topic Credit testing:
ACID-BASE BALANCE, THE KIDNEY
questions
1
ABB and ammonia
(interrelation, presence in blood and urine, formula)
1
ABB and phosphates
(interrelation, presence in blood and urine, formula)
1
ABB and hemoglobin
(interrelation, presence in blood and urine, structure)
1
ABB and ketone bodies
(interrelation, presence in blood and urine, formula)
1
ABB and lactate
(interrelation, presence in blood and urine, formula)
1
ABB and carbon dioxide
(interrelation, presence in blood and urine, formula)
1
ABB and proteins
(interrelation, presence in blood and urine, properties)
1
Henderson-Hasselbalch´s equation for bicarbonate buffer
(write the equation, explain it)
1
Ions of extracellular fluid, anion gap
(ions: overview, concentrations; explain AG)
1
Metabolic disorders of ABB, causes and consequences
(overview, values of ASTRUP)
1
Relationship between pH of ECF and metabolism, buffers
(definition: pH, buffers; impact of metabolism)
1
Production of metabolic acids and their fate
(examples, relation to ABB)
1
Buffer systems of blood
(overview, explain their functions)
1
Buffer systems of urine
(overview, explain their functions)
1
Respiratory disorders of ABB, causes and consequences
(overview, values of ASTRUP)
1
The role of the kidney in maintenance of ABB
(excretion and resorption of H+ and HCO3-)
1
The role of the lungs in maintenance of ABB
(regulation of pCO2)
1
Internal environment
(definition, regulation of homeostasis, normal values)
1
Examination of ABB - ASTRUP
(explain the terms, physiological values)
1
The role of bicarbonate in maintenance of ABB
(interrelation, presence in blood and urine, formula)
2
Creatinine clearance
(explain the term, calculation, values, clinical use)
2
Nitrogen-containing compounds in urine
(overview, relation to metabolism, excretion)
2
Endocrine function of the kidney
(erytropoietin, renin, vitamin D)
2
Chemical composition of urine
(see practical training A2)
2
Chemical examination of urine
(see practical training A2)
2
The kidney and amino acids
(tubular resorption, importance of glutamine)
2
The kidney and intermediary metabolism
(gluconeogenesis, excretion of NH3, mtb of lactate)
2
pH of urine and its maintenance
(pH range, diet impact, bicarbonate, phosphates, NH4+)
2
Proteins in urine
(filtration, resorption, proteinuria, chemical detection)
2
Regulation of excretion of ions in the kidney
(Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, phosphates - hormonal regulation)
2
Regulatory functions of the kidney
(maintaining pH, ion concentration, hydration)
2
Resorption in a proximal tubule
(describe resorption of various substances)
2
Composition of primary and final urine
(comparision, explain the differences)
2
Urine formation - distal tubule and collecting ducts
(description)
2
Absorption of bicarbonates in the kidney
(explain the mechanism and importance)
2
Kidney - excretion of inorganic ions
(Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, phosphates - describe the process)
2
Kidney - excretion of glucose
(process, glucose treshold, glykosuria)
2
Kidney - excretion of acids
(process, importance)
2
Kidney - excretion of protons
(process, importance)
2
Kidney - excretion of water
(process - explain the mechanism, importance)
3
Bilirubin - chemical nature, formation, importance, fate

3
Denaturation of proteins
(explain the term; den. as a tool of proteinuria detection)
3
Dissociation of ammonium cation
(equation, explain the direction of the reaction)
3
Dissociation of both carboxyl and amino groups
(equation, explain the direction of the reaction)
3
Glucose - formula, origin, importance, fate

3
Glutamine - formula, formation, importance, fate

3
Ketone bodies - formulas, formation, importance, fate

3
Creatinine - origin, fate, use in clinical medicine

3
Acid and basic amino acids
(overview, formulas, properties, role in proteins)
3
Uric acid - formula, formation, importance, fate

3
Lactate - formula, formation, importance, fate

3
Urea - formula, formation, importance, fate

3
Oxalate - formula, presence in urine
(urinary stones: Ca2+oxalate)
3
Reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase
(equation, explain the direction of the reaction)
3
Reducing and nonreducing saccharides
(explain the terms, examples, use in a laboratory)
3
Dissociation of H3PO4
(equation, explain the direction of the reaction)
3
Dissociation of H2CO3
(equation, explain the direction of the reaction)
3
Dissolving of CO2 in water
(equation, explain the direction of the reaction)
3
Terms: osmolality, isotonic, hypo- and hypertonic solution
(explain the terms, use urine as an example)
3
Urobilinogen - chemical nature, formation, importance, fate

The testing includes three questions – one from each topic, the text in parenthesis is not a part of the question
during the oral testing. Answers should be brief and fitting.