Контрольная работа для студентов III курса (5 семестр) геологического
факультета заочного отделения.
Слова и словосочетания к тексту
organic / inorganic substances – органические / неорганические вещества
property – свойство
cleavage – слоистость
gravity – тяжесть
hardness – твёрдость, плотность
luster – блеск
sublimation – возгонка, сублимация
liquid - жидкость
aqueous solution – водный раствор
molten - расплавленный
magma - магма
igneous rocks – извержение породы
sedimentary rocks – осадочные породы
metamorphic rocks – метаморфические породы
profit - польза
gangue / matrix – материнская порода
country rock – коренная порода
abundance – распространённость
tabular – пластичный, слоистый
filling – прокладка, заполнение
fould - складка
fault – разлом, сдвиг
breccia - брекчия
weathering – выветривание, эрозия
primary - первичный
secondary - вторичный
dimensions - размеры
exuastible – истощимый
1 С помощью словаря найдите перевод следующих слов.
aluminium
cromium
cement
copper
nickel
sulphur
gold
lead
cryolite
silver
zink
asbestos
iron
diamond
oal
tin
salt
oil
platinum
limestone
gas
2. Прочтите и переведите текст
Minerals and Mineral Deposits
Minerals that make up the rocks, are defined as inorganic substances which
occur naturally and have a definite chemical composition and physical properties.
The major properties which are used for identification purposes are: 1)color;
2)crystal form; 3)cleavage; 4)specific gravity; 5)hardness; 6)luster.
More than 2 000 minerals are known. Some are relatively simple compounds
of elements in the solid state, others are complex. Minerals of use to man can be
grouped into two broad categories :
1) metals, such as aluminium, copper, gold, silver, iron, tin, platinum,
chromium, nickel, lead, zink, etc;
2) non-metals, such as diamond, salt, limestone, cement, sulphur, crydite,
asbestos, etc.
The term “mineral” is also applied for such organic substances as coal, oil and
natural gas.Minerals may be formed by four general processes, which may be
intimately related in nature :
1) from a gas by sublimation ;
2) from a liguid (agueous solution) ;
3) from a liguid / molten rock or magma ;
4) from a solid by metamorphism.
Mineral deposits have been found both in rocks that lie beneath the oceans and
in rocks that form the continents. Mineral deposit are not uniformly distributed in
the earth’s crust. In certain regions unusual conditions caused the concentration of
elements far in excess of normal abundance. These regions are called
mineralogenetic provinces. Mineral deposits have different shapes, depending on
how they were deposited. The most common shape is tabular, with the mineral
deposit lying as a filling between more or less parallel layers of rocks. Mineral
deposits are seldom
egually rich throughout.
After their formation mineral deposits may be deformed by folding, faulting,
brecciation or weathering. Mineral deposits that are essentially as originally
formed are called primary deposits. Deposits that have been altered by weathering
or other superficial processes are secondary deposits. Every mineral deposit has
limited dimensions. All mineral deposits are exhaustible.
3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы
1) What is mineral?
2)What are the major properties used for identification purposes?
3) How many minerals are known?
4)How can minerals be grouped?
5) What are the four general processes which form minerals?
6)Where are minerals concentrated?
4. Переведите следующие словосочетания
химический состав (структура); физические свойства; кристаллическая
форма;
в твёрдом состоянии, геологические процессы; земная кора; равномерно
распределены; совершенно очевидно; могут быть деформированы; рудные
месторождения; пласты пород; коренная порода; выветривание;
концентрация
элементов.
5. Переведите следующие предложения
1) Минералы представляют собой соединения различных элементов.
2) Выветривание – один из важных факторов формирования новых
минералов.
3) Минералы могут быть классифицированы на основе разных геологических
факторов.
4) Рудные минералы и материнская порода добываются вместе, а затем
отделяются друг от друга.
5) Минералы являются очень важными природными ископаемыми.
6) Месторождения минералов могут встречаться не только в земной коре, но
и
в мантии, но современные технологии не позволяют обнаружить их.
7) Большинство минералов встречаются в породах.
8) Все месторождения полезных ископаемых исчерпаемы.
6. Переведите с английского языка на русский, обращая внимание на
условные предложения.
1) Were the scientists found the way to predict earthquakes, it would be possible to
evacuate people from the regions.
2) If oxygen had been present, the amino acids that are starting point for life had
been oxidized.
3) If this rise continuous to the center of the earth, the temperature where would be
400, 000 0 F.
4) Had this earthquake occurred in this area the losses would have been
tremendous.
5) Provided the scientists make use of this method, they will get necessary results.
6) On condition that the mineral lies at a great distance from the surface, the
deposit is to be worked by underground mining.
7) Had there been a nuclear power industry at that time it would have been
unnecessary to enrich the raw uranium.
8) If primitive people didn’t have a sharp-edged fragment of obsidian, they would
sharpen the stone to make axe a knife or a scraper from it.
9) Had they met with such difficulties before, they would have known what to do
now.
10) If the diamonds are under action of solar light, ultra-violet and x-ray beams,
they begin luminescence-to shine by various colours.
7. Переведите с английского языка на русский, обращая внимание на
инфинитивные конструкции.
1) The heat flow from the earth indicates the presence of sources of heat energy
large enough to account for geologic processes.
2) There are several different kinds of measurements to be taken, which express
important facts.
3) Our scientists were the first to synthesize diamonds.
4) To have any deposition there must exist a source of sediments.
5) The factors controlling this process are difficult to visualize.
6) Radioactivity energy is enough to cause all geological processes.
7) To finally recover the gold it is only necessary to scrape off the sludge of
mercury and gold and refine it.
8) A true hypothesis will prove to be in harmony with newly discovered facts.
9) Hydrochemical prospecting to be described in the article has been used for
finding uranium, molybdenum, zinc and copper deposits.
10) Geochemical methods are applied at different stages of geological
investigations, and are used to establish the general mineralization of rocks (i.e. the
areas of increased concentration of particular elements).
11) To detect such concealed deposits as coal, shale, iron, manganese, salts and
others is very difficult.
12) The geological and physical conditions of the seam to be worked include its
thickness, depth, hardness, etc.
13) To determine both the shape and the size of a deposit it is very important to
establish its structure.
8. Переведите с английского языка на русский, обращая внимание на
пассивный залог
1) Many of the conclusions of physical geology are based on the conviction that
modern processes also operated in the past.
2) A glacier is a mass of ice that has been formed by the recrystallization of snow.
3) Internal water is derived from the interior of the earth as a new resource.
4) Hard coals are mined practically everywhere.
5) The repetition of the outcrop may be very deceptive, when the surface has been
planed down to one uniform slope or curve.
6) The coal-mining industry of the U.K. has been nationalized since 1947.
7) Disputed zones were found where rocks had been deposited during the time of
the unconformities at the type section.
8) Acoustic detectors that can be operated at the earth’s surface and in the
atmosphere are being developed.
9) The standard methods have been treated elsewhere and will not be repeated
here.
10) Research has been concerned with measurement of magnetic field.
11) Our knowledge about the subcrustal origin of magma is based on data of
geophysical research, petrological and geochemical relations between the igneous
rocks and experiments results.
12) The use of spectroscopy for material analysis has been adapted for down-hole
logging in both the coal and oil industries.