CHAPTER 8 through 10 REVIEW
The "hierarchical" fief-holding system in which vassals in turn had vassals owing them services was known as subinfeudation.
The VIKINGS used iron weapons, had superior shipbuilding skills, did raids onto continent (they came from Scandinavia)
, established settlements, aided growth of fief-holding., and in time - Christianity assimilated them into European civilization. In Western Europe, the chief political repercussion of frequent Viking raids was .an increase in the power of local
aristocrats to whom threatened populations turned for effective protection. Feudalism of medieval Europe was primarily a
complex system of vassalage by which the weak sought protection and sustenance from powerful local nobles.
Feudalism in England under William I differed from feudalism in most other countries in that he required sub-vassals to
swear allegiance to him.
William of Normandy's survey of his new royal possessions in England was recorded in the Doomesday Book.
By the thirteenth century, a previous acceptance of homosexuality by church and society had been replaced by Christian
persecution of homosexuals due to all of the following: the writings of Thomas Aquinas; a rising tide of intolerance in
Europe; the identification of homosexuals with other detested minority groups in society.
The "agricultural revolution" of the High Middle Ages was in part brought about by a change from the two-field to the
three-field system.
The Magyars were originally from western Asia.
Students in medieval universities often engaged in quarrels with one another and in confrontations with townspeople.
Concerning the curriculum of the medieval university students studied the trivium and quadrivium.
The Frankish palace official, Charles Martel, successfully defended the civilization of the new western European kingdoms in 732 by defeating Arab Muslim armies in 732 and driving them back to Spain.
Under William of Normandy and his son Henry I, medieval England developed a strong, centralized monarchy.
Medieval cities had skylines dominated by the towers of churches, castles, and town halls.
By the twelfth century, divorce among nobles was not possible except through official recognition that a marriage had
never been valid.
Regarding sexuality, the Catholic Church in the Early Middle Ages could not enforce clerical celibacy.
Gothic cathedrals seem to soar upward as light and airy constructions due to all of the following innovations: ribbed
vaults; flying buttresses; thin walls pierced by huge stained glass windows; pointed arches.
Characteristics of Romanesque architecture: churches in this style were built in rectangular shape; massive pillars and
walls were required for support; heavy barrel vaults with rounded stone roofs replaced flat wooden roofs; few windows
Frankish marriage customs placed strong sanctions (sometimes death) on adulterous women.
The action of the medieval church that closed churches in a region or a country and that forbade the clergy from administering the sacraments to the populace was the interdict.
A major cause of pollution in medieval cities was the smell and waste of animals and humans.
The Cluniac reform movement first sought to reform monasteries and then to the broader institutional church.
Most popular form of vernacular literature in the twelfth century was troubadour poetry.
The coronation of Charlemagne in 800 as emperor of the Romans symbolized the fusion of Roman, Germanic, and Christian cultures.
The Council of Nicaea in 325 defined Christ as being "of the same substance" as God.
Saint Francis of Assisi – City of God – City of Man
The Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas raised questions concerning theology and solved them by the dialectical
method.
The Petrine Doctrine was the belief that the bishops of Rome held a preeminent position in the church.
Saint Dominic, founder of the new Dominican order of preachers,was an intellectual who created a new order of learned
prelates to fight heresy within the church.
The Albigensian heresy was viciously attacked and brutally crushed by the church because the Cathars claimed that the
church was an evil and materialistic institution that had nothing to do with God.
First UNIVERSITY in Europe: Bologna, even though it was a law school.
First LIBERAL ARTS UNIVERSITY – Paris.
"Lay investiture" refers to the process by which . secular lords took a decisive role in choosing prelates for church offices.
The persecutions against European Jews in the High Middle Ages were openly encouraged by Christian mendicants and
preachers and frequently inspired by the Christian crusades.
After taking the city of Jerusalem in 1099, the Christian soldiers of the First Crusade massacred many of the men, women,
and children in the captured city and created several Christian crusader states with feudal institutions.
An important result of the First Crusade was rapid economic growth and wealth for Italian commercial cities with maritime ties to the crusader states.