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AP Biology Unit 8 —Diversity of Organisms
Five-Kingdom Survey
Chapters 25-34
Evolutionary patterns
2. Survey of the diversity of life
1.
3. Phylogenetic classification
4. Evolutionary relationships
Concepts: 29.1-29.2, 32.1, 32.3
Concepts: 26.3-26.6, 27.1, 27.3,
28.1-28.8, 29.1-29.4, 30.2-30.4,
31.5, 32.1, 33.3-33.8, 34.1-34.8
Concepts: 25.2, 26.3-26.6, 27.1,
27.3, 28.1-28.8, 29.1-29.4, 30.230.4, 31.4, 31.5, 32.1, 33.1-33.8,
34.1-34.8
Concepts: 25.1-25.5
Key Terms
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Plantae
4. Fungi
5. Animalia
6. Archaea
7. Eubacteria
8. Eukarya
9. Kingdom
10. Domain
11. Cocci
12. Bacilli
13. Spirilli
14. Obligate aerobes
15. Obligate anaerobes
16. Facultative anaerobes
17. Algae
18. Sporophytes
19. Parasites
20. Spores
21. Alternation of generations
22. Monocot
23. Dicot
24. Radial symmetry
25. Bilateral symmetry
26. Cyanobacteria
Recommended Work For Chapters 25-34
1. Concept Checks
2. Self-Quizzes
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AP Biology Unit 8 —Diversity of Organisms (Five-Kingdom Survey)
Taxonomy
Man has long been aware of the diversity of life. But figuring out exactly how organisms
are related to one another took some work. Early scientists agreed that many creatures
shared common features. However, there was little agreement about how all organisms
were related to one another, if at all.
Interestingly, our means of classifying organisms is essentially the same as that used by
those earliest scientists: We order organisms into groups on the basis of shared
characteristics or traits. The major difference between our approach and that of early
biologist is that we now know that such traits are acquired over the long process of
evolution. Consequently, we group animals together on the basis of evolutionary
relatedness, and simple appearance. These relations are manifested in traits, and the sum
of these traits is known as phylogeny. The science of classifying animals according to
their phylogeny is known as taxonomy.
How Classification Works
Write out the taxa of classification from kingdom to species.
Notice that as we move down the list, we find that organisms have more and more in
common. Consequently, each step down the scale includes fewer and fewer members.
The kingdom is the biggest group, and includes the greatest number of members, while
the species is the smallest group, and counts the fewest members. As we move from top
to bottom, we go from “less in common” to “more in common.”
Classification
All organisms belong to one of six kingdoms. List below, the six kingdoms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
You should know, however, that many biologists now use a new level of classification
above the kingdom—the domain. There are three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and
Eukarya.
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AP Biology Unit 8 —Diversity of Organisms (Five-Kingdom Survey)
Summary of the six kingdoms.
Kingdom Archaeabacteria
List the 3 unique characteristics of organisms in this kingdom related to cell walls
construction, plasma membrane composition, and ribosome construction.
1.
2.
3.
Describe the three grouping within Archaeabacteria.
1. Methanogens
2. Extreme halophiles
3. Extreme thermophiles
Kingdom Eubacteria
Describe the general characteristics of this kingdom.
Describe the different ways these groups of organisms obtain nutrients.
1. Chemoautotrophs
2. Photosynthetic autotrophs (cyanobacteria)
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AP Biology Unit 8 —Diversity of Organisms (Five-Kingdom Survey)
3. Heterotrophs
4. Decomposers
5. Pathogens
Draw and label an illustration of a basic prokaryote, include the cell wall, the cell
membrane, and DNA. Then describe each one.
Cell wall
Cell membrane
DNA
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AP Biology Unit 8 —Diversity of Organisms (Five-Kingdom Survey)
What are the different shapes found in the Kingdom Eubacteria?
Contrasts the different ways bacteria use oxygen for the three classification types.
1. Obligate aerobes
2. Obligate anaerobes
3. Facultative anaerobes
Reproduction
Bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission. Binary fission occurs when the bacteria
replicate their chromosomes and divide into two identical cells. While bacteria are not
sexual, they do exchange genetic material. This exchange of genetic information is
known as genetic recombination and happens in one of three ways: transformation,
conjugation, or transduction.
Define the above terms.
Transformation:
Conjugation:
Transduction:
There are a few special types of bacteria you should know something about. One of them
is called nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Plants need nitrogen to survive. However, in many
places, the soil is relatively poor in nitrogen. You’ll recall that the atmosphere is very
rich in nitrogen (78% of the air is nitrogen). Fortunately for plants living in nitrogenpoor soil, there are bacteria that are able to utilize, or “fix,” this atmospheric nitrogen.
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AP Biology Unit 8 —Diversity of Organisms (Five-Kingdom Survey)
Draw and label the Nitrogen cycle.
The plants that have this special relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria are known as
legumes. Pea plants and clover plants are examples of legumes. The nitrogen-fixing
bacteria set up house in the root nodules of these plants, forming a mutualistic
relationship: Both organisms benefit. The plants get their nitrogen, and the bacteria get
their shelter.
Kingdom Protista
Protists are eukaryotic. They have a ____________ and membrane-bound __________.
Although most protests are unicellular, some are multicellular or form colonies.
Protists differ in cellular structures, mode of nutrition, and type of reproduction. Protists
may be plantlike, animal-like, or funguslike. They have an alternating, two-part life
cycle made up of diploid, spore-forming sporophytes and haploid, gamete-forming
gametophytes.
Plantlike Protists (Photosynthetic)
Give a general description of the following groups:
1. Euglenophyta
2. Dinoflagellata
3. Chrysophyta
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AP Biology Unit 8 —Diversity of Organisms (Five-Kingdom Survey)
4. Chlorophyta
5. Phaeophyta
6. Rhodophyta
7. Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)
Animal-like Protists (Nonphotosynthetic Heterotrophs)
Give a general description of the following groups:
1. Zoomastigina (Zooflagellates)
2. Rhizopoda
3. Ciliophora
4. Sporozoa
5. Foraminifera
Funguslike Protists
Give a general description of the following groups:
1. Myxomycota (slime molds)
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AP Biology Unit 8 —Diversity of Organisms (Five-Kingdom Survey)
Kingdom Fungi
Give a general description of fungi, include: cell wall composition; yeast; heterotrophs;
hyphae; digestion; parasites; pathogens; decomposers; spores; budding. And draw and
label an example of a fungus.
Kingdom Plantae
Plants are multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes with cells walls of made __________.
In plants, the fertilized egg develops in a multicellular embryo within a protective
archegonium. They reproduce sexually and asexually, with alternating gametophyte and
sporophyte generations.
Give a general description of the following groups:
1. Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts)
2. Pterophyta (ferns/ seedless plants)
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AP Biology Unit 8 —Diversity of Organisms (Five-Kingdom Survey)
3. Spenophtya (vascular plants)
4. Coniferophyta (conifers)
5. Anthophyta (flowering plants) Include monocots and dicots.
Kingdom Animalia
Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that are extremely diverse. You need
to know the characteristics of animals such as body symmetry, tissue complexity, type of
body cavity, and developmental patterns, as well as on how these characteristics can help
us chart the path of animal evolution. For instance, there are two basic types of bodies:
radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry. Animals then evolved from two cell layers to
three layers.
With the development of bilateral symmetry, animals developed a body cavity. The early
animals lacked a body cavity (acoeloms). Then some developed a body cavity lined with
tissue not completely derived from mesoderm (pseudocoeloms), while others developed a
true body cavity lined with mesoderm (coeloms). Another fundamental split among
animals is when during fetal development the mouth and anus form. Protostomes
undergo spiral cleavage, and the mouth forms first. Deuterostomes undergo radial
cleavage, and the anus forms first.
There are ten phyla within kingdom Animalia, 9 invertebrate phyla and 1
vertebrate phylum. And within phylum Chordata there are 5 classes.
You will be completing a separate assignment for kingdom Animalia.
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AP Biology Unit 8 —Diversity of Organisms (Five-Kingdom Survey)
Essay # 1
The evolutionary development of vascular tissue in plants was
accompanied by changes in sexual reproduction. Compare alternation of generation
in a nonvascular plant, such a moss (bryophyte), and in a vascular plant, such as an
angiosperm.
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AP Biology Unit 8 —Diversity of Organisms (Five-Kingdom Survey)
Essay #2
An incredibly diverse biota exists today, with species exhibiting many
similar and different features when compared to each other. Evolutionary
relationships have always been inferred from observation of existing organisms and
the diagnostic characteristics they possess.
(a) Describe and discuss two diagnostic features and their adaptive
significance for any two existing phyla.
(b) Discuss the similarities and differences between the phyla you chose
and the evidence these characteristics lend toward support of their
evolutionary relationship.
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AP Biology Unit 8 —Diversity of Organisms (Five-Kingdom Survey)
Essay #3
Choose one of the following physiological factors (gas exchange,
digestion, or circulation) and trace how the different animals within the kingdom
Animalia achieve this factor.
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