Industrialization Spreads
Section 9.3
England
• First country to
industrialize on huge scale
• Inspired other countries to
industrialize
– Copy the “British miracle”
• Class structure becomes
more rigid
• Raises the world standing
of England
– Crystal Palace – built to
show the wealth and power
of English industrialization
America
• Has a wealth of resources similar to Britain
– War of 1812 – Britain blockades America
• Forces US to rely on own resources to develop industry
• Industrialization started with textiles
– England had
forbid engineers,
mechanics, and
toolmakers from
leaving country
- protect secrets
– Samuel Slater emigrates to
America
• Brings the design of the
spinning machine
• Moses Brown used it to start
first mechanized factory
– Francis Cabot Lowell
revolutionized American
textiles by mechanizing all
stages in cloth
manufacturing
• Became model for American
factories
America
• Social changes
– Mill girls: Women
moving to factory
towns
• Higher wages
• Independence
• Watched closely by
factory owners to
ensure “proper
behavior”
– Cities grow similar to
Britain
–Immigrants
• Usually take
unskilled jobs
• Came looking for
opportunity and
usually ended up in
factories
• Many were
Northern European
• Discrimination
America: Later Expansion
• Northeast saw the
majority of the
industrialism
– Industrial boom
after Civil War
• South rebuilt
• New inventions:
– Better
excavation of
natural
resources
– Electric light
bulb, telephone
• Rise of railroads
– Chicago and Minneapolis
huge centers
– Railroads became
profitable
• Symbols of power
• End of the 1800s – small
number of companies
control 2/3rds of the
tracks
America: Rise of
Corporations
• Need money to build large
businesses
– Stock – certain rights of
ownership in the company
– Corporation – business
owned by stockholders
who share in profits but
are not responsible for
debts
• Protects people who
invest
• Corporations
– Standard Oil (John D.
Rockefeller)
– Carnegie Steel Company
(Andrew Carnegie)
– Horizontal Integration –
Control every aspect of
industry in order to
make big profits
• Wealthy earned money,
workers were still given
low wages
Belgium
• First continental country to
industrialize
• William Cockerill, illegally
traveled to Belgium
– Plans for spinning machinery
– Son, John, built industrial
enterprise in Belgium
• Produced mechanical
equipment
– Steam engines
– Railway locomotives
• Never became a European
industrial power - Congo
Germany
• Pockets of
industrialization
– Coal-rich valley of the
Ruhr
• 1835, kingdoms in
German Confederacy
copied British model
– Imported British
machines
– Wealthy sent children to
England to learn
industrial management
• Built railroads linking
manufacturing cities
– Frankfurt to the Ruhr
Valley
• Industrialization
allowed Prussia to
create Germany and
make it industrial
powerhouse by late
1800s
Continental Europe: Everywhere else
• Industrialization:
– Catalonia (Spain) - cotton
– Bohemia - spinning
– Northern Italy – machine
made silk
– France - most stable
• Agriculture did not suffer as
people moved to cities
• 1850s – create railroads to
connect the country
• Some places never
industrialized:
– Austria-Hungary –
mountainous land = no
railroads
– Ottoman Empire – difficult
to control large empire
– Spain – lacked good roads
and waterways
• Fragmented control of
country
Impact of Industrialization: Imperialism
• Industrialized countries
needed natural
resources, gained by
seizing other countries
– Imperialism – policy of
extending one country’s
rule over other lands
– Gave more power to
these industrializing
powers
Impact of Industrialization: Society
• Western countries:
– Economies focused on industry
– Wealth gaps between classes
• Resentment allowed for revolutionary ideas
– Increase of middle class allowed for more education –
not majority
– Improved life expectancy as industrialization moves
along
• Eastern countries:
– Economies focused on agriculture, small workshops
– Decreased power and wealth
– Eastern peoples were “lesser” because not industrialized
Impact of
Industrialization:
Nationalism
• Countries compare
themselves, which
strengthens differences
– Industrial power is
indicator of strength of
nationalism and country