Biology 190 – Fall 2012
Review Sheet - Second Exam
I. Principles of Inheritance
A. Historical background to Mendel - State of understanding of inheritance, strains selected by Mendel
B. Mendel’s experiments - P, F1, F2 generations, self-pollination, cross-pollination, dominant, recessive
C. Segregation - Traits separable in F2 and subsequent generations
D. Independent assortment
E. Monohybrid crosses - Homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, phenotype, Punnett square, test cross
F. Probability - Product rule, sum rule, laws of probability
II. Dominance - Expression in Phenotype at Multiple Levels
A. Incomplete dominance - Flower color
B. Codominance - Cattle hair, Blood type
C. Multiple alleles - Blood type
D. Pleiotropy - Cystic fibrosis
E. Epistasis - Mouse coat color
F. Polygenic inheritance - Skin color
G. Pedigree analysis - Widow’s peak, Attached earlobes
III. Human Genetic Disorders
A. Autosomal recessive - Phenylketonuria (PKU), sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease
B. Autosomal dominant - Huntington disease
C. X-linked recessive - Hemophilia A
IV. Linkage and Recombination
A. Linkage - Drosophila melanogaster, Dominant/Recessive notation, Two-point test cross,
B. Recombination - Crossing over, Genetic map, Map units, Double crossing over
V. Sex Chromosomes and Gender Determination - Homogametic, heterogametic
A. Humans - X for life, Y for male, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, pairing regions
B. Other species - X-Y, X-0, Z-W, haploid-diploid
C. X-linked traits - Hemizygous, hemophilia, carrier
D. Dosage compensation - Barr bodies, variegation
E. Sex-influenced traits - Pattern baldness
VI. Chromosomal Abnormalities
A. Number - Polyploidy, Nondisjunction,
B. Aneuploidy - Monosomic, trisomic, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, XYY
C. Structure - Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation
VII. Hardy-Weinberg Principle
A. Assumptions - Random mating, large population size, no: net mutations, migration, natural selection
B. Predictions - p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 reflects frequencies of AA, Aa and aa.
VIII. Microevolution - Effects of each process
A. Genetic drift - bottleneck effect, founder effect
B. Gene flow
C. Mutation - Neutral variation
D. Nonrandom mating - Inbreeding, assortative mating
E. Natural selection - Differential reproduction, selective advantage
Biology 190 – Fall 2012
Review Sheet - Second Exam
IX. Genetic Variation
A. Variation within Populations - polymorphism
B. Variation between populations - geographic variation, clinal variation
C. Preservation of variation
1. Balanced polymorphism - heterozygote advantage, frequency-dependent selection
D. Natural selection - stabilizing selection, directional selection, diversifying selection, anagenesis,
cladogenesis
X. Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms
A. Prezygotic barriers - Habitat, temporal, behavioral (sexual), mechanical and gametic isolation
B. Postzygotic barriers - Reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, and hybrid breakdown
XI. Speciation
A. Allopatric - Geographical barriers, conditions favoring allopatric speciation, adaptive radiation on
islands
B. Sympatric - Plants, autopolyploidy, allopolyploidy, animals
C. Adaptive Radiation
Review Session – Sunday, Nov 11, 3:00-5:00, ST232