Manner of expression / Dominant
forms, motifs, symbols
- Narrative
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Other relevant structures
and/or criteria
Seated Gudea
AP ART HISTORY
Chapter 1 & 2 – Comparative
Mrs. Lawson
Due: (BOP)_______________________
Name:
Directions: Read pages. Collect data on the artworks listed below. Note: Check the beginning of the chapter for historical & cultural information.
PAINTING ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 9
(Required)
CRITERIA:
Artist (If known)
Hall of Bulls, pgs 41-46
Bowmen & Deer, not in book
Ishtar Gate, pgs 81-83
NEO-BABYLONIAN-c.6th cent.
BCE
Babylon (Iraq) / now in Museum
Pre-history / Paleolithic / c. 15,000 13,000 BCE
Lascaux caves / France
Neolithic / c. 4000-2000 BCE
Orig. Location
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –SocialPolitical-Economic PatronArchitect (relationship)
Location –Geographical
Some evidence of human habitation near
cave entrance / sacred space- paintings
deep in cave
Nomadic - hunters, gathers
Europe covered in glaciers
Artist-shaman / non-centralized society leader = shaman / no written language
Slow change- warming climate /
domesticating animals / cultivating
land / communities grow- communal to
complex = increased size / trading
Neo=> Sumer briefly re-united by
Hammurabi & kings of Ur / establish
capital=Babylon / strong humane ruler /
recorded earliest written code of law
most famous ruler = Nebuchadnezzar II
= patron of architecture- built temples
dedicated to the Babylonian godstransformed Babylon into a cultural,
political, & economic center
Pigment on limestone / brushed, blown,
stamped (incised) / black, brown, red &
yellow color – natural materials / skill
varied with location = high quality
Pigment on limestone / brushed,
blown, stamped (incised) / black,
brown, red & yellow color– natural
materials / skill varied with location = high
quality
Glazed brick / topped with crenellation /
each brick had to be molded & glazed
separately-then set in proper sequence
on the wall
Artistic Time Period / Date /
Spain
Relationship to site =
geography, climate, etc.
Medium / Technique:
Materials /
Construction / Techniques /
Terms
Narrative
No narrative
Symbolic- not narrative
Narrative groupings
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism / Iconography
Patron / Audience
Various theories - most likely religious,
narrative, reproductive, good hunt,
control over environment / Mother Earth
theory
Belief in supernatural-magical power of
objects
Characteristic features emphasized
/poses exaggerated-distorted /
naturalistic
=> Same
Change in subject- man more central
Formalism (visual):
Contour lines / positive & negative
images / superposintioning -all over
images- made at different times
Large scale, subject=hunted animals
Occasional images of male humanshaman
Selective observation / multiple
perspective / no settings / static pose
Subject=frequent human figures /
animals shown in scenes with peoplenot always as victims of hunts
Solid red or black images –
abstraction, action & movement,
silhouette images, smaller scale
Stylized figures=stiff / more naturalism in
animals -linear surface detail / stylized
forms
Blue glazed brick faced the most
important monuments / arched opening
flanked by towers / bricks = molded
reliefs of animals, real & imaginary/
imagery on glazed brick new / glazes
were opaque & hard
Naturalistic – some stylization- Bison,
mammoths, reindeer, boars, wolves,
horses / animal dominate
Use of outcroppings to give 3-D quality
New themes – energetic poses
(movement), battle, etc.
Narrative scenes
Art & architecture centered around gods
and rulers
Pictorial Space-Composition /
Organization-Principles &
Elements of Design
Color / Value / Space – positive,
negative / / figure-ground / depth /
color / movement / line – shape /
balance / unity / view point /
proportion- size/scale
Movement / Gesture / Balance
Expressive Content:
Commonalities / Originality
ofFigural -anatomical correctness /
facial expression
Non-objective – elements
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences
-Manner of expression
-Dominant forms, motifs, symbols
-Narrative
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Monuments serve as visible symbols of
power & authority / ceremonial
Lion = goddess of Ishtar / Gate=symbol
of power
Identified with magical & religious powercontrolling natural forces through ritual
Later -abstract qualities appealed to
Modern artists
Palace Architecture / Nebuchadnezzar II
(ruled 604-562 BCE) / one of main
entrances to the city of Babylon
Other relevant structures
and/or criteria
Bird-Headed Man w/ Bison &
Rhinoceros