Concept check 31.1
Name:__________________
1. Describe how Pasteur and Lister contributed to the development of the germ theory of disease.
2. Give two examples of pathogen caused diseases and explain how they can be transmitted.
Concept check 31.2
1. List two barriers to pathogen invasion and explain how each stops invaders.
2. Describe the body’s inflammatory response at a small site, such as a mosquito bite.
3. What is the body’s third line of defense?
4. Explain the role of interferon in the second line of defense.
Concept check 31.3
1. Describe how the shape of an antibody enables it to recognize a specific antigen.
2. Explain the role of B cells and T cells in the immune response.
3. Explain why a second exposure to chicken pox does not usually result in illness.
4. Explain how T cells might protect against cancer.
Concept check 31.4
1. Explain how vaccines can protect against deadly pathogens.
2. Distinguish between active and passive immunity
3. What is the function of a booster shot?
Concept check 31.5
1. Explain what causes the allergic reaction called anaphylactic shock.
2. Describe two autoimmune diseases and their effects.
3. Explain how infection HIV weakens the immune system and causes AIDS.
4. Explain why an immune response is triggered by organ transplants.
5. List three ways you can help your body fight infections.
ANSWERS
Concept check 31.1
Name:__________________
1. Describe how Pasteur and Lister contributed to the development of the germ theory of disease
Determined that microorganisms could contaminate fermenting substances. Lister determined that
washing away or killing microorganisms could help prevent infection.
2. Give two examples of pathogen caused diseases and explain how they can be transmitted.
Athletes foot- physical contact; Trichinosis- uncooked pork; common cold- physical or respiratory;
African sleeping sickness- bite of tsetse fly; Lyme disease- bite of infected tick
Concept check 31.2
1. List two barriers to pathogen invasion and explain how each stops invaders.
Skin- doesn’t let pathogens to penetrate; saliva and tears- lysozymes; mucous membranes- trap invaders
2. Describe the body’s inflammatory response at a small site, such as a mosquito bite.
Histamines cause vessels to expand. Leaky vessels allow extra plasma into the area. Chemicals attract
phagocytes and other white cells. Together these cause redness, pain, heat, and swelling.
3. What is the body’s third line of defense?
Immune system recognizes and defends against specific pathogens, cancer cells, and chemicals.
4. Explain the role of interferon in the second line of defense.
A cell infected by a virus releases interferon, which simulates other cells to reproduce antiviral protein.
Concept check 31.3
1. Describe how the shape of an antibody enables it to recognize a specific antigen.
Shape of the antibody is complementary to shape of matching antigen.
2. Explain the role of B cells and T cells in the immune response.
B cells defend against bacteria and viruses by secreting antibiotics (humoral). T cells directly attack
infected cells (cell-mediated immunity)
3. Explain why a second exposure to chicken pox does not usually result in illness.
Memory B and T cells rapidly produce large number of plasma cells and cytotoxic T cells specific for
pathogens. Happens so quick that you don’t feel sick.
4. Explain how T cells might protect against cancer.
T cells recognize cancer cells as non-self and attack and destroy them.
Concept check 31.4
1. Explain how vaccines can protect against deadly pathogens.
They are made from antigens or deactivated pathogens that stimulate the immune response. Following
exposures result in the secondary immune response.
2. Distinguish between active and passive immunity
Active immunity – body produces antibodies as a result of catching a disease or receiving a vaccine,
Passive- you receive antibodies that your body will not make on its own.
3. What is the function of a booster shot?
Boosts antibody production and extends the memory for that antigen.
Concept check 31.5
1. Explain what causes the allergic reaction called anaphylactic shock.
Result from dramatic drop in blood pressure and difficulty breathing.
2. Describe two autoimmune diseases and their effects.
Rheumatoid arthritis- immune system attacks the joints and cartilage; lupus- immune system attacks
body tissues; multiple sclerosis- immune system breaks down myelin of the nervous system
3. Explain how infection HIV weakens the immune system and causes AIDS.
HIV attacks and kills T cells.
4. Explain why an immune response is triggered by organ transplants.
Immune system recognizes the transplant as non-self and attacks it.
5. List three ways you can help your body fight infections.
Washing hands, eating balanced diet, getting enough sleep.