Anatomy 32 Lecture
Chapter 19 - Blood Vessels
I.
Overview
A. Blood Vessel Structure
B. Arteries
C. Capillaries
D. Veins
E. Blood Pressure
F. Principal Arteries of the Body
G. Principal Veins of the Body
H. Blood Vessel Disorders
I. Differences in Fetal Circulation
II. Blood Vessel Structure
A. Blood leaving the heart passes through a ______ route in the body
1. Blood moves ______ from the heart to body tissues through __________ to
arterioles to capillaries
2.
Blood moves back to the heart from capillaries to venules to ________
B. The walls of arteries & veins are composed of three _____ (layers)
1. Tunica _________ (adventitia) - outermost layer, composed of loose fibrous CT;
protects the blood vessle
2.
Tunica _________ - middle layer, composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers;
muscle contraction = vaso_____________; muscle relaxation = vaso___________
3.
Tunica _________ (interna) - innermost layer, of endothelium and elastin (capillaries
consist of endothelium only on a basement membrane)
4.
The ________ is the central blood-filled space in the vessel.
C. Some ______________ between arteries & veins:
1. Arteries have a _________ T. media and are rounder than veins in cross section
2. Veins are usually partially collapsed, and many have _______ that are absent in
arteries
D. Arteries - carry blood (usually oxygenated) ______ from the heart
1. Large _________ arteries (e.g.: aorta & major branches) have many _________
fibers, thus expand when BP rises as heart contracts, then recoil when the heart
relaxes
2.
_________ arteries are smaller arteries and are less elastic with a thicker layer of
smooth ________ in relation to their diameters
3.
___________ are the smallest arteries with only 1-2 layers of smooth muscle over
endothelium
E. ______________ - narrowest of the blood vessels; the functional units of the circulatory
system
1.
Capillary walls are composed of just one layer of _____thelium in a basal lamina
2
2.
It is across capillary walls that gases (___ & ____), nutrients, and wastes are
exchanged with tissues
3.
Blood flow from arteriole into a capillary bed is controlled by precapillary
_____________ muscles
4.
When sphincters close, blood from arterioles enters venules directly via
thoroughfare ________ that form vascular ______
5.
Types of capillaries include
a.
_______________ capillaries are the most common; have endothelial cells with
________ junctions, found in muscles, lungs, & the CNS (e.g.: the blood brain
barrier)
b.
_________ capillaries have wide intercellular pores, found in kidneys, and
intestines; __________ capillaries found in bone marrow, liver, & spleen; allow
large molecules to pass through
F. ______ - vessels that carry blood from capillaries back __ the heart
1. BP is very low in veins & _________ due to their distance from the heart
2. Blood is returned to the heart largely via skeletal muscle _______: as skeletal
muscles contract, they squeeze associated veins, pumping the blood toward the heart
3.
One way venous _______ prevent blood backflow in veins
G. _____________ - force exerted by the blood on inner vessel walls
1. BP is much _______ in arteries & arterioles than in capillaries, venules & veins
2. Arterial BP can be measured with a _______manometer and a stethoscope
3. Normal adult BP is about ___/___, where 120 mm Hg is the __________ pressure
and 80 mm Hg is the _________ pressure
4.
a.
Systolic pressure is created by blood flow through arteries during ventricular
____________ (contraction)
b.
Diastolic pressure is a measurement of arterial pressure during ventricular
____________ (relaxation)
c.
The difference between the systolic & diastolic pressures is the ____________
pressure (usually about _____ mm Hg)
______________ is an elevated BP, dangerous because of the damage to heart and
other vital organs caused by it
III. Principal ____________ of the Body
A. The ___________ arteries carry blood low in oxygen to the lungs to pick up oxygen.
B. The _______ is the largest artery in the body, emerging from the left ventricle, then
branching into arteries of the head, arms, trunk, and legs in the following manner
C. Left & right _________ arteries emerge from the ascending aorta
D. The ___________ has three major branches: the brachiocephalic trunk, left common
carotid, & left subclavian arteries (______)
1.
______________ trunk - first branch, supplies blood to the shoulder, arms, and right
side of head. This vessel branches into
a.
Right _________________ artery - extends to the right neck & head
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b.
Right ______________ artery - carries blood to the right shoulder & arm.
D. Arteries of the Neck & Head
1. Left ________________ artery - both common carotid arteries are found on either
side of the trachea and supply blood to the brain. They branch at the larynx into the:
2.
a.
___________ carotid artery - enters the skull through the carotid canal to supply
the eye orbit & cerebrum
b.
___________ carotid artery, which branches to the thyroid, larynx, tongue
(lingual), face, scalp, & chewing (maxillary) muscles
_________ arteries branch off the subclavian arteries and also supply blood to the
head, passing through the ______ transverse foramina and foramen magnum where
they join to form the
a.
__________ artery, which branches to the cerebellum, pons, inner ear, temporal
& occipital lobes, eventually forming the
b.
_________ arterial _______ (of Willis), which surrounds the pituitary gland &
optic chiasma at the base of the brain; this circle unites the ant. & post. blood
supplies from the internal _________ & ___________ arteries.
E. Arteries of the Shoulder & Upper Extremity - major branches of the ____________
arteries include the
1.
2.
________ A. - continuation of subclavian in the axillary region
3.
__________ & ______ arteries, which parallel their respective bones, then merge to
form the
4.
_________ arch, off which the ________ (for each digit)branch
__________ A. - continuation of axillary through the brachial area; on the medial
humerous, it is the most common site for determining _____. This artery branches
into the
F. Branches of the Descending _________ _________
1. The thoracic aorta is a continuation of the aortic arch into the ________ cavity,
superior to the diaphragm. Branches include:
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pericardial arteries - to the heart ___________
6.
Superior __________ arteries - to the diaphragm
Bronchial arteries - to the _______
Esophageal arteries - to the ___________
Posterior intercostal arteries - to the __________ muscles and thorax wall
structures
G. Branches of the Descending ___________ _________
1. The abdominal aorta is the segment between the __________ & 4th ________
vertebrae, where it branches into the left & right common iliac arteries. From the
diaphragm downward, major branches are
2.
______________ - arises just inferior to the diaphragm, divides into 3 arteries:
a.
b.
__________ - to the spleen
Left ___________ - to the stomach
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c.
Common __________ - to the liver
3.
Superior ___________ artery - arises anteriorly inferior to the celiac trunk; supplies
blood to much of the small & large ____________
4.
5.
6.
7.
_________ arteries (L. & R.) - supply kidneys with blood
Suprarenal arteries (L. & R.) superior to __________, supply adrenal glands
____________ arteries (L. & R.) - supply blood to the gonads
Inferior ______________ - last major branch of the abdominal aorta before the iliac
bifurcation, supplies blood to the _______ & rectum
8.
__________ arteries branch laterally off the length of the abdominal aorta to serve
the muscles & spinal cord in the lumbar region
H. Arteries of the _______ & Lower Extremities
1.
The abdominal aorta divides into the L. & R. _______________ arteries, each of
which divides into
2.
External & Internal _________ arteries
a.
The _________ iliac branches to supply the __________ muscles and pelvic
organs
b.
The _______ iliac passes out of the pelvic cavity & branches into the
1) ___________ artery, which branches into the
2) ________ femoral artery to the hamstrings
3) ___________ artery passes posterior to the knee, then divides into the
4) Anterior & Posterior ________ arteries, which supply blood to the leg &
foot
5) The dorsalis _______ artery, near the medial malleolus, is often palpated after
surgery to see if blood flow to the foot has resumed.
IV. Principal ___________ of the Body
A. Veins from the whole body (except lungs) converge into the superior & inferior
_________, which empty into the R. atrium
B. Veins may be superficial and deep
1. ____________ veins may be seen through the skin
2. _______ veins often parallel principal arteries of the same name
C. ______________ veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
D. Veins Draining the Head & _______
1. ________________ veins (L. & R.) on lateral sides of the ____; they drain blood
from the scalp, face, and superficial neck, and empty into the
2.
3.
L. & R. _____________ veins (posterior to the clavicles)
4.
5.
________________ veins (L. & R.), which merge to form the
________________ veins (L. & R.) drain blood from the brain, meninges, and deep
face & neck; adjacent to common carotid arteries and vagus nerve, all 3 are
surrounded by a _________ ________. Internal jugulars converge with the
Superior _____________, which drains into the R. atrium
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E. Veins of the Upper Extremities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Toward the arm, the __________________ veins become the
1.
2.
The superior ____________ also drains blood from the
R. & L. ______________ veins, which branch to form the
__________ (medial) & cephalic (lateral) veins; the axillary branches into the
Basilic (medial) & _______ vein, which branches to form the
___________ & ulnar veins, which merge to form the palmar arch with digitals
The _______ ________ vein courses diagonally across the inner elbow from the
cephalic vein (lateral) to the basilic vein (medial). The median cubital is often the site
of ________ withdrawal
F. Veins of the __________
___________ vein that extends superiorly along the posterior abdominal & thoracic
walls on the _______ side of the vertebral column. Tributaries of the azygous include
the
3.
_____azygous veins, which form the major tributaries to the _____ of the vertebral
column
G. Veins of the Lower Extremities
1.
Posterior & anterior _________ veins originate in the foot and pass upward behind
the knee to form the
2.
3.
4.
_____________ vein, above the knee this becomes the
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Great ____________ vein (longest vein in the body), and then becomes the
1.
2.
The inferior vena cava parallels the abdominal ________
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
4 paired _________ veins drain the posterior abdomen
________ vein, which continues up the thigh and receives blood from the
________ ________ vein near the groin. Above this point, the femoral vein receives
the
__________ _________ vein, which merges with the
___________________ vein to form the
__________ _________ vein, left & right merge to form the
Inferior ____________
H. Veins of the ____________ Region
As the inferior vena cava ascends, it receives tributaries that correspond to adjacent
arteries previously described. These tributaries include
__________ veins - drain blood from the kidneys & ureters
____________ veins drain blood from the gonads
Inferior __________ veins receive blood from the inferior diaphragm
R. & L. _________ veins originate from the liver and join the inferior vena cava
immediately below the diaphragm
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8.
Blood from the GI tract, pancreas, & spleen must pass through capillaries in the
_______ via the hepatic portal system before passing to the vena cava
I. Hepatic _______ System - consists of veins that drain blood from ___________ in the
intestines, pancreas, spleen, stomach, and gall bladder, into liver capillaries (__________)
& the R. & L. hepatic veins that drain the liver and empty into the vena cava
1.
Absorbed products of digestion must first pass through the ________ to be processed
before entering general circulation
2.
The hepatic _________ vein receives blood from the digestive organs; it is formed by
the union of the
a.
b.
4.
Superior _____________ vein (from the small intestine)
____________ vein (from the spleen). The splenic vein has 3 tributaries:
1) Inferior ______________ - from the large intestine
2) ________________ vein - from the pancreas
3) __________________ (gastric) vein - from the stomach
Note that the liver receives blood from ___ sources:
a.
b.
The hepatic _______ supplies oxygen rich blood to the liver
The hepatic ________ ______ transports nutrient rich blood from the digestive
organs for processing
V. Blood Vessel Disorders
A. _______sclerosis (hardening of the arteries) - thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial
walls
B. ________sclerosis - most common type of arteriosclerosis; the arterial tunica intima
thickens with atherosclerotic _________ that narrow and can eventually block the artery
lumen, causing
1.
2.
__________ (CVA) if an artery to the brain is blocked
Myocardial _____________ if a coronary artery is blocked
C. An ___________ is a bulge in an artery or vein that puts the vessel at risk of rupturing
1. May result from a congenital defect, _________________, or arteriosclerosis
2. Usually occurs in the abdominal aorta and arteries of the _____ & kidneys
VI. Differences in _____________ Circulation
A. Fetal Vessels to & from the Placenta
1. The __________ is a shared structure of the fetus and mother across which nutrients
& oxygen diffuse from mother to child and wastes & CO2 diffuse from fetus to
mother
2.
Paired _________________ branch from internal iliac arteries and carry blood to the
placenta to pick up oxygen & nutrients
3.
A single ______________ returns the blood to the fetus’ hepatic portal vein or
through the _______________, where it proceeds into the hepatic veins, inferior vena
cava, and right atrium.
4.
At birth, the umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum _______, whereas the ductus
venosus becomes the ligamentum _______
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B. Shunts Away from the ______________ Circuit
1. _________________ - hole (valve) in the interatrial septum that diverts some blood
2.
from the R. atrium to the L. atrium; this closes at birth to become the _________
___________
__________ arteriosus - short artery that diverts blood from the pulmonary trunk to
the aorta; closes at birth to become the _____________ arteriosum