Ani Sefaj – 08
Table Super Awesome
Mr. Winston
A1
Topic: Prehistoric Art –
Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)
~30,000 - ~10,000 BC
1.
2.
3.
Cave Art
Lascaux – (15,000 years ago) polychromes
Altamira – cave paintings
Chauvet – oldest (30,000) horses, etc.
* Venus of Willendorf – fertility goddess, 25,000 years old
- Bison – carved reindeer horn
- Horse – carved (28,000)
Topic: Prehistoric Art –
Mesolithic Era
~10,000 - ~8,000 BC (2,000)
*
*
Ice Age recedes
Hunter-Gatherers  small agricultural communities
Domestication of animals
Pottery (food containers)
Bow and arrow, fishing, spear fishing
Stick figures  early hieroglyphics (written language)
Topic: Prehistoric Art –
Neolithic Art (New Stone Age)
~8,000 - ~3,000 BC
*
Begins in the Near East (cradle of civilization)
Extinction of rival species
Increase in permanent villages (communities), domesticated, social order
Infinite variety of pottery (clay vessels) with patterns, weaving, spinning,
architecture, construction, Bricks / Stone
Neolithic Europe –
- Dolmers – giant rocks
- Cromlech – group of dolmers
- Menhirs – upright stones “grave markings”
* Jericho – plaster heads
* Catal Huyuk – courtyards, religious shrines, homes, murals – animal hunts, town
maps
* Honoring of the male deity (Bull and Stag)
- “religion” becomes more important than everyday survival
- Transformation of animals  Gods / Goddesses
Topic: Ancient Art –
Near East
- First civilization forms in Mesopotamia in Sumer (3,500 -3,000 BC)
- Architecture – Ziggurats – Ex: White Temple, Babel
- Sculpture – human form (cut from Solo block)
* Guidea of Lagash, Heads of Akkadian Pulee
- Cylinder / cone statues – Ex: Statues from a Bu Temple
- Ram and Tree
- Steles (low reliefs)
- Cylinder Seals
- Cuneiform Writing
- Inlays
- Defeated by Akkadians
- Art  Monarch Worship
Topic: Ancient Art –
Near East
- Akkadians  conquer Sumerians – Gudea of Lagash, Head of Akkadian Pulee
- Babylonians  Hammurabi – Code of Hammurabi (stele)
- Hittites  Kassites
- Assyrians  palaces, reliefs, statues – “The Assyrians were to the Sumerians what the
Romans were to the Greeks.”
- Neo-Babylon  Ishtar Gate, Hanging Gardens
- Persians  King Darius - Huge palaces (Persopolis)
- Reliefs
- Sculpture
- Metal works – Sassenian Art (Asian Society)
- Alexander the Great  Greek Influences
Topic: Ancient Art –
Egypt
(~5,800 BC - ~3,500BC)
Old Kingdom Art – “Cradle of Western Civilization”
- Writing – Hieroglyphics
- Sculpture – Palette of Narmer
- Relief Panels
- Architecture * Mastabas  step pyramids
* King Zoser – step pyramid (2780 BC – 2720 BC)
* Mukame – Kheifre and Khufu
* Great Sphinx
* Temples of Horus
* Obelisks
Topic: Ancient Art –
Egypt
Art – paintings were considered holy and found only in temples and tombs
* strict rules, very stylized
1. Size matters, larger (more important), maintain proportion, stiff
2. Frontality – maximum exposure
Painting – full figure (mix of profile and frontal pose)
Sculpture – viewed from front and sides
- controposto pose
- polished basalt and mostly limestone – sealed royalty
3. Colors – men  reddish brown
- women  lighter (indoors)
- earthstones  yellows, brown, greens
4. Ages – youth only
5. Banded Lines – (complete message)
6. Hieroglyphics
7. Flora – full bloom
- cartouche, jewelry, clothing, etc. except  ART DECO
Akhenaton  realistic portraits
Ex: Bust of Queen Nefertiti
Famous Artworks –
- Sculpture * Queen Nefertiti, Bust
* King Tut’s Death Mask and Sarcophagus
- Architecture * Columns (lotus and papyrus), obelisk
* Great Sphinx
* Pyramids at Giza (Cheops)
* Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
* Temple of Amun at Karnak / Luxor
* Ramses II at Abu Simbel
* Step Pyramid of Zoser at Sakkara
- Post and Lintel
Topic: Ancient India (2500 BC-1800)
- Civilization founded on three concepts: sacred, universal, and ritualistic
- Art reflects religious life and society
- established laws
- strength and tradition
- rules and regulations
- diversity > unity
- bring divine-mankind
Religion: Hinduism and Buddhism and some Islamic art
Art & Life = 1
Universe - 3 zones
- Earth - elephant and nature (mystical)
- Middle Space – animals and humans (source of life)
- Sky - depict the powers
Gods - Brahman – creator - white robes, rides a swan
- Vishnu-preserver - holds a discuss, conch shell, mace and lotus
- Siva-destroyer- entwined with snakes, headdress of skulls, dances in fire, four
arms
- Stupa - burial mounds
- harmika - railed balcony on top
- gopura - massive towered gateways
- live rock
Topic: Ancient China
- Oldest continuous culture in the world
- By dynasties (Shang : 1766 – 1122 BC) – Writing system (2880 Characters)
(Han: 206 – 220 AD) – Unified Chinese Empire
- Art objects are identified by specific dynasties
- The origin of Chinese painting is calligraphy (ink or watercolor on rice paper)
- Black is considered a color
- Early portraits were of Buddha and various sages
- Early landscape Artists interpreted what they saw
Chinese Painting – horizontal hand scrolls
- hanging scrolls
- leaves (stacked, not bound)
Favorite Subject – figures, birds, flowers, bamboo, landscapes
* Sung period – highpoint of landscapes
Sculpture – Clay and Bronze
Pottery - * Ming dynasty cobalt porcelain vases
- * Other – furniture, clothing style
Architecture – Pagoda Temples
* Great Wall of China including Emperor’s Army
Topic: Aegean Art –
(Rediscovered late 19th century)
(2,800 BC – 1,800 BC)
Minoans and Cycladic islands
(Influenced by Egyptians and others)
- Crete
- Luxury Lifestyle
- Trade / Sailors
- No Temples  Sacred places, palaces
- No fortifications
* Cycladic statues
- Akroteri = various forces
* Lost city of Akanti
(near Santorini)
Minoans and Cycladic Islands –
- Architecture – palaces – Knossus
- Painting – frescoes – 1. Toreador (bull dance)
2. Dolphins
- Sculpture – 1. Snake Goddesses
2. Bull’s Head
- Pottery – various vases
- seat animal themes
Mycenae – mainland (Greece)
- Warriors
- Metal works
- Large stonework (Cyclops)
- Fortifications
- Monuments
- Burial Tombs (Beehive)
Mycenaeans – Beehive Tombs (citadels)
- Lion’s Gate
- Various gold masks (funeral)
- Vaphio Cup
Topic: Classical Art
Part I – Greece
Geometric Period – key design “Stick Design”
Three Major Periods –
1. Archaic – 600 – 480 BC – stiff, Egyptian influence, smiles
2. Classical – 480 – 323 BC – relaxed, balance, proportion, restrained expression
3. Hellenistic – 323 – 150 BC – motion and pettios
* Strive for beauty and harmony, balance and unity, placed the human being (idealized) at
the center of their culture
* Art was known for its rapid changes  realism
Art – Pottery – geometric, red / black, purple glazes, portrayed their heroes  more
realistic
- Sculpture – 1. Kouros / Koreari, Kroises, Calf Bearer, (contraposto)
(use of wet drapery)
(white marble and bronze)
2. Kritios Boy, Spear Bearer, Charioteer, Zeus / Poseidon, Discus
Thrower
3. Nike of Somathrace, Dying Gaul (Trumpeteer), Venus de Milo.
(myron, polychotus) Laocoon Group
Topic: Classical Art
Part II – Greece
Architecture – Classical – Three Orders
1. Doric
2. Ionic
3. Corinthian
- Painted Temples
1. rectangle shape  Golden Mean
2. covered colonnade and cella
3. Gabled (the roofs)
4. Encaustics
5. Post and Lintel
* Neoclassic
Art - * Phideas – Architect
* 447 BC – Acropolis at Athens  treasury
1. Parthenon
2. Erectetheum – porch of the maidens
3. Ampitheatre (caryatids)
4. Temple of Hesphestes
5. Oracle of Delphi
6. Pergamon Altar
- Mauseleum at Halicarnassas
- Temple of Zeus at Olympia
- Temple of Artemis
- Colossus of Rhodes
Topic: Roman Art
Part I
- ETRUSCANS – peak (5-6th century BC)
- Descendents from the Villenoveri (Central Europe)
- influenced by Greeks, Mesopotamia (Phoenicia) and Egyptians
- believed in the hereafter  multiple deities (3). Very Superstitious
- Large fleet (un-unified)
Art – pottery
- sculpture – bronze
* She-Wolf
- tomb decorations
- portraits
- paintings – murals (tombs)
* architecture – stone base
- grid system (towns and cities)
- cardo (North to South) decumunis (East to West)
- into four quarters
- bridges, fortifications, drainage systems
Topic: Roman Art
Part II (~1,000 years ago)
* Borrowed from Greek and Etruscan
* Greek Art (Hellenistic)
* Equestrian statues
* More realistic statues  busts
Sculptures – reliefs
- bronze
- marble
- limestone
Architecture – Dome
- Arch  Keystone and Voussoirs
- Barrel Vault
- Groin Vault
* Major use of cement
- Aqueducts (Pont du Gard)
- Roads, Bridges, Stadiums, etc.
* Coliseum (all three great orders), Forum
* Bathhouses
* Pantheon – oculus, dome, gilded coffered ceiling
- Basilicas – long halls
- Domestic – apartment houses
- Atriums
* War Monuments – Victory Arches, Columns (Trajan’s Column)
- Painting Frescoes, wall painting (panels), still life, landscapes, portraits,
decorative use of solid colors – red backgrounds (Pompeii)
* Mosaics
Topic: Early Christian, Byzantine, and Islam
Middle [Dark] Ages (480 – 900AD)
- 337 AD – Roman Empire  splits in two
- Western Empire declines
- Eastern Empire rises (Byzantine  Moscow)
- Church becomes the center of life
- Christianity  Concern of symbolic representation
Art –
I.
Painting and Mosaics
- depicting the life of Christ and the Old Testament
- flat, distorted
II.
Sculpture
- portable: manuscripts, ICONS
- crucifixes
III.
- ivory wood  Harbaville Triptych
360 AD – Islam
* Abstract Design
* Mosques
* Forbids figure representation inside Mosques
* Calligraphy
IV.
Architecture
- Hagia Sohpia
- St. Mark’s (Venice)
- St. Basil (Moscow)
- Gracanica (Serbia)
- Alhambra (Spain)
- Dome of the Rock (Jerusalem)
(Islamic)
V.
Basilicas  Dome Churches
- Catacombs
- Mosque Icons
- Diptych
- pendentive
- Triptych
- onion dome
- Mosaics
- minarets
Topic: Romanesque and Gothic
11th Century – 12th Century
1. – influenced by Roman Empire, Early Christian and Byzantine
* The Church in Europe becomes extremely powerful
- Tapestries (Transept)
- Manuscripts
* Architecture is the number one art from (Churches) all other art (sculpture and
painting) are used as decorations (inside / outside of the Church
- Vaulting is used including, Ribbed Vaulting  Fan Vaulting
- Romanesque – thick walls, small windows, round arches
- interiors did not match exteriors
2. Gothic (styles merge) – churches become taller, pointed arches
- high windows  stained glass
*altar
- thin walls  supported by buttresses
*tympanum
- Rose Window – south transept
*nave
 scene above entrances
Famous Cathedrals – Notre Dame (France)
- Chartres (France)
- Salsburg (England)
NYC – St. Patrick’s
- Riverside
- St. John’s (largest)
Topic: Late Gothic
- towns  cities
- ALTAR (pulpit)  moves forward exposing more of the back space
- use of gold leafing
* Florence (leading city)
* Siena (leading city)
* Paintings  flat, forced perspective, frescoes, Egg tempera
* Artists begin to sign their work again
- Florence Painting
* Cimabue  Giotto
(Cennidi Peppi) Arena Chapel, Lamentation
(Greek manner, blue sky, foreground action)
- Siena Painting
* Duccio – gold leafing
(Maesta) inside room, halos
- Simone Martini
- Lorenzetti Bros.
- Gentile de Fabriano
* Giovanni, Pizzano – sculptor
- Taddeo Gaddi
* Ghilberti
Topic: Renaissance
Part I – Early Renaissance
Giotto  classical perspective
* inspired by the Greeks and Romans
* Florence, Siena, Venice
* Sfumato – haze
* invention of perspective
A. Atmosphere - MASACCIO
B. Linear – Brunelleschi / Leon Batiste Alberto
* Medici family as the patrons of the arts
* Humanism
* Powerful Guilds
* Sculpture has become number one
Artists –
1. Ghilberti – Scu – Gates of Paradise
2. Brunelleschi – Arch / Scu – Dome
3. * Donatello – Scu – DAVID and more
4. Leon Batiste Alberto – Arch
5. Andrea dek Verrochio – Scu
6. * Massacio – painter – Tribute Money, Holy Trinity, Madonna Enthroned
7. Fra Angelico
8. Fra Fillipo Lippi
9. Andrea del Castagno, Della Francesca
10. * Sandro Botticelli – Birth of Venus
11. Ghirlandio
12. * Bellini – St. Francis in Ecstasy
13. Mantegna
14. and many more
Topic: High Renaissance
* Medici’s continue to finance “The Arts” in Florence
* Popes become powerful  Rome
* Painting becomes more powerful
* Artists become more expressive  “genius”
* Oil paint gets discovered
* Leonardo di Vinci – inventor, engineer, painter, weapon designer
- studies under Verrchio (Donatello)
* Mona Lisa, * Last Supper,
* Michelangelo Buonarrati – studies under - Bertoldo Giordani (sculpture)
- Ghirlandio (painting)
- sculptor, painter, poet, architect
* Pieta, David, Moses, Sistene Chapel, St. Peter’s Dome
* Raphael Sanzo – influenced by Leonardo and Michelangelo
- painter
* School of Athens
* Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) – influenced by Bellini and Giorgione
(Northern Venice,
* painter – emphasized color and mood
Italy)
* uses many layers
Vocabulary - * Chiascuro
* Sfumatio
Topic: The Renaissance and Late Gothic
In the North of Italy
* more detail and symbolism
Belgium, Holland, Flanders – discovery of oil paint
* Robert Campin (Master of Flamelle) - * Merode Altarpiece
* Jan Van Eyck - * Arnolfini Weddind, Ghent Altarpiece
- Roger Can der Weyden, Hans Momling
* Hieronymous Bosch - * Garden of Earthly Deilghts
* Pieter Brugel - * Peasant Wedding * Tower of Babel
Germany – Albrecht Durer – Self-Portraits, woodcuts
- Mathias Gruneweuld, Conrad Witz Lucas
- Granach and * Hans Holbien - * Ambassadors Court, painter of portraits
France – Jean Fotiguet
Topic: Mannerism (1520 ~ 1600)
- Rome, Florence  Europe
- Connects High Renaissance  Baroque
- Time of Reformation – Counter Reformation (humanism)
- Ant Harmony and Balance  Ant Classical
- Variety of Styles
- “crisp” frozen shapes
- elongated figures
- distorted figures
- strange perspectives, lighting, colors, etc.
Italian Artists – Painters
1. Parmigiano - * Madonna of the Long Neck
2. * El Greco – Burial of Count Orgaz
- Strong sense of movement
- Religious themes
3. Correggio
4. Tintoretto
5. Veronese
6. Bronzino
7. Vasari
Italian Artists – Sculptors
8. Cellini
9. Bologna
Italian Artists – Architecture
10. Palladio
France – Fountainbleu School
Topic: Baroque (17th century)
- Starts in Rome (1600) and quickly spreads throughout Europe
- Emphasizes motion, different Perspectives (angles), Energy, emotions, detail, and drama.
- Very ornate (grandiose) – architecture
Italy - * Carravaggio – naturalism, chiascuro, different angles
- Deposition of Christi
* Bernini – (Sculptor, Architecture, Painter) * Ecstasy of St. Theresa, David, Vatican
Gentileschi – Judith…Head of Holofernes
Caracchi Bros – ceiling frescoes
Cortona – ceiling frescoes
Spain – Riberia
* Diego Velasquez – fascinated with light, * Maids of Honor
Murillo
France – Royal Academy
George Lefour
* Nicholas Pousin - * Rape of the Sabine Woman
* Palace of Versailles
Topic: Baroque Part II
France  Classical Era
Flanders (Belgium) – Catholic (Hapsburgs and Spain)
Flemish Artists –
* Peter Paul Rubens – Raising of the Cross
- Daniel in the Lion’s Den
* The Garden of Love
- combines techniques of Titian, Caravaggio, and Tinteretto
- Anthony Van Dyck
- Jan Brueghel
- Judith Leyster
Holland – independent  becomes Protestant
- free market
- (landscapes, still lifes, portraits)
- Utrecht School
Dutch Artists –
** Rembrandt van Rijn
* painter, printmaker (Titian, Caravaggio)
* Night Watch
* 70 self-portraits
* landscapes, storytelling, Bible
- never a court painter
* dramatic light, “Down to Earth” Characters
- rough painted surface
- refused to change with times
* Jan Vermeer – Girl with the Pearl Earing
- family portraits
- Frans Hals
Topic: Rococo (1700 – 1760)
France – rise of the middle class
(Louis XIV – Louis XV) – High Fashion is in vogue
Painting – stresses beauty over depth
A. Graceful
B. “Happy” / love themes
C. Colors are lighter (more delicate)
D. Curving lines – elegance
- more feminine
* developed 1st in the decorative arts (Interior and Exterior)
- use of asymmetrical design
- Rediscovery of Chinese Art use of porcelain
(Meissen – Germany)
Artists -
* Trompe d’oeill
Jean Antoine Watteau (fetes galantes) (Fr)  Pilgrimage to Cythera
Francois Boucher (Fr)  le dejeuner
Jean Fragonard (Fr)  girl on a swing
Thomas Gainsborough (Eu)  Blue Boy
Chippendale (Eu)  furniture
Wm Hogarth (Eu) 
Sir Joshua Reynolds (Eu) 
Tiepolo (Italy) 
Canaletto (Italy)  * interior of the Palace of Versailles
Topic: Neoclassical Art (1750 – 1820’s)
Rise of the -isms
- American / French Revolution
- Spirit of Enlightenment (Age of Reason)
- Rediscovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum
- Rise of Napoleon
* Balance Composition (painting)
- flowing contour lines
- Portraits of Hero’s  noble gestures and expressions
- Fashion / Politics
France –
Painters - Jacques Louis David - * Death of Socrates
- Death of Marat
- Napoleon
- Jean August Ingres
Sculptors - Antonio Canova
** Decorative Arts  * Josiah Wedgewood ceramics
* Architecture - Capitol (Washington, D.C.)
- Brandenburg Gate Berlin
NYC - Met, National History Museums
- Tweed, Municipal, Federal / State Court
Topic: -Isms (mid 18th century)
I. Romanticism
- reaction against neoclassicism
- emphasizes on emotion, nationalism, dramatic, historic, exotic
- ignites excitement  throughout Europe
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
* Goya - * The Third of May (Sp)
* Delacroix – Lion Hunt, Liberty Leading the People (Fr)
Gericault (Fr)
Girodet (Fr)
JMW Turner (E) – seascapes
John Constable (E)
William Blake
II. Realism
- common people, objects, subjects
- rejects the Academics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
French Art
Camille Corot (Fr)
Jean Milelet
Gustave Courbet
Rose Bonheur
Honore Daumier
American –
Hudson River School – Thomas Cole
Barbizon School – George Inness
- Tom Eakins
* James Whistler
* Winslow Homer
1.
2.
3.
4.
* Edward Manet
* Camille Pusaro
* Edgar Degas
* Claude Monet
neo-realist
↓
Topic: The Impressionists (mid 19th century)
Impressionism
- Discovery of photography
- Paint sold in tubes – new colors
- Academie des Beaux – Arts – dominates
The art scene (historical, religious, portraits)
Colors were somber, polished surfaces
 Annual juried show  The Salon de Paris
- Artists go outside (en plein air)
- concern with sunlight and atmosphere
- spontaneous painting (photos) – short brush strokes, colors mixed by the eye
- All impressionist – start as realist
- Shows at the Salon of the Refused
1. * Eduardo Manet – Luncheon on the Grass, Olympia
2. * Claude Monet – Gardens, Lilly-pads, Rowen Cathedral, Haystacks
3. * Camille Pissaro – Landscapes, Paints with Cezenne
4. Sisley – Landscapes
5. * Pierre August Renoir – Happy Scenes, Girls Playing
portrait
6. * Edgar Degas - Ballerinas, Horse Races
landscape
7. Frederic Bazille
still life
8. Mary Cassalt (USA) – Women and Children
9. Berthe Morisot
10. Alfred Sisley
11. Gustave Cailbotte
RODIN (sculptor)
Topic: Impressionism
Post-Impressionism
Pointillism
French Academy Leaders –
Adolf Bougereau
Jean Leon Genome
Post-Impressionists – portraits, landscapes, still lifes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
* Vincent Can Gogh – Line, Impasto, warm / cool balance
* Paul Gaugin – Tahiti Islands
* Paul Cezanne - * “Father of Modern Art” – Patches of Color
* Henri de Toulouse Lautrec - * (Bar Scenes, Posters)
* George Seurat - (Pointillist)
* Henri Rousseau – “surrealist”
* Eduard Munch - * Scream
Topic: 20th Century Part I
Fauvism
Cubism
Fauvism Roaul Duffy
Gabrielle Munter
Maurice Vlaminck
Andre Derain
Cubism George Bracque
Fernand ‘leger
Juan Gris
Henri Matisse – many themes
* Color
Windows  nature (vines)
Goldfish
* Patterns
Obelisks (exotic)
Cut-outs
Pablo Picasso - * Mademoiselles des Avignon
* Guernica
* Collage Techniques