Ionic Bonding
Ionic bonding involves METALS and NON METALS.
Gp
Gp
1
2
Non metals
Gp
Gp
Gp
Gp
Gp
Gp
3
4
5
6
7
8(0)
Metals
H
He
Inert gases
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
Cs
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
Note that METALS dominate .
IONIC bonding occurs between METALS and NON METALS and it involves
METALS LOSING ELECTRONS (also called REDUCTION)
Metals in group 1 have 1 electron in their outer shell. They can lose 1 electron easily.
Metals in group 2 have 2 electrons in their outer shell. They can lose 2 electrons fairly easily.
Metals in group 3 have 3 electrons in their outer shell. They can lose 3 electron with difficulty.
Metals in group 4 have 4 electrons in their outer shell. They have great difficulty losing 4 electrons.
NON METALS GAINING ELECTRONS (also called OXIDATION)
Non metals in group 4 have 4 electrons in their outer shell. They have great difficulty gaining 4
electrons.
Non metals in group 5 have 5 electrons in their outer shell. They can gain 3 electrons with difficulty.
Non metals in group 6 have 6 electrons in their outer shell. They can gain 2 electrons fairly easily.
Non metals in group 7 have 7 electrons in their outer shell.They can gain 1 electrons easily.
Non metals in group 8 have 8 electrons in their outer shell. They do not want to gain or lose
electrons. They are inert..
So if lithium (Group 1) reacts with fluorine (Group 7) :
Lithium loses 1 electron to become the lithium ion Li+
Li
-
Li+
e
-
Fluorine gains 1 electron to become the fluoride ion F
F
+
e
Lithium and fluorine reacting (animation)
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Video decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
F
If lithium (Group 1) reacts with oxygen (Group 6) :
We need 2 lithium atoms [2Li]
Each lithium atom loses 1 electron to become the lithium ion Li+
2Li
-
e
2 Li+
We need 1 oxygen atoms [O]
Oxygen gains 2 electrons to become the oxide ion O2O
+
2e
Lithium and oxygen reacting (animation)
QuickTime™ and a
Video decompressor
O2-
If aluminium (Group 3) reacts with oxygen (Group 6) :
We need 2 aluminium atoms. [2Al]
Each aluminium atom loses 3 electrons to become the aluminium ion Al3+
2Al
-
6e
2 Al3+
We need 3 oxygen atoms. [3O]
Each oxygen atom gains 2 electrons to become the oxide ion O2-.
3O
+
2e
Aluminium and oxygen reacting (animation)
QuickTime™ and a
Video decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
3O2-