Chapter Four
From Word to Text
I. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.
1. Which of the following term does NOT mean the same as the relation of substitutability?
A: Associative relation
B: Paradigmatic relation
C: Vertical relation
D: Horizontal relation
2. Clauses can be used as subordinate constitutes and the three basic types of subordinate clauses
are complement clauses, adjunct clauses and ______.
A: relative clauses
B: adverbial clauses
C: coordinate clauses
D: subordinate clauses
3. Names of the syntactic functions are expressed in all the following terms EXCEPT ______.
A: subjects and objects
B: objects and predicators
C: modifiers and complements
D: subordinate clauses
4. In English, case is a special form of the noun which frequently corresponds to a combination of
preposition and noun and it is realize in all the following channels EXCEPT ______.
A: inflection
B: following a preposition
C: word order
D: vertical relation
5. In English, theme and rheme are often expressed by ______ and ______.
A: subject; object
B: subject; predicate
C: predicate; object
D: object; predicate
6. Phrase structure rules have ______ properties.
A: recursive
B: grammatical
C: social
D: functional
7. Which of the following is NOT among the three basic ways to classify languages in the world?
A: Word order
B: Genetic classification
C: Areal classification
D: Social classification
8. The head of the phrase the city Rome is ______.
A: the city
B: Rome
C: city
D: the city Rome
9. The phrase on the shelf belong to ______ construction.
A: endocentric
B: exocentric
C: subordinate
D: coordinate
10. The sentence They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves is a ______
sentence.
A: simple
B: coordinate
C: compound
D: complex
II. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.
1. The relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic
relation.
2. One property coordination reveals is that there is a limit on the number of coordinated
categories that can appear prior to the conjunction.
3. According to Standard Theory of Chomsky, deep structures contain all the information
necessary for the semantic interpretation of sentences.
4. In English, the object is recognized by tracing its relation to word order and by inflections of
pronouns.
5. Classes and functions determines each other, but not in any one-to-one relation.
6. Usually noun phrases, verb phrases and adverbial phrased belong to endocentric types of
construction.
7. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.
8. In the exocentric construction John kicked the ball, neither constituent stands for the verb-object
sequence.
9. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.
10. In a coordinate sentence, two (or more) S constituents occur as daughters and co-heads of a
higher S.
III. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter of the
word is already given.
1. The subordinate constituents are words which modify the Head and consequently, they can be
called m______.
2. John believes (that the airplane was invented by an Irishman). The part in the brackets is a
c______ clause.
3. In order to account for the case of the subject in passive voice, we have another two terms,
p______ and n______.
4. There is a tendency to make a distinction between phrase and w______, which is an extension
of word of a particular class by way of modification with its main features of the class
unchanged.
5. Recursiveness, together with o______, is generally regarded as the core of creativity of
language.
6. Traditionally, p______ is seen as part of a structural hierarchy, positioned between clause and
word.
7. The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the s______ relationship
between words in a sentence.
8. Clause can be classifies into FINITE and NON-FINITE clauses, the latter including the
traditional infinitive phrase, p______, and gerundial phrase.
9. Gender displays such contrasts as masculine: feminine: n______.
10. English gender contrast can only be observed in g______ and a small number of l______ and
they are mainly of the natural gender type.
IV. Explain the following concepts or theories.
1. Syntax
2. IC analysis
3. Relation of co-occurrence
4. Category
5. Recursiveness
V. Match each term in Colum A with relevant item in Column B.
A
B
(1) syntactic relation
a. number, gender and case
(2) grammatical construction
b. conjoining and embedding
(3) syntactic function
c. syntagmatic relation
(4) category
d. substitutability
(5) recursiveness
e. coordination and subordination
(6) positional relation
f. hypotactic and paratactic relations
(7) associative relation
g. conjunction, ellipsis, reference
(8) sentential connection
h. subject, predicate and object
(9) cohesion
i. finite and non-finite
(10) clause
j. paradigmatic relation
VI. Answer the following questions briefly.
1. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?
2. What are the basic functional terms in syntax?
VII. Essay questions.
1. Explain and comment on the following sentence a and b.
a. John is easy to please.
b. John is eager to please.
2. Comment on the statement, “Linguistic structure is hierarchical”.