Bacterial Cell Evolution
1. Bacteria are microscopic _____Organisms________.
2. Fossils evidence shows bacteria are about ___2.5_______ years old, while eukaryotes are about
___1.5_______ years old.
3. Discuss where bacteria can be found.
Everywhere
4. Ribosomal differences have put bacteria into what two kingdoms? Which is the older group?
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, Archaebacteria
5. What is absent in the cell wall of Archaebacteria? Describe this substance.
Peptidoglycan, sticky
6. Describe the environments in which you would find Archaebacteria.
Harsh
7. Compare & contrast these tree groups of Archaebacteria --- methanogens, extreme halophiles, and thermoacidophiles.
Meth: Live in anaerobic environments (no oxygen)
Get energy by changing H2 & CO2 into methane gas
Found in swamps, sewage treatment plants, digestive tracts of animals
Halo: Live in very salty water
Use salt to generate ATP (energy)
Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake inhabitants
Thermo: Live in extremely hot environments
Found in volcanic vents, hot springs, cracks on ocean floor that leak acid
8. Most bacteria are found in what kingdom?
Eubacteria
9. Name & describe the three shapes of Eubacteria.
Coccus, Baccillus, Spirilla
10. Are Eubacteria aerobic or anaerobic? Explain.
Both

11. Eubacteria may be heterotrophic or photosynthetic. Explain what this means & give an example of each type.
E. coli and Cyano
12. What type of staining is used to group Eubacteria?
Gram
13. Describe the appearance of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria under a microscope.
+ purple
- pink
14. Explain why Eubacteria do not all stain the same color during Gram staining.
Different cellular wall composition
15. Describe, in detail, cyanobacteria.
May be red, yellow, brown, black, or blue-green
May grow in chains (Oscillatoria)
Have Heterocysts to help fix N2
First to re-enter devastated areas
Some cause Eutrophication (use up O2 when die & decompose in water)
16. Cyanobacteria, also known as ______Blue Green________ bacteria lack a membrane bound
____pigment______ & ___chlorophyll__________.
17. How are heterocysts helpful to cyanobacteria?
Fix N2
18. What is eutrophication?
decompose in water
19. Explain the role of cyanobacteria in eutrophication. cause Eutrophication
20. What bacterium causes syphilis? Describe this bacteria.
Treponema pallidum spirillium
21. Streptococci bacteria causing strep throat are in what group?
Coccus, G +

22. Why are actinomycete bacteria important?
Helps make anti biotics
23. Compare & contrast these three groups of Proteobacteria --- enteric bacteria, chemoautotrophs, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Enteric - Gram negative
Can live in aerobic & anaerobic habitats
Includes E. coli in intestines
Salmonella – causes food poisoning
Chemo- Gram negative
Obtain energy from minerals like iron
Found in freshwater ponds
N2- Extra thick layer of lipids
Stain pink or reddish
Hard to treat with antibiotics
Some photosynthetic but make sulfur not oxygen
Some fix nitrogen for plants
24.Name a genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria found on the roots of soybeans in our area.
Rhizobacteria
Characteristics of Bacteria
25. Name the three main parts of all bacteria.
Fagella, mesosomes, plasmids
26. Describe the cell wall of bacteria. How does this differ from a plant cell wall?
Made of peptidoglycan
27. Compare & contrast the cell membrane of Eubacteria with that of other eukaryotes.
High concentration of peptidoglycan
28.Are Gram positive or negative bacteria more protected against antibiotics & why?

Less, single lipid layer
31. Compare & contrast the cytoplasm of bacteria with that of eukaryotes. bacteria produce cytoplasmic inclusion bodies that carry out specialized cellular functions.
32. Describe the DNA (hereditary material) found in bacteria. Make a sketch of what you think this would look like.
Circular
33. Where is the capsule of a bacteria, what is it made of, and give two ways it helps a bacterium?
May have a sticky coating called the Capsule for attachment to host or other bacteria, protection
34. Where is the glycoclayx of a bacteria, what is it made of, and how does it help a bacterium?
IN the cytoplasm, proteins, transport
35. How do pili help the bacteria that have them?
In reproduction. Adhere bacteria to surfaces
Used in conjugation for Exchange of genetic information
Aid Flotation by increasing buoyancy
36. How do Gram positive bacteria protect themselves against harsh environments?
Thick pepti wall
38. Compare & contrast saprophytic and photoautotrophic bacterial nutrition.
Saprobes – feed on dead organic matter
Parasites – feed on a host cell
Photoautotroph – use sunlight to make food
Chemoautotroph – oxidize inorganic matter such as iron or sulfur to make food
39. Distinguish among these three bacteria & give an example of each --- obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, & obligate aerobes.

Obligate Aerobes – require O2 (tuberculosis bacteria)
Obligate Anaerobes – die if O2 is present (tetanus)
Facultative Anaerobes – don’t need O2, but aren’t killed by it (E. coli)
40. Compare & contrast these three methods of bacterial reproduction --- transformation, conjugation, and transduction.
Transformed bacteria pick up pieces of DNA from dead bacterial cells
Transduction – viruses carry foreign DNA to bacteria; used to make insulin
Bacteria reproduce sexually by Conjugation
Form a tube between 2 bacteria to exchange genetic material
Held together by pili
New cells NOT identical
Bacteria and Humans
41. What does a pathologist do for a living?
Study what makes us sick
42. Compare & contrast the two types of toxins bacteria produce.
Endotoxins released after bacteria die (E. coli)
Exotoxins released by Gram + bacteria (C. tetani)
43. Besides injuring the body by releasing toxins, how else do bacteria hurt the body?
Attack our cells
44. Describe four antibiotics against bacteria.
Telithromycin Ketek Pneumonia Visual Disturbance, LIVER TOXICITY. This medication's approval in the U.S. was controversial, and one doctor went to jail in followup attempts to ascertain its safety because she falsified the results of her part of the testing precisely because it seemed to cause liver problems, including liver failure, to a greater extent than would be expected of a common-use antibiotic.[7]
Spectinomycin Antimetabolite, Anticancer
Monobactams
Aztreonam
Penicillins
Amoxicillin Novamox syphilis, and Lyme disease
Wide range of infections; penicillin used for streptococcal infections,

* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Allergy with serious anaphylactic reactions
* Brain and kidney damage (rare)
Ampicillin
Azlocillin
Carbenicillin
Cloxacillin
Dicloxacillin
Flucloxacillin
Mezlocillin
Meticillin
Nafcillin
Oxacillin
Penicillin
Piperacillin
Ticarcillin
Polypeptides
Bacitracin Eye, ear or bladder infections; usually applied directly to the eye or inhaled into the lungs; rarely given by injection Kidney and nerve damage (when given by injection)
Colistin
45. Explain how antibiotic resistance occurs.
Evolution by NS
46. Name two bacterial diseases carried by ticks.
Lymes, Ricketsia
47. name two bacterial diseases caused by eating contaminated food.
Salmonella, e-coli
48. Name a sexually transmitted bacterial disease.
Syphalis
49. Name a bacterium that can cause disease whenever it gets into deep wounds. staphylocoocus
50. Name a bacterium that is transmitted by coughing & infects the lungs.
Bordetella pertussis
51. Describe, in detail, how bacteria can be useful to humans.
Oil spill clean up, foods, digestion, ect