Regents Biology
Test #5 Outline
Key Terms and Important Stuff to Know
Genetics and Patterns of Heredity
Be able to complete crosses for all laws of inheritance
Make sure you can answer all questions in practice packet
Gregor Mendel: “Father of Genetics”
Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance
Rule of Unit Factors
Law of Dominance: Dominant vs. recessive
Law of Segregation of Traits: traits separate during gamete formation and recombine in offspring
Law of Independent Assortment: traits for different factors are inherited independently of each other
Seen in dihybrid cross
Other Laws of Inheritance (Non-Medelian)
Incomplete Dominance: hybrid is an intermediate between parents phenotypes
Ex: red petal x white petal = pink petals
Co-Dominance: hybrid offspring shows both parental phenotypes
Ex: red hair x white hair = roan horse (both red and white hairs)
Sex Determination:
XX = female, XY = male (mothers can only contribute X, father determines sex of offspring)
Sex Linkage: certain alleles are carried on sex chromosomes
Ex: Hemophilia and Colorblindness gene is carried on X chromosome
Multiple Alleles
Ex: ABO blood groups (can be type A, B, AB, O)
Effects of Environmental Factors on Gene expression
Test Cross: cross an unknown to a pure recessive
Gene-Chromosome Theory
Genetic Mutations
Linked Genes: lie close to each other on same chromosome and tend to get inherited together
Crossing Over
Nondisjunction
Chromosomal Disorders (extra or missing chromosomes caused by nondisjunction during meiosis)
Down Syndrome (trisomy 21)
Klinefelters
Turner’s Syndrome
Other Genetic Disorders
Sickle Cell Anemia
PKU
Tay Sachs Disease
Amniocentesis Testing
Karyotyping (be able to read and interpret)
Pedigree Charts (be able to read and interpret)
Textbook: Chapters 11 and 14
UPCO Review Book: Pgs. 101-112