TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contributors ......................................................................................................... xvii
Preface .....................................................................................................................xxv
A
................................................................................................................................... 1
ACTIVE BUFFER MANAGEMENT FOR PROVISION OF VCR
FUNCTIONALITIES................................................................................................ 1
ADAPTIVE EDUCATIONAL HYPERMEDIA SYSTEMS.......................................... 2
ANALYZING PERSON INFORMATION IN NEWS VIDEO ................................... 3
APPLICATIONS OF FACE RECOGNITION And NOVEL TRENDS ..................... 9
ARCHITECTURE OF COMMERCIAL NEWS SYSTEMS ........................................ 11
AUDIO COMPRESSION AND CODING TECHNIQUES ....................................... 12
AUDIO CONFERENCING ........................................................................................... 21
AUDIO STREAMING ................................................................................................... 22
AUDIO AND VIDEO INFORMATION IN MULTIMEDIA
NEWS SYSTEMS .................................................................................................... 28
AUGMENTED REALITY.............................................................................................. 29
AUTHORING AND SPECIFICATION....................................................................... 31
B
.................................................................................................................................. 33
BEHAVIORAL FACILITATION.................................................................................. 33
BIOMETRICS FOR USER AUTHENTICATION ....................................................... 35
BLOCK MATCHING..................................................................................................... 44
BROADCAST ENCRYPTION ...................................................................................... 45
C
................................................................................................................................. 47
CASCADING STYLE SHEETS ..................................................................................... 47
CELL PHONES AND E-COMMERCE ....................................................................... 48
CFA IMAGE ZOOMING .............................................................................................. 49
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CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE........................................................................... 50
CLIENT-SERVER MULTIMEDIA STREAMING ...................................................... 51
CODING OF STEREOSCOPIC AND 3D IMAGES AND VIDEO ........................... 53
COLLABORATIVE COMPUTING – AREA OVERVIEW ........................................ 59
COLLABORATIVE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS ................................................... 70
COLOR IMAGE FILTERING AND ENHANCEMENT ........................................... 71
COLOR IMAGE NOISE ................................................................................................ 80
COLOR IMAGE ZOOMING ........................................................................................ 81
COMBINING INTRA-IMAGE AND INTER-CLASS SEMANTICS
FOR IMAGE MATCHING .................................................................................... 82
COMPRESSED PROGRESSIVE MESHES .................................................................. 84
COMPRESSED VIDEO SPATIO-TEMPORAL SEGMENTATION ........................ 85
COMPRESSION IN IMAGE SECRET SHARING ..................................................... 86
CONTENT BASED 3D SHAPE RETRIEVAL............................................................. 88
CONTENT BASED MUSIC RETRIEVAL ................................................................... 96
CONTENT-BASED PHOTO ALBUM MANAGEMENT USING FACES ........... 105
CONTENT DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ................................................................. 114
CONTENT EXTRACTION AND METADATA ...................................................... 115
CONTENT MANAGEMENT IN MULTIMEDIA NEWS SYSTEMS .................... 121
CONTENT PROTECTION SOLUTIONS FOR DIGITAL
HOME NETWORKS ............................................................................................ 122
CONTEXT AND CURRENT METADATA STANDARDS .................................... 123
CONTEXT-AWARE MODELING OF MULTIMEDIA CONTENT ...................... 125
CONTEXT-AWARE MULTIMEDIA ......................................................................... 126
CONTEXT-AWARE MUSICAL AUDIO .................................................................. 133
CONTEXT-AWARE VIDEO PRODUCTION .......................................................... 135
CREATING ADAPTIVE COURSE TEXTS WITH AHA! ....................................... 136
D
............................................................................................................................... 139
DATA CONFERENCING ........................................................................................... 139
DATA DISCOVERY, ROUTING AND TRAFFIC PATTERNS ............................. 139
DATA ENCRYPTION STANDARD (DES) AND ADVANCED ENCRYPTION
STANDARD (AES) .............................................................................................. 143
DATA MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR CONTINUOUS
MEDIA IN AD-HOC NETWORKS OF WIRELESS DEVICES....................... 144
DATA MODELING, MULTIMEDIA ........................................................................ 150
DEAD RECKONING ................................................................................................... 156
DEMOSAICKED IMAGE POSTPROCESSING ....................................................... 157
DEMOSAICKING ........................................................................................................ 158
DESKTOP VIRTUAL REALITY ................................................................................. 160
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DEVICE-DRIVEN PRESENTATION OF MULTIMEDIA CONTENT ................. 161
DIAMOND SEARCH FOR BLOCK MOTION ESTIMATION .............................. 162
DIGITAL BIOMETRICS .............................................................................................. 164
DIGITAL CAMERA IMAGE PROCESSING ............................................................ 172
DIGITAL CINEMA ...................................................................................................... 181
DIGITAL INPAINTING.............................................................................................. 182
DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT ........................................................................ 190
DIGITAL WATERMARKING .................................................................................... 196
DISCRETE COSINE TRANSFORM (DCT)............................................................... 203
DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM (DWT) ......................................................... 205
DISTANCE AND SIMILARITY MEASURES .......................................................... 207
DISTRIBUTED MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS................................................................ 208
DOCUMENT STANDARDS IN MULTIMEDIA NEWS SYSTEMS ..................... 215
E
................................................................................................................................ 217
EDGE DETECTION ..................................................................................................... 217
EDGE-SENSING MECHANISM ............................................................................... 218
ELEMENTS OF MULTIMEDIA IN EDUCATION ................................................. 219
EMBEDDING MULTIPLE WATERMARKS IN A TRANSFORM DOMAIN ..... 220
EMERGENT SEMANTICS ......................................................................................... 221
EMOTION AND MULTIMEDIA CONTENT.......................................................... 222
ENCRYPTION IN RTP ................................................................................................ 223
EXPERIENTIAL MEDIA SYSTEMS .......................................................................... 225
EXTENSIBLE STYLESHEET LANGUAGE .............................................................. 233
F
................................................................................................................................ 235
FACE RECOGNITION ................................................................................................ 235
FACE RECOGNITION EVALUATION AND PILOTS .......................................... 243
FACE RECOGNITION, 3D ......................................................................................... 245
FACIAL ANIMATION AND AFFECTIVE HUMAN-COMPUTER
INTERACTION .................................................................................................... 246
FAIRNESS IN ONLINE GAMES ............................................................................... 252
FUZZY TECHNIQUES FOR CONTEXT REPRESENTATION ............................. 253
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G
............................................................................................................................... 255
GAME ACCESSIBILITY .............................................................................................. 255
GAME EVENT SYNCHRONIZATION .................................................................... 256
GEOGRAPHIC VIDEO CONTENT .......................................................................... 257
H
............................................................................................................................... 261
H.263 VIDEO COMPRESSION .................................................................................. 261
HALFTONING BASED VISUAL SECRET SHARING (VSS) ................................ 263
HAPTIC DEVICES ....................................................................................................... 264
HAPTIC FEEDBACK IN USER INTERFACES ........................................................ 265
HAPTICS ....................................................................................................................... 266
HARMINIC BROADCASTING PROTOCOL .......................................................... 267
HIERARCHICAL VOD SYSTEM .............................................................................. 269
HIGH DEFINITION LIVE STREAMING ................................................................. 270
HUFFMAN CODING.................................................................................................. 278
HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION ................................................................... 281
I
................................................................................................................................ 287
IMAGE AND VIDEO CAPTURE .............................................................................. 287
IMAGE AND VIDEO QUALITY ASSESSMENT .................................................... 288
IMAGE COMPRESSION AND CODING ................................................................ 299
IMAGE DATA REPRESENTATIONS ....................................................................... 306
IMAGE INPAINTING ................................................................................................. 315
IMAGE RETRIEVAL ................................................................................................... 316
IMAGE SEARCH ENGINE ........................................................................................ 323
IMAGE WATERMARKING 335
IMAGE WATERMARKING USING VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY ....................... 337
IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL REALITY............................................................................. 338
IN HOME, IN CAR, IN FLIGHT ENTERTAINMENT ........................................... 339
INDEXING 3D SCENES.............................................................................................. 340
INFRARED FACE RECOGNITION .......................................................................... 349
INFRASTRUCTURE AND ENGINEERING ............................................................ 350
INPAINTING IN VIRTUAL RESTORATION OF ARTWORKS ........................... 356
INTEGRATION OF COLLABORATIVE COMPUTING WITH
MODELLING AND SIMULATION TECHNOLOGIES ................................. 358
INTEL® XSCALE® MICRO-ARCHITECTURE ...................................................... 359
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INTERACTIVE STORY TELLING ............................................................................. 361
INTERLEAVED AUDIO ............................................................................................. 362
IP TELEPHONY ........................................................................................................... 363
J
................................................................................................................................ 371
JFIF (JPEG FILE INTERCHANGE FORMAT) ......................................................... 371
JPEG ............................................................................................................................... 372
JPEG 2000 IMAGE CODING STANDARD .............................................................. 374
JPEG-LS ......................................................................................................................... 385
K
............................................................................................................................... 387
KEY MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................. 387
KNOWLEDGE-ASSISTED IMAGE AND VIDEO ANALYSIS ............................. 388
L
................................................................................................................................ 391
LARGE-SCALE VIDEO-ON-DEMAND SYSTEMS ................................................ 391
LCD DISPLAY INTERFACES .................................................................................... 399
LEGACY AND CURRENT PRACTICE – THE REALITY OF CONTEMPORARY
COLLABORATIVE COMPUTING .................................................................... 401
LONG DURATION CONTINUOUS MEDIA RETRIEVAL .................................. 403
M
.............................................................................................................................. 405
MEDICAL IMAGE SEGMENTATION ..................................................................... 405
MESH, 3D ...................................................................................................................... 406
MESSAGE DIGEST (MD5) ALGORITHM AND SECURE
HASH ALGORITHM (SHA) .............................................................................. 407
MIDDLEWARE FOR STREAMING 3D MESHES................................................... 409
MIME TYPES ................................................................................................................ 416
MOTION COMPENSATION FOR VIDEO COMPRESSION ................................ 417
MOTION ESTIMATION ............................................................................................. 426
MOTION ESTIMATION WITH HALF-PIXEL ACCURACY ................................ 434
MOTION PICTURE INPAINTING ON AGED FILMS .......................................... 435
MPEG-1 VIDEO COMPRESSION ............................................................................. 437
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MPEG-2 VIDEO COMPRESSION ............................................................................. 440
MPEG-4 ADVANCED VIDEO COMPRESSION (MPEG-4 AVC)/H.264 ........... 444
MPEG-4 VIDEO COMPRESSION ............................................................................. 448
MULTICAST TRUE VoD SERVICE .......................................................................... 450
MULTICHANNEL DATA ORDERING SCHEMES ............................................... 451
MULTIMEDIA ARCHIVES AND MEDIATORS .................................................... 452
MULTIMEDIA AUTHENTICATION ....................................................................... 460
MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING ................................................................................... 468
MULTIMEDIA CONFERENCING ............................................................................ 477
MULTIMEDIA CONTENT ADAPTION .................................................................. 478
MULTIMEDIA CONTENT ADAPTATION IN MPEG-21..................................... 484
MULTIMEDIA CONTENT MODELING AND PERSONALIZATION ............... 485
MULTIMEDIA CONTENT MODELING IN COSMOS-7 ...................................... 492
MULTIMEDIA CONTENT REPURPOSING ........................................................... 494
MULTIMEDIA DESIGN ............................................................................................. 500
MULTIMEDIA ENCRYPTION .................................................................................. 502
MULTIMEDIA ENTERTAINMENT APPLICATIONS .......................................... 510
MULTIMEDIA FILE SHARING ................................................................................ 518
MULTIMEDIA FINGERPRINTING .......................................................................... 524
MULTIMEDIA IN EDUCATION .............................................................................. 533
MULTIMEDIA LIBRARIES ........................................................................................ 541
MULTIMEDIA NEWS SYSTEMS .............................................................................. 547
MULTIMEDIA NEWS SYSTEMS INFRASTRUCTURE ......................................... 557
MULTIMEDIA PRODUCTION ................................................................................. 558
MULTIMEDIA PROJECT PLANNING .................................................................... 559
MULTIMEDIA PROXY CACHING .......................................................................... 561
MULTIMEDIA SEMANTICS ..................................................................................... 562
MULTIMEDIA SEMIOTICS ....................................................................................... 567
MULTIMEDIA SENSOR NETWORKS ..................................................................... 572
MULTIMEDIA SERVERS ........................................................................................... 580
MULTIMEDIA STORAGE ORGANIZATIONS ...................................................... 588
MULTIMEDIA STREAMING ON THE INTERNET .............................................. 595
MULTIMEDIA SYNCHRONIZATION – AREA OVERVIEW .............................. 604
MULTIMEDIA SYNCHRONIZATION – INFRASTRUCTURE AND
ENGINEERING .................................................................................................... 613
MULTIMEDIA SYSTEM-ON-A-CHIP...................................................................... 619
MULTIMEDIA WEB INFORMATION SYSTEMS .................................................. 627
MULTIMODAL INTERFACES .................................................................................. 635
MULTI-RESOLUTION IMAGE INPAINTING ....................................................... 637
MULTI-VIEW VIDEO CODING ................................................................................ 638
MULTIPLE SOURCE ALIGNMENT FOR VIDEO ANALYSIS............................. 640
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............................................................................................................................... 649
NETWORKING PROTOCOLS FOR AUDIO STREAMING.................................. 649
O
............................................................................................................................... 651
OBJECT BASED STEREOSCOPIC VIDEO CODING ............................................. 651
OCCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................. 652
ONLINE GAMING ...................................................................................................... 653
ONLINE MULTIMEDIA AND TELEVISION ......................................................... 661
ONLINE MULTIMEDIA E-COMMERCE ................................................................ 662
OPEN SYSTEMS FOR ONLINE FACE RECOGNITION ....................................... 671
OPTIMIZATION OF VIDEO CONTENT DESCRIPTIONS
FOR RETRIEVAL ................................................................................................. 673
OVERLAPPED BLOCK MOTION COMPENSATION .......................................... 681
P
................................................................................................................................ 685
PEER-TO-PEER MULTICAST VIDEO ...................................................................... 685
PEER-TO-PEER STREAMING ................................................................................... 686
PEER-TO-PEER SYSTEMS .......................................................................................... 696
PEER-TO-PEER SYSTEMS AND DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT .............. 697
PERSONALIZED EDUCATIONAL HYPERMEDIA .............................................. 698
PHOTO DEFECT DETECTION ................................................................................. 704
PLACEMENT OF CONTINUOUS MEDIA IN AD-HOC NETWORKS
OF DEVICES ......................................................................................................... 705
PORTABLE NETWORK GRAPHICS (PNG) ........................................................... 707
PORTALS ...................................................................................................................... 709
POWER-RATE DISTORTION ANALYSIS FOR WIRELESS VIDEO ................... 711
PRIVATE-KEY CRYPTOSYSTEM ............................................................................. 712
PROGRESSIVE FOREST SPLIT ................................................................................. 714
PROTECTION OF MULTIMEDIA DATA IN DISTRIBUTION
AND STORAGE ................................................................................................... 715
PUBLIC KEY vs. SECRET KEY ENCRYPTION....................................................... 723
Q
............................................................................................................................... 727
QOS ASSESSMENT OF VIDEO OVER IP ................................................................ 727
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Table of Contents
QUALITY OF SERVICE IN MULTIMEDIA NETWORKS ..................................... 728
QUANTIZATION ........................................................................................................ 736
R
............................................................................................................................... 739
REAL TIME MULTIMEDIA ....................................................................................... 739
REAL TIME TRANSPORT PROTOCOL .................................................................. 746
REAL-WORLD MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS ............................................................... 748
RECORDING TELECONFERENCING SESSIONS ................................................. 755
ROLE OF SEMANTICS IN MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS............................... 755
THE RSA PUBLIC-KEY ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM ......................................... 757
S
................................................................................................................................ 759
SCALABLE VIDEO CODING .................................................................................... 759
SCALAR EDGE DETECTORS .................................................................................... 765
SCHEDULING IN MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS ......................................................... 767
SECURITY ISSUES IN WIRELESS VIDEO ............................................................... 775
SEGMENTATION AND CODING ........................................................................... 777
SEGMENTATION EVALUATION ........................................................................... 779
SEGMENTATION OF IMAGES AND VIDEO ........................................................ 780
SEMANTIC AGENTS ON THE INTERNET............................................................ 788
SEMANTIC CLASS-BASED IMAGE INDEXING ................................................... 789
SEMANTIC CONSUMER IMAGE INDEXING....................................................... 791
SEMANTIC IMAGE REPRESENTATION AND INDEXING ............................... 792
SEMANTIC MEDICAL IMAGE INDEXING ........................................................... 799
SEMANTIC VISUAL QUERY AND RETRIEVAL .................................................. 801
SEMANTIC WEB ......................................................................................................... 803
SEMANTIC WEB SERVICES ..................................................................................... 810
SEMANTICS STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................. 812
SEMANTICS WEB TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES ............................................. 813
SEMIOTICS ................................................................................................................... 814
SHARABLE CONTENT OBJECT REFERENCE MODEL (SCORM) .................... 816
SIMD (SINGLE INSTRUCTION MULTIPLE DATA) PROCESSING .................. 818
SPECTRAL MODEL .................................................................................................... 819
STEREOSCOPIC AND MULTI-VIEW VIDEO CODING
STANDARDS........................................................................................................ 821
STREAMING MULTIMEDIA AND ITS APPLICATIONS
IN EDUCATION .................................................................................................. 822
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................................................................................................................................ 825
TELECONFERENCING .............................................................................................. 825
TELE-HAPTICS ............................................................................................................ 834
TELE-OPERATION ..................................................................................................... 842
TELEPRESENCE .......................................................................................................... 843
THRESHOLD SCHEMES WITH MINIMUM PIXEL EXPANSION ..................... 849
TRENDS IN MULTIMEDIA E-COMMERCE .......................................................... 850
U
............................................................................................................................... 853
UNIVERSAL MULTIMEDIA ACCESS ..................................................................... 853
USER MODELING IN MPEG-7 ................................................................................. 855
V
............................................................................................................................... 857
VALENCE-DRIVEN CONQUEST ............................................................................ 857
VC-1 VIDEO COMPRESSION ................................................................................... 858
VECTOR EDGE DETECTORS ................................................................................... 860
VIDEO AUTOMATIC ANNOTATION .................................................................... 861
VIDEO-BASED FACE RECOGNITION.................................................................... 871
VIDEO CODING TECHNIQUES AND STANDARDS .......................................... 872
VIDEO CONFERENCING .......................................................................................... 881
VIDEO CONTENT ANALYSIS USING MACHINE LEARNING TOOLS.......... 883
VIDEO DATABASES................................................................................................... 892
VIDEO DELIVERY OVER WIRELESS MULTI-HOP NETWORKS ...................... 900
VIDEO INPAINTING.................................................................................................. 902
VIDEO OVER IP ........................................................................................................... 904
VIDEO SEARCH .......................................................................................................... 912
VIDEO SUMMARIZATION ....................................................................................... 917
VIDEO TRANSCODING ............................................................................................ 925
VIDEO USAGE MINING ............................................................................................ 928
VIDEO WATERMARKING ........................................................................................ 935
VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY .............................................................. 938
VIRTUAL PRESENCE ................................................................................................. 946
VIRTUAL REALITY .................................................................................................... 947
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VISION-BASED INTERACTION .............................................................................. 948
VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 950
W
.............................................................................................................................. 953
WATERMARKING, AUDIO ...................................................................................... 953
WATERMARKING, VIDEO ....................................................................................... 955
WIRELESS VIDEO ....................................................................................................... 958
WIRELESS VIDEO ADAPTATION........................................................................... 967
WMV-9 VIDEO COMPRESSION .............................................................................. 969
WORKFLOW COMPUTING...................................................................................... 972
Index
......................................................................................................................... 975