GEOLOGY & MINERAL RESOURCES OF
PALl DISTRICT
The district takes its name from the town of Pali which is also headquarters of the district
administration. The place has been referred to as "Palika" in the old inscription when and how
the town acquired the short name of pali is unknown.
The district stretches roughly from 24°45' to 26°29' north latitudes and 72° 47' to 74° 18' east
longitudes having total area of 12,387 sq. km. It is bounded in north by Jodhpur and Nagaur, in
the north east by Ajmer, in the south-east by Udaipur, in the south west by Sirohi & Jalor
districts and its vertex in the west touches tri-junction of Barmer, Jalor & Jodhpur districts. It
comprises 7 tehsils namely jaitaran Raipur sojat Pali, Marwar Junction, Bali Geology: &
Desuri.The District is well connected by rail i.e., Delhi- Ahemdabad section of NorthWestern Railway and Jodhpur-Marwar section of North-Western Railway. A net-work of roads
is spread over the district connecting many villages and important cities of Rajasthan like
Jodhpur, Jaipur Ajmer, Sirohi, Udaipur etc.
The shape of the district resembles to an irregular triangle and has generally undulated plains
with scattered hills. The Aravalli Range runs along the eastern side of the district from southwest to north-east. The highest peak in the district is 1,099 m. The tributaries Lilri, Sukri,
Bandi and Jawai. Discharge their water into Luni, the principal drainage of western Rajasthan.
The climate of the district is, on the whole, dry and is very hot in summer and cold in winter.
Normal annual rainfall in the district is about 47 cm.
Geology:
Geological configuration of Pali district is quite complex. It is comprised of heterogeneous
assemblage of different litho units of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic origin.
The geological Sequence Worked out by G.S.I. is given as under:
Supergroup/Age
Group
Quarternary
sand
Nagaur Group
siltstone
Marwar Supergroup
Bilara Group
dolomite
Jodhpur Group
Middle to U. Proterozoic
Malani Igneous Suite
Erinpura Granite
Lithology
Alluvium & wind blown
Sandstone, gypsum &
Limestone, chert &
Sandstone, shale, boulders,
chert.
Granite (Jolor type)
Rhyolite & pyroclastics
with dykes of granophyre
Granite and gneiss
Punagarh Group
Delhi Supergroup
Lower to MiddleProterozoic
Sirohi Group
Sendra-Ambaji Granite
Phulad Ophiolite Suite
Kumbhalgarh Group
Basic volcanic with pillow
lava, meta tuff, quartzite,
shale, slate phyllite, bedded
chert
Phyllite, mica schist, biotite
schist, dolomitic marble,
migmatite & gneisses
epidiorite, Hornablende
Granite and gneiss
Hornblends schist,
amphibolite, pyroxene
granulite, gabbro &
ultramafics.
Calc schist, marble, granite
schist/amphibolite, biotite
schist, quartzite, mica schist
and migmatite
The oldest & prominent rock exposed along district belongs to Delhi supergroup comprising
southern, eastern and north eastern margine of the metamorphosed ferruginous and massive
clastics.
With subordinate chemogenic sediments and associated intrusive and e'xtrusive phases. Rocks
of this Supergroup have been further classified in Kumbhalgarh, Sirohi & Punagarh Groups.
The Delhi's are succeeded by a sequence of unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks comprised of
sandstone, limestone, siltstone, gypsum beds, This Supergroup is further divided into Jodhpur
Group, Bilara Group & Nagaur Group.
The Delhi's are intruded by granites and rhyolite. The predominant is the Erinpura Granite.
Mineral Resources
Pali district is endowed with wide variety of minerals. Both metallic and non metallic minerals
are found. Good quality deposits of asbestos, limestone, gypsum, magnesite, quartz are found
which have been exploited for last so many years.
The details of mineral deposits are given below.
Copper
Copper mineralisation has been reported from following localities:
Chitar: A well developed gossan zone was located by state department at 10 kms. from Sandra
railway station. It runs along sericitic quartzite and amphibolite of Delhi Supergroup. The
strike length of zone is about 2.5 kms. and width varies from 1 to 5 m. As a result of
exploratory
drilling totalling 1755 m. in 27 bore holes, a thin zone of mineralisation was proved, extending
over a strike length of 350 m. up to 76 m. down the dip. A total of 0.26 million tonnes of ore
reserves containing 0.917% Cu at a cut off of 0.6% Cu has been assessed in this area.
Naya Kheda: A gossan zone was located by state department near Naya Kheda, 20 km SSW
of Sandra railway station. It is intermittently exposed for about 800 m. along strike in the form
of letter "L" with width varying from less than one meter to as much as 15 m. The country
rocks are Hornblende schist of Delhi supergroup As a result of the prospecting work including
drilling (1796 m. in 14 bore holes), a total of 0.05 million tonnes of ore reserves having 28%
sulphur, 0.5% Copper and 1.76% Zinc up to 100 m. depth.
Lead
Small occurrences of lead mineralization are located near Punagarh and Sandra area. Here
mineralization is of disseminated and vein type and shows erratic nature. It is associated with
slate/phyllite of Delhi Supergroup.
Nickel
Minor indications of nickel are noticed around Ranakpur. The occurrence is not of economic
value.
Thngsten
During the field investigation carried out by the Department of Mines & Geology, numerous
scheelite bearing skarns were located near village Kararavav, Kuram, Bhimana, Sirava,
Thandiberi etc. in tehsil Bali. Skarns revealed presence of scheelite at surface under U. V. lamp
at many places, particularly due SE of Kararavav and due east of Bhimana village. The
analytical results of surface and core samples obtained from 685 m.drilling in six bore holes,
indicate that scheelite mineralisation is erratic, surficial and feeble, except in few localised
pockets.
Asbestos
The asbestos deposits in Pali district are located near Dhal, Mala-ka-Guda, Sendra, Pateria,
Chhagri-Ka Bhagal, Goria, Dhambarli, Kanotiya & Ramgarh. The descriptions of important
deposits are given as under.
Ramgarh-Kanotiya deposit: Ramgarh-Kanotia deposit is located on a hill near village
Kanotiya about 800 m.east of Ramgarh village. Asbestos is generally found associated with
chlorite-mica-schist and talc schist and occasionally with vermiculite and is of tremoliteanthophyllite slip fiber variety. The veins range in width from 15 to 50 cm. and pinch out
within a depth of 10 to12 m.
Manpur deposit: This deposit is located near the deserted village of Manpur. A thin band of
chloritic schist is associated with the asbestos in form of veins ranging in width from 15 to 60
cm. Generally the veins do not persist to any great depth beyond 8 to 10 m.
Goria deposit: This deposit is located about 5 km. SW of Goria village. Thin veins of
magnesite and asbestos found to occur- throughout the whole at highly weathered ultra basic
Veins up to 60 to 70 cm thick have been found to occur but they appear to pinch out at a depth
of 9 m. The asbestos in tremolite cross fiber type and is hard, brittle and shows numerous
fractures due to minor faulting.
Dhal deposit: This deposit is located near the village Dhal where asbestos of tremolite variety
occurs as veins as much as15 cm. in thickness in altered calc-gneisses.The asbestos is hard,
brittle and woody in appearance. The deposit is small and does not appear to be of any
commercial importance.
Chhagri-ki-Bhagal-pateria deposit: Asbestos occurring in these deposits is of tremolite
variety. The veins are short, irregular and discontinuous. Asbestos is hard, light yellowish
coloured with occasional short and weak fibre. The reserves in above areas have been
estimated to be 6500 tonnes upto a depth of 20 m. and 320 tonnes upto a depth of 5 m.only.
Small occurrences of asbestos are also noticed near Sandra, Belphana and Halawal villages.
White clay
At Literia large deposit of white clay was located near the top of the limestone of the
Vindhyans and overlain by pebble beds. It is grayish while in colour but upper part of the
deposit is iron stained. The average thickness of clay bed is 2 m. It possesses fair degree
of plasticity, the water of plasticity being 25.01 %. A total of 0.25 million tonnes. of reserves
have been estimated by the state departmental.
Felspar Quartz
The pegmatites occurring around Beranthia Khurd, Bhanuira, Kalyanpura, Kalakot, Raira in
Raipur tehsil near villages Nana in Bali tehsil and Sitapura in Sojat tehsil consist mainly of
quartz & felspar. The felspar is of pink variety.
Calcite
Calcite occurrences are located at Bara Guda, Budha Lawa, Kalhab, Kapil-Ki -Bagal, Piplan,
Nana, Khemel, Alipur, Khoral, Patan, Oayalpur etc. These areas mainly fall in Raipur and
Jaitaran tehsil. A number of small pockets are being worked.
Besides, existing mining leases, there are number of small pockets and lenses of calcite
occurring in Bali and Desuri tehsils which have no economic viability.
Magnesite
The magnesite deposits of Sarupa-Chhaja, Gafa and Airaberi are located in the thickly forested
border areas of Ajmer and Pali districts. In Airaberi area the thickness of magnesite veins vary
from 0.5 cm to as much as 12 cm. The mineralisation appears good and persists under depth of
8 m. The maximum recovery in some pits has been noticed up to 15% of the parent rock.
Small occurrences of magnesite are noticed around Koyalvav, Bhimana, Charia ki Bhagal in
Bali tehsil and near Bhira in Raipur tehsil.
Garnet
This mineral has been exploited in past near Devkhedi and Karanpur villages of Raipur tehsil.
It is found in garnet-mica schist and is of abrasive variety. Some times garnet on being broken,
yields pieces of gem quality.
Mica
This is found associated with quartz, felspar in pegmatits near Kalatiya, Khemal etc. villages.
Soap stone
Small occurrences of soapstone associated with asbestos in ultrabasic rocks are reported from
Kanatia & Manpura in tehsil Raipur.
Read ochre/Red oxide
It is observed near Botha-ki-Dhani in Raipur tehsil where it was being exploited by private
mine owners. Red oxide and clay are also found around jaitpura & Shyamgarh and have also
been worked in past.
Graphite
Small occurrences of graphite are located near Bar- Railway station. Preliminary investigation
by department has shown that carbon content varies from 6-8% only.
Gypsum
Gypsum has been worked in past near Khutani village. Mineralisation occurs over an area of
about 1 sq. km. with an average thickness of 1 m. About 0.23 million tonnes reserves having
87% CaSO4 was proved by Department. This deposit was worked earlier by RSMM & private
mine owners.
Wollastonite
The occurrence of Wollastonite found near KheraUparla village of Udaipur district also
extends into Pali and Sirohi districts. The deposit was investigated by G.S.I. and 56 million
tonne reserves have been inferred tentatively.
Lime stone:
The limestone of Delhi Supergroup occurs in Pali district in the form of ridge continuing from
south of Longia in north to Deoli-Hulan in South interuptedly. The nearest railway station is
Bar in north and Guria in south of Delhi-Ahmedabad line of western railway. The limestone is
coarsely crystalline, having grey to dirty white colour intruded by pegmatitic at places.
Limestone is also found in Nana, Kararavav and Thandiberi areas.
Deposit wise description is given below: -1
Limestone Deposit near Ras: The limestone occurs near Ras, Morai, Nimbara-Khurd,
Tunkra, Butiwas etc. villages of tehsil Raipur. The area can be approached through Samokhi
situated on Jodhpur-Ajmer highway. The nearest railway station is Bar situated on DelhiAhmedabad main line of the WR and is 10 kms away from the deposit. Limestone is coarse
crystalline in nat0ure, light grey to dirty white in colour and is thickly bedded. The general
strike of the belt is N30E with rolling dips and occurs as straight ridges from Longia in north to
Deoli-Hullan in south for strike length of about 100 kms. Preliminary investigations revealed
possible reserves of 202 million tonnes in 25 sq.kms. Area prospected near Ras. The average
grade comes to be Cao 48%, MgO 1.03% and SiO2 8.8%. The department had carried out
investigation just south of Ras earlier by drilling 30 boreholes totalling 721 m. in 9 sq.
kms.area and proved about 47.37 million tonnes reserves of drill indicated and 37 million
tonnes of inferred category. However, looking to the extension of the belt and its vicinity to
road and rail the area was re-examined in 1993-94 and samples were collected.
On the basis of analysis results of the samples and past work, the area was divided in 9 blocks
of about 25 sq. kms. each. Out of these 9 blocks, 4 northerly blocks fall in sanctioned areas of
M/s. DLF Cement Limited (Now Gujarat Ambuja Cement) and M/s. DLF Cement Limited.
(Now Gujarat Ambuja Cement) and M/s shri cement limited. In the remaining 5 areas
approximate reserves have been calculated as under (above ground level):
Block -1
99.00 million tonnes
Block -2
99.00 million tonnes
Block -3
120.00 million tonnes
Block -4
Block -5
61.00 million tonnes
140.00 million tonnes
Limestone Deposit. near Guria-Dhunimata-DeoliHullan: The limestone deposit is located
just south of Guria railway station on Delhi-Ahmedabad meter gauge main line of the western
railway. It trends SSW-NNE for an extent of about 11.00 kms. It is the southern continuity of
Ras limestone belt. It is grey to grayish white in colour, fine to coloarse grained and
saccharoidal in nature. 85 million tonnes limestone reserves containing 43% to 50% CaO,
0.19% to 1.56% MgO, 6 to 14% SiO2 have been assessed upto 35 m. depth measured from top
of the hill. The investigations reveal that major portion of the belt is of cement grade.
Limestone near Dhunimata is dolomitic. Part of the area falls in reserve forest.
Limestone Deposit near Thandiberi-Siyava: The deposit is northern extension of Amli Pindwara belt of Sirohi district. The limestone is part of Kumbhalgarh Group of rocks of Delhi
Supergroup. The rock formation extends from village Thandiberi to north of Bharja village.
The strike extension being 9 kms and maximum width is 2.7 kms. The northern part of this
limestone is siliceous. The limestone around Kakarla, Kararavav, Bhill colony contains 47%
CaO, 7.8% SiO2 and is suitable for cement manufacture. About 8.2 million tonnes reserves
have been estimated. Partly the area is in reserve forest.
Limestone Deposit near Nana-Kararavav: Limestone Deposit occurs near villages
Kararavav, Kakdara, Railya etc. in Tehsil Bali. The nearest railway station Nana, on DelhiAhmedabad main line of the WR, is 8 kms. from the deposit. Limestone occurs in the form of
hillocks trending N 100-45OE, dips ranging from 55° to almost vertical. Reserves of 15 million
tonnes have been inferred containing 47% CaO, 7.6% Si02 and 2% MgO.
A long band of limestone is also located west of Kotaria over a strike length of about 1 km. It
appears to be of cement grade.
Limestone Deposit near Mandla-Atbara: The limestone deposit of Mandla-Atbara, Rundla
in Pali district is the part of the main limestone belt stretching over a length of 160 kms and
0.80 kms to 12 kms wide belonging to Marwar Supergroup trending ENE. The limestone of
this belt comprises mainly SMS/Chemical/Cement grade having intercalations of cherty and
siliceous limestone in the form of intermittent bands. Many mining leases are in operation. In
Rundia area 14.40 million tonne reserves containing 45% CaO & 0.5 to 2.89% MgO have been
estimated by the Department.
Marble
The search for marble in Pali district began during 1960 when first marble deposit was
explored at Bheru,.Ka-Baria near Bar-Sendra. Due to varied colours and rarely seen natural
figures, the marble of this district gained importance and opened up avenues for search of such
more marble areas. As a result the deposits at Jadri, Sindru, Diyana, Bankli, Khiwandi, near
Sumerpur town in Bali tehsil, Gurah and Kantaliya in Raipur tehsil have come up. The
following table gives a summary of marble occurrences of Pali district along with their salient
features
Name of deposit/area
Bheru Ka Baria near Bar
Bankli Khiwandi near Sumerpur
Sindru-Diyana
Physical character
Pinkish & reddish
Multi coloured
Banded, pinkish, greenish
Jadri near Falna
Banded, pinkish, greenish
Guraha near Babra
Pinkesh
Nature
Calciticsilicious
Calciticsiliceous
Calcitesiliceous
Calciesiliceous
Calciesiliceous
Kantala near Sojat Road
Pinkish
Calcitic Siliceous
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Building Stone: Extensively worked Bar conglomerate at Bar, Giri and Lawacha in Raipur
tehsil being the only deposits in the district, which yields roofing and flooring slabs upto 6 m.
long, 0.5 m. wide and 6 to 12 cm. thick. Small deposits of sandstone in the vicinity of Sojat are
also being worked as masonry stone and at places slabs are also produced.
Granite: Granite occurs in a large area in southern part (Bali-Desuri-Nana) area of Pali district
and also between Bar & Sandra in Ne part of the district. This granite is mainly Erinpura
granite. It is off white to pink, coarse and porphyritic in nature. Small exposures are also
located along Jodhpur-Pali road and at the border of Pali-Jalor district, i.e.; in SW part. In past
it was used as masonry stone but after declaring the Granite Policy in 1995 by state
Government, the investigations were taken up to decide the suitability of granite of Pali area
as a decorative stone. As a result of which many new leases have been sanctioned in KhardaKi-Dhani, Dharm-Dhari-Chotila, Bali-Maniyari, Nadol-Narlai, Kotsamariya, Bar-SandraJhakKi-Chowki, Ramniya, Jawariya, Natra-Jhakhora-Rajora areas.
.Mineral Administration
Mineral administration in the district is looked after by ME, Sojat, which comes under the
jurisdiction of SME, Jodhpur and Addl. Director (Mines) Jodhpur. Geological work including
Mineral prospecting and investigations are looked after by Senior Geologist, Jodhpur which is
under the Suptdg. Gologist, Jodhpur Region and Addl. Director Geology, Jodhpur Zone. The
Teloph0ne No. of offices are given below:
ADG, Jodhpur Zone
(0291) 2510208
Suptdg. Geologist, Jodhpur Region
(0291) 2510640
Senior Geologist, Jodhpur
(0291) 2510640
ADM, Jodhpur Zone
(291) 2510656
SME, Jodhpur
(291)2510746
'ME, Sojat
(02960) 222202
Unpublished geological Reports of pali district
(A) Geological Survey of India & Other organisations.
Agarwal, R.N. & et.al; 1987-88: Report on the integrated geophysical surveys for the ground
follow up of Airborne geophysical conductor Nos 665, 666, 670 & 654 in Ajmer & Pali
districts.
Banglani, S. & et. al.; 1985-86: Geophysical investigation for base metals in Phulad Ophiolites
of Delhi fold belt. Biranthia Khurd Area, Pali district.
Biswas, T.K.; 1985-87: Investigation for Tin-Tungsten mineralisation in Sendra Granites of
Pali district.
Chore, S.A.; 1988-89: Precambrian Stratigraphy of Western Rajasthan in parts of Pali & Sirohi
districts.
Fareeduddin & Reddy, M.S.; 1986-87: Structure, stratigraphy, geochemistry, petrogenesis &
metalogeny of the Phulad Ophilite suite of Delhi Supergroup in Central Rajasthan (The
Sewariya-Mayana- Transect).
Mukerjee, B.; 19 74-75: Report on ploy metallic mineralisation in Punagarh-Sandra belt.
Gupta, P.; 1986-87: Report on structure, stratigraphy geochemistry & petrogenesis of Delhi
supergroup in south central Rajasthan.
Srivastava, S.S.; 1984-87: Report on the geophysical investigation for basemetals in ophialites
of Delhi fold belt (Giri-Buranthia, Bar & Jaitpura areas), Pali districts.
Tyagi, R.C. Eshwara; 1988: Investigation for base metals in Biranthiya- Khurad area Pali,
district.
Shyam Narayan; 1985-87: Base metal investigation in Punagarh Group of rocks, Pali district.
Manjrekar, B.S; 1966-67: Report on asbestos deposits near Barana (Bhilwara distt.), Kanatiya
Manpura (Pali distt.) and Nai Khurd (Ajmer distt), Rajasthan.
Gupta, S.N.; 1967-68: Investigation of the lead in the Punagarh hill, Pali district.
Gupta, S.N.; 1966-67: A report on the preliminary investigation for lime stone near DeoliHulan, Pali distt.
Mitra, S .K; 1969-70; A note on the occurrence of wollastonite near Khera-Uparla, Pali district.
Banerjee, S.K. & Narayanan, P.I.A.: Studies on the beneficiation of a nickeliferous ore from
Ranakpur mines, Pali district.
Gathamia, S.N. & Shyam Narayan; 1987-90: Report on the investigation for base metals in the
Bar-JatiparaKalabar area, Pali & Ajmer districts.
Malhotra G. & Joshi, D.W.; 1990-91: Report on the study of conglomerates at Bar, district Pali
and at Shrinagar, district Ajmer.
(B) Department of Mines and Geology
Bhargava, K.D. & Khilnani, V.B.; 1961-62: A report on the investigation for andalusite near
Bar.
Dave, Y.N.; 1957-58: A report on the prospecting of nickeliferous rocks near RanakpurDesuri.
Shrimali, K.L.; 1956-58: A report on nickel bearing rocks at Ranakpur.
Bhargava, K.D.; 1959-60: Search for economic minerals in Desuri-Marwar region.
Shrimali, K.L.; 1957-58: A brief report on some of the minerals occurring in Phulad area. .
Bhargava, K.D.; 1958-59: A reconnaissance report in Bar, Sandra area.
Doshi, C.M.; 1956-57: A brief report on the limestone investigations in Sojat area.
Bhargava, K.D.; 1968: A note on the limestone and calcite occurrences near Guria Railway
station.
Sanganeria, J.S.; 1961-62: Mineral investigations in Phulad- Desuri area.
Dave, Y.N. & Bhargava, M.K.; 1966: A report on limestone investigation at Sojat and Bilara
area.
Khichi, N.S.: Prospecting for lead near Bijaji-ka-Guda, tehsil Sojat.
Bhargava, M.K. & Dave, Y.N.; 1967-68: A report on gypsum investigation in Khutani area.
Bhargava, M.K. & Dave, Y.N.; 1967-68: A report on the investigation for limestone in Ras
area.
Rathore, B .R. 1969-70: Geological report of Konkani area district Pali.
Bhargava, K.D. & Rathore, and B.R.: Examination of ultra basics in Ajmer and Pali districts
for nickel etc. and study of rocks near Kankarian and Rohat in District Pali.
Saxena, R.C. & Consul, O.N.; 1975: Investigation for magnesite in Sarupa-Chhaja-Gafa area.
Bhargava, M.K.; 1975: Investigation report for basemetal in Chitar area.
Pitliya, N.M.; 1977: Potentiality report of the area near village Uparla Khora, tehsil Bali.
Mehta, D.S. & Rampuria, T.C.; 1977: A report on the basemetal investigation near N ayakhera.
Bafna, P.C. & Suwalka, R.C.; 1978-79: Reconnaissance for asbestos, soapstone, calcite, quartz,
etc. in Raipur and J aitaran tehsils.
Bafna, P.C. & Mehta, M.S.; 1978-79: Reconnaissance for asbestos, wollastonite, calcite, etc.
in Desuri and Bali Tehsil.
Bafna, P.C. & Mehta, M.S.; 1978-79: Continuation of reconnaissance for limestone and other
economic minerals in Raipur and Jaitaran tehsil.
Bafna, P.C.; 1980; Continuation of reconnaissance for economic minerals in Bali and Desuri
tehsils.
Bafna, P.C. & Keshwani, K.B.; 1984: A report on investigation for cement grade limestone in
Gudiya area, tehsil Raipur.
Bhargava, M.K.; 1983-84: Reconnaissance for search of nickel, chromite, asbestos in Raipur
tehsil.
Bhargava, M.K. & Dhaka, B.S.; 1983-84: Investigation for cement grade limestone near
village Ras.
Bafna P.C.; 1983-84: Prospecting for cement grade limestone and search for asbestos,
wollastonite, tungsten in Bhimana, Amil area
Bhargava, M.K. & Dhaka B.S.; 1984-85: Prospecting for cement grade limestone and other
economic minerals in Nana, Bera, and Kothar area of Bali tehsil.
Mehta, M.S.; 1985-86: Reconnaissance for economic minerals like barites, quartz etc. near
village Jadan.
Jangid, H.K.; 1985-1986 Delineation of cement grade limestone bands between Thandiberi &
Sirava, Tehsil Bali, district Pali.
Dhaka, B.S.; 1989-90: Reconnaissance for magnesite, Asbestos, Felspar etc. around Kakarari,
Khetarli,
Phalariya, Anjriya etc. areas in Bali Teh. Of Distt. Pali.
Goswami, R.G. & Surana, L.S.; i990-91: Reconnaissance for locating blockable granite areas
around Nadol, Narlai, Desuri, Virpura teh. Desuri Distt. Pali.
Singh, S.P. & Mehta, M.S.; 1990-91: Assessment of potentiality of marble and limestone
suitable for block mining, cutting and polishing near Dhareswar, Pardi, in teh. Karachi, distt.
Pali.
Singh, S.P. & Goswami, R.G.; 1991-92: Reconnaissance for economic minerals like marble,
asbestos, kyanite etc. nIv. Khivadi, Bankli etc., distt. Pali.
Singh, S.P. & Mehta, M.S.: Reconnaissance for ornamental stone mainly granite nlv Sandra,
Kaliya Pahar Rajor etc., disst. Pali
Jangid, H.K.; 1985-86: Delineation of cement grade limestone bands between Thandiberi and
Sirava, teh. Bali, Distt. Pali.
Bafna P.C. & Jangid, H.K.; 1987-88: Reconnaissance for economic minerals near the contact
zones of granite and limestone around Kotariya, Gurah, Kiron-ki-Dhani, Ratangarh etc., near
Basra village distt. Pali.
Kushwaha, S.N.; 1989-90: Report on Geophysical investigation for basemetals in Sandarda
area distt. Pali.
Maloo, A.K.; 1990-90: Search for fluorite in Richhmalia area, teh. Ajmer and adjoing border of
Pali and Ajmer distt.
Goswami, R.G.; 1991-92: Regional investigation for economic minerals with special reference
to wolframitecassiterite near Nadol, district Pali.
Mathur, G.P. & Gupta, S; K.: A report on geophysical investigation for basemetals in NanaKararavav area, district Pali.
Goswami, R.G.: Geological appraisal of blockable granite and other minerals between Rani an
Bali district Pali.
Jangid, H.K.: Delineation of cement grade limestone bands between Thandiberi and Sirava,
tehsil Bali district Pali.
Jamrani, S.S. & Goswami, R.G.: Regional mineral survey for granite in Fitkasni-Khejarla area
of Jodhpur distt and Desuri teh. Of Pali distt.
Jangid, H.K.: Investigation for tungsten and other associated minerals around villages,
Kararavav, Bhimana, Koyalvav, etc. in tehsil Bali district pali.
Jangid, H.K.: Reconnaissance for tungsten and other economic minerals in the border region
of Pali and Ajmer districts and around villages Pratapgarh, Narpur, Mohat etc., district Pali.
Surana, L.S. & Khabya, N.K.: Delineation of blocks at Ras limestone belt showing reserves
for major cement plants, distt. Pali.
Trivedi, A. et al; 1999-2000: A report on mineral survey for locating marble, lime stone and
other economic minerals near border areas of Ajmer and Pali distts. near village Rupard,
Kesarpur, Mukum Singh-Ki-Dhani in distt. Ajmer and Harmardai, Katariya in distt Pali.
Dr. B. Ram. et al;1996-97: Regional Mineral Survey for search of quartz, felspar and other
economic minerals Samel, Biranthia and Bar areas teh. Raipur, distt ali.
Trivedi, A. et.al. Search for wollastonite and other economic minerals along the border of
Ajmer & Pali distts.
Dhaka, B .S & Dr. Bhanwara Ram.: Regional mineral survey for marble, lime stone & other
economic mineral like calcite, dolomite and basemetals n/v Bopari, Jhalra, Siriari etc.,
disttPali.
Jamrani, S.S. & Goswami, K.G.: (a) Regional mineral survey for granite, marble, calcite,
barytes, fluorite and other economic minerals in the border area of Pali & Sirohi districts. (b)
Delineation for granite in RojraParakhiya- Koliwara area, teh. Bali, distt. Pali.
Kashyap, R.K.: Search for Granite in Desuri area and regional mineral survey to locate
economic minerals such as calcite, fluorite, felspar etc. around Kot- Sambhariya, Kolar, Panota
villages, teh. Desuri distt Pall.
Dr. Bhanwara Ram, Kashyap, R.K.: Mineral survey for cement grade lime stone n/v Kurki,
Dayalpura, Kotaliya, Kerpura; Butiwas, Asarlai etc., teh. Jaitaran distt Pali.
Dhaka, B.S. & Goswami, R.G.: Delineation of granite around Panchalwara, Bhitwara villages,
teh. Bali, distt. Pali.
Luhadia, K.C. et al.: Identification of blockable granite area in non forest land for delineation
and leasing in Pali Jodhpur distts.
Khunteta, R.S. et. al.: Regional Mineral Survey for delineation of marble and granite n/v
Hamardai, Bhildi, teh. Jaitaran, distt. Pali and nlv Weir, Ruparel teh. & distt. Ajmer.
Mehta, M.S.: Reconnaissance for ornamental and building stones in Rupawas, Manihari Bhauri
area, distt. Pali.
FULLER'S EARTH RESOURCES OF RAJASTHAN
Fuller's earth is a name given to a particular type of clay which consists of many clay minerals.
mntmorillonite group containing a varying amount of which is also attapulgit supposed to be a
hydrated alumino-silicate without any definite structure. Fuller's earth very much resembles to
bentonite, in fact calcium bentonite. Is usually reffered to as fuller's earth and sodium bentonite
as bentonite only. It is characterised by lack of plasticity, large water content, fo.Hated
structure and tendency, when water is removed from the clay, to adhere strongly to the tongue.
It has a variable colour which varies from cream to yellow, yellowish brown, buff, pale
greenish grey and light grey. When freshly excavated, it is quite soft but hardens considerably
on exposure. It has a remarkable high absorbing power for basic colours and removes these
colours from solution in animal, vegetable and mineral oils as well as from other liquids
including water. It is tasteless and disintegrates in contact with water but unlike bentonite or
montmorillonite
does not swell and usually as plastic as other clays or clay minerals. It
has a lower specific gravity which varies from 1.75 to 2.5.
Chemical analyses of different samples of fuller's earth differ so much from one another that
they don not afford a criterion in the classification of any clay as fuller's earth or not. The only
reliable test for fuller's earth is its decolourising property.
The difference between bentointe and fuller's earth lies in their mode of occurrence and other
physical properties. Bentonite is regarded to have been formed by the alteration of of volconic
ash deposits, mostly under Cretaceous formations. Fuller's earths represent a shaly facie of
Tertiary rock.
Bentonite swells when added to water and form a gel; Fuller's earth is non swelling but
possesses inherent bleaching and absorbing ability.
Recoverable reserves of fuller's earth (as on 1.4.1995) are placed at 228.3 million tonnes out of
this, almost the entire reserves (99.7 %) are placed under possible category and about 83%
reserves are located in the Banner, Bikaner and Jaisalmer districts of Rajasthan and the rest in
other states.
Total production of fuller's earth came from the two states: Rajasthan and Karnataka. Rajasthan
accounted for the major share of 86.6% and the remaining 13.4% was the contribution of
Karnataka.
Occurrence in Rajasthan
Rajasthan possesses good deposits of fuller's earth. The main production of fuller's earth is
from Barmer district, which contributes 77% while the districts of Bikaner and Jaisalmer
contribute 18% and 5%, respectively.
Barmer district
Kapurdi: Kapurdi village is situated on National Highway No. 15 lying between Barmer and
Jaisalmer at about 28 kms. north of Barmer town. In Kapurdi area fuller's earth occurs in a
shallow basin roughly 1.5 km. long and 250 m. wide with an approximate north-south axis.
The maximum thickness (50 m.) of the fuller's earth is found near the centre of the basin and
the beds thin out towards the southen and northern boundaries of thti basin. The fuller's earth is
well bedded, nonarenacens, creamy yellow or yellowish brown in colour and occurs at 2 to 5
m. below surface. Imperfectly preserved cast of some molluscs and echinoids are found in the
fuller's earth and in the ironstone bands occurring intercalated in it. .
Based on exploratory borehole data, collected during investingation for lignite, the inferred
reserves of fuller's earth in an area of 6.37 sq. km. are of the order of 78 million tonnes
assuming specific gravity 2.00.
Acid activation tests of fuller's earth from this area conducted at R.R.L., Hydrabad have
indicated that fuller's earth could be-activated acid treatment and the product obtained was
comparable to imported bleaching earths. Similar tests on the fuller's earth samples have been
conducted by departmental ceramic laboratory and the results show that the sample having
above 1.0% exchangeable calcium oxide has given best results when activated with 25%
sulphur acid followed by thermal activation at 350°C.
Bharka: Bharka is located about 22 km. from Barmer district on National Highway 15
connecting Barmer and Jaisalmer districts. At Bharka village, a 3 m. thick fuller's earth occurs
bed is found to occur at about 15 m. depths.
Rohli: Another deposit of fuller's earth occurs at a distance of 1.5 km. east of Rohli village.
The material appears to be of good quality and it can be excavated in large lumps.
Alamseria-kurla: The deposit is situated about 6 km. distance from Barmer on BarmerBalotra road. The fuller's earth bed in the area is. over 8 m. in thickness and is overlain by a 23 m. thick sub Recent calcareous conglomerate with pebbles and boulders of volcanic rocks.
The deposit is fairly large covering about 1 sq. km. area.
Sheo: Fuller's earth is exposed for about 120 m. in nala cutting, about seyen furlongs east of
Sheo, where the land is mostly covered by some calcareous material and pebbles of quartz.
Here fuller's earth is light yellowish in colour flaky and in appearance resembles the fuller's
earth from Kapurdi area. The bed of fuller's earth in this area is more or less horizontal; as such
it can be safely be taken to extend for about 80 m. on each side of the nala. The tentative
reserve available in this area is of the order of 100,000 tonnes.
The occurrence of fuller's earth is also observed near Joranda, Lalu Kothri, Jilala and
Hemnada.
Bikaner district
Fuller's earth deposits of Palana are situated about 23 km. SW of Bikaner city. In this area the
fuller's earth occurs in the Palana shals over laying the lignite seam. It has a thickness of 1.8 to
2.4 m. and occurs at about 50 m. depths from the ground level. It stretches over the entire
Palana coal field and is roughly 5 km. in length and about 750 m. in width. It is silvery white,
translucent, possesses good lusture, siliceous in parts and slightly colored yellowish. In past it
was mined through a number of shafts sunk exclusively for this. These were. known as the
"Multani Mitti Shafts" and had yielded some production for a few years but later due to the
difference in quality and also high cost of production, those were closed. The estimated
reserves are of theorder of 85 million tonnes.
Kolayat: Kolayat is located at 51 kms. SW of Bikaner. In this area, the in two horizons,.
namely upper and lower. Only the upper horizon formthe main deposit and is of "economic
value.
Upper Horizon: The fuller's earth of this horizon is located between Marh and Jogira Talab,
about 7 kms.North of Marh, and is exposed along the escarpment of the cuesta. The best
exposures occur at 1 km. south and 500 m. south east of Jogira Talab where its thickness is 11
m. and 7 m., respectively. The fuller's earth of this horizon is grey to greyish yellow and
reddish, soft, well bedded foliated with shale and shaly limestone partings. The thickness of the
recent formation on the top of the cuesta is 3 to 10 m. increasing towards Jogira Talab. The
probable reserves of high grade and low grade fuller's earth are 4.33 and 2.77 MT, respectively.
Besides this, the inferred reserves are 12 million tonnes.
.
Indo-Ka-Bala: The area is situated about 400 m. north of village Indo-Ka-Bala and about 1.6
km. west of village Chandi. The fuller's earth bearing area proved as a result of prospecting by
state department extends to about 14, 00,000 sq. feet. As a result of prospecting it appears that
the average thickness of the workable bed of fuller's earth varies .between 8 to 10 feet, with an
average over burden between 5 to 6 feet.
The total reserve of the workable quality of fuller's earth comes to 3.5 lacs tonnes.
An occurrence of fuller's earth near Kesardesar is also. reported by Department of Mines and
Geology during exploratory drilling for lignite.
Nagaur district
In Nagaur district Kuchera-Khajwana Formation (Eocene age) is reported to contain fuller's
earth associated with ferruginous gritty felspathic sandstone, black shale and lignite. An
occurrence of fuller's earth about 10 m. thick in a well section, 1.5 km. north of Igiar was
located by G.S.I. It appears to occur as small pocket and lenses and is generally mixed with
angular quartz grains. Good quality fuller's earth is exposed in well section of Arisar, Deswal
and Chhapri.
Jaisalmer district
In Jaisalmer district fuller's earth occurs at Mandha and Khuiala, associated with Khuiala
limestone. Near Mandha it is 0.60 to 2.75 m. thickness and a reserve of 80 thousand tonnes has
been estimated. Near Khimsar, Pangli, Khuiala and Bandah, it occurs as 0.5 m. to 1.5 m. thick
band associated with Eocene limestone. Near Dhalo-Ki-Dungri, a 3 m. thick fuller's earth bed
is reported to occur. Minor occurrences are reported in sam and Ramgarh areas.
Uses
Fuller's earth was originally used as fulling or cleaning the grease and stains from wool and
cloth. It is used for bleaching (decolourizing) cotton, wool and oil. Usually it is used to clean
lard oil but is also used for castor, linseed, coconut and other oils as well as tallow and greases.
Mineral oils are also cleaned by fuller's earth. It has also been used as a carrier for colours in
cheap pigments used in wall paper printing. It possesses good absorbing ability and
requirements for this purpose are : (a) it must bleach well (b) it must not cause the oil to revert
to its original colour (c) it must be of open texture pocket and lenses a quartz grains. Good
quality fuller's earth is nd is generally so that it must filter well (d) It must not absorb more oil.
(e) It must not catch fire when removed from thefilterpress. (f) It must not give any permanent
taste or colour to the oil.
Extended use of fuller's earth is in refining and bleaching of glyceride oils; clarification and
purification of sugar cane juce, syrup and wines; water purification; sewerage and effluent
treatment absorbent for oil spillage and factory floors, pet and' animal litter; as a carrier for
insecticides and fungicides : and as mineral filler and extender.
Specification
The specification for fuller's earth depends hugely on the nature of the work to be done. For
refining vegetable, animal and mineral oils by the contacting method, finely pulverized clay is
used, having a mesh of at least 50 pct through 200 and generally from 85 to 95 pct through
200. The limiting factors on finess are filter rate, or the speed with which the oil can be
separated from the clay cake after contacting and oil retention. When the percolation method is
used, a coarse mesh is required in order to permit free passage of the oil through the clay. The
most popular percolation grade is that known as 30/60 mesh. Other standard-mesh percolation
grades are 60/90 and 15/30.
District wise No. of Leases, Production
Sale- Value and Revenue of Fuller's Earth in Rajasthan (Year 2000-2001)
District
No. of leases
Production
Sale value
Revenue
(000'T)
(Lacs Rs.)
(000'Rs)
Barmer
15
13.140
13.74
365.29
Bikaner
1
0.000
0.000
50.00
Bundi
5
1.808
0.27
18.08
Bhilwara
1
0.259
0.05
5.91
Total
22
15.807
14.06
439.28
Statistical Information of Fuller's Earth in Rajasthan (Year 1997-2002)
Year
Production
Revenue
No. of Leases
(000'T)
(000'Rs.)
1997-1998
21.940
1003.89
26
1998-1999
17.843
1090.13
23
1999-2000
15.230
762.07
24
2000-2001
17.000
389.15
19
2001-2002
15.807
439.28
22
POTENTIAL LIGNITE RESOURCE OF RAJASTHAN AWAITS
SPEEDY EXPLOITATION FOR INCREASING REVENUE
REALISATION
Overview
Coal and Lignite constitute the major and world's most important source of energy and outrank
all other sources of energy (viz Petroleum, 1"fatural Gas, Hydel Power, Solar and Atomic
Energy etc.). In India, about 65% of the total energy being produced is contributed by Coal and
lignite. The share of coal in energy production is around 96% but remaining 4% share of lignite
is of vital importance for those states, which are far away from production coal deposits.
Rajasthan is one of such states and therefore, lignite occurrences of Rajasthan have
significance for power generation.
Indian scenario
The total known geogical reserves of lignite in India stand at about 29.36 billion tonnes, most
of which occur in Tamil Nadu, other important states where lignite deposits have been proved
are Rajasthan, Gujarat, Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir and Union Territory of pandichery. The
details of state wise lignite reserves of India are given in Table-1
The production of lignite in the country was 22.1 million tonnes during the year 1999-2000.
The entire production of
lignite comes from 5 mines operated
by three public sector
enterprises. Out of these 5 mines, two each are located in the states of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.
Tamil Nadu contributed the Lion's share (approx 79%) of total
country's production,
followed by Gujarat (20%). Rajasthan produced a stand at about 29.36 billion tonnes, most of
which occur small quantity (1 %) of lignite.
Production of lignite between the year 1998-99 to 2000~2001 (by states) in the country is
mentioned in Table-2.
Potentiality of Lignite in Rajasthan
Rajasthan State was. Pioneer in the field of mining and further utilisation of lignite in power
generation. The first lignite mine by under ground method in the country was started in Palana
area of Bikaner district in the year 1898, a century ago. A small thermal power station based on
lignite deposits of Palana area was also set up at Palana village. But later on in the year 1967,
due to technical and commercial constraints, the thermal power station had to be closed down
and consequently mining operations were also suspended. From the year 1980, onwards, State
Department of Mines and Geology resumed lignite exploration in Bikaner, Barmer and Nagaur
district and proved substantial reserves. Geological survey of India (GSI) and mineral
Exploration Corporation Limited (MECL) also simultaneously joined hands in proving of
lignite reserves in the state.
Lignite is found to be associated with Tertiary rocks extends over an area of 70,000 sq. k.m. in
parts of Bikaner, Nagaur, Barmer, Jalore, Jaisalmer and beyond into Gujarat State. Direct or
indirect indications of lignite are found in more than 7000 sq.km.area out of which only about
300.00 sq.km. area have been explored so far in detail. Thus, there is ample scope for lignite
exploration both at shallow as well as at deeper levels.
Rajasthan is facing a deficit of about 1500 MW in power generation, which is almost 41 % less
than its total power requirement. This shortfall is likely to. increase further upward as per the
Fourteenth Electric power Survey Estimates. Therefore, lignite can bridge the gap of demand
and supply of power, as it is one of the important source of power generation with its
substantial resources.
As a result of exploration activities of varioua agencies in Rajasthan. lignite occurrences have
been proved at 45 localities in Bikaner, Nagaur and Barmer districts (Map-I).The total
geological reserves of lignite in the state are to the tune 2945.98 million tonnes.
Area wise reserves of lignite deposits as proved by different agencies and their present leasing
status has been shown in Table-3. Besides, extensive deposits of lignite have been indicated by
the Directorate of Petroleum has also undertaken development of deep seated lignite by
Underground Gasification (UCG) in association with Gas Authority of India Ltd. (GAlL).
Directorate of Petroleum has identified large deposits of lignite at depths ranging from 200 to
800 m. M/s. Line Energy, an Australian based company, shown interest to developUGC project
in Rajasthan particularly in koslu area of Barmer district deep seated lignite Zones of Bikaner
district are being studied for ascertaing Coal Bed Methane (CBM) prospects.
Future Exploration Programme
I.
State Department of Mine and Geology, during the current year 2003-04 is undertaking
exploration by
drilling in the gap areas between the proved lignite prospects of
Barsingsar, Palana, Gurha, Bithnok & Hadla area in Bikaner district. The boreholes at
400/ 800 m. grid interval will be attended to prove the lignite seams. 2000 m. of drilling
has been proposed.
II
At Mokha area of tehsil Kolayat, district Bikaner, 1000 m. of drilling has been planned
by DMGR as lignite indications were found in private tubewell cuttings at a depth of
120.00 m. Moreover, two important lignite deposits lie in north east and south west
direction of this Mokha area at a distance of less than 5.00 km. These are Hadla and
Chak Vijaisinghpura known lignite prospects, respectively. Therefore, continuity of
lignite will likely be proved.
III
Similarly, 1500.00 m. of drilling has been proposed by DMGR near village Bhanka and
Gaon in tehsil Kolayat, district Bikaner where lignite indications have been located in a
open private well at a depth of 80-90 m. Raneri, known lignite deposit, lie nearby this
area and hence there is every possibility of intersection of lignite seams in the area
being explored.
IV
It Sowa area, tehsil Nokha, district Bikaner, exploration of lignite is continued by
DMGR this area, in dug well cuttings, lignite was located. The thickness of lignite bed
is about 5 m. encountered at a depth of 70.00 m. A total of 1000 m. of drilling has been
proposed during this current year 2003-04.
V
Prospecting for lignite near village Bargaon, Rupathal, Lunyas, Ganthia in Merta
tehsil, district Nagaur will be continued by QMGR as lignite occurrences were
observed in tubewells drilled near Bargaon and Ganthia village between 110-131m.
depth. 1500 m. drilling has been proposed.
VI
Gravity and resistivity survey for locating lignite seams will be attended by DMGR,
south of village Bholasar, district Bikaner. This area is extension of known Hadla
lignite prospect.
VII
Coal wing of GSI is attending regional exploration for lignite in Mahabar-Shivkar area
in district Barmer. 1.00 to 17.80 m. ef cumulative thickness of lignite seams have been
intersected in drilled holes with depth range between 47.40 to 262.00 m. for a strike
length of 3.00 km.
VIII.
Regional exploration for lignite in Mithra area, district Barmer has also been done by
GSI. This area is southern extension of Mahabar-Shivkar prospected lignite deposit by
GSI. Six boreholes were drilled and thin lignite seams intersected between 186.70 to
268.00 m. depths.
IX
Regional Exploration for lignite in Nagrasar area, district Bikaner: Coal Wing of GSI
has proposed more than 2000 m. of drilling in this area, where at places lignite
occurrences have been observed.
X
Detailed Exploration at Kasnau-Matasukh Lignite area. tehsil Jayal, district Nagaur:
M/s. RSMM Ltd. will undertake core drilling in their sanctioned area near village
Kasnau-Matasukh on a grid pattern of 400x400 m. Mining operations have already
been initiated at both Kasnau and Matasukh areas.
XI.
MECL is undertaking lignite exploration around village Riri in Dungargarh tehsil of
Bikaner district. They are attending regional scanning of lignite bearing area which is
further continued.
Testing Facilities .Available for Lignite Analysis in DMGR
Three types of tests are being done for lignite in DMGR. These are:
a)
Proximate analysis comprising of moisture, volatile matters, fixed carbon and ash @
Rs.300/ - per sample.
b)
Chemical analysis of mineral matters. @ Rs.900/ - per sample.
c)
Calorific value of lignite. @ Rs.350/- per sample.
Detailed analysis and other parameters are being analysed by Regional Research Laboratory
Jammu.
Lignite Leases, Production in Rajasthan
There are only two leases of lignite in Rajasthan. During the year 2001-02, 27, 7000 tonnes of
lignite was produced worth of Rs. 21.52 crores. Rs.1.44crores approx. was realised as mineral
revenue. The production, sale value figures of last five years are mentioned in Table 4.
Need of Separate Lignite Leasing Policy in the State"
Presently any application for grant of lignite mineral is being dealt as per laid provisions of
MCR, 1960 as it is a scheduled mineral. Approval of Ministry of Mines, G.I.O is being sought.
There. is no separate Policy for lignite leasing. It is felt that separate policy for lignite leasing
be framed and implemented immediately so as to speedy dispose of pending application for
grant of ML/PI for lignite. In recent past, numbers of leading companies have applied for grant
of M.L. for mineral lignite in parts of Bikaner, Barmer & Nagaur districts.
A few such companies are:
(i) M/s. Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Ltd., (RSMML).
(ii) M/s. Neyveli Lignite Corporation, Neyveli, Tamil Nadu.
(iii) M/s. Hindustan Vidhut Corporation, New Delhi.
(iv) M/s. K.S.K. Energy Ventures Pvt. Ltd.,
Hyderabad (A.P.).
(v) M/s. Marudhar Mining Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad (A.P.).
(vi) M/s. Reliance Industries Ltd., Mumbai (Maharastra).
(vii) M/s. Rolex Mines Pvt. Ltd., Bhilwara (Rajasthan).
(viii) M/s. R.K. Electro Power Ltd., Jaipur (Rajasthan).
The Coal Mines (Nationalisation Act, 1973) was amended w.e.f., dated 9.6.1993 to allow
private sector participation in coal/lignite mining for generation of power for captive use and
for manufacture of iron, steel and cement.
Standardisation of Terminology, Norms of Classification and
Estimation of Lignite Resources
As per decision held in the 38th Sub-Committee on Energy Minerals (Group-III of CGPB), a
draft proposal was prepared for standardisation of terminology, norms of classification and
estimation of lignite reserves jointly by GSI, NLC and MECL. The salient features of draft
proposal are reproduced for ready reference for the of lignite exploration agencies:
(i)
Exploration activity for lignite should be broadly classified as "Regional Exploration" and
"Detailed Exploration". Regional Exploration will include delineation of the broad geometry
of the lignite body by drilling in association with geophysical and geochemical studies
whereas Detailed Exploration should involve the precise delineation of the prospect
alongwith geophysical, geochemical, geohydrological, geotechnical, geoenvironmental and
other associated studies.
(ii)
The calculated tonnage of lignite resource will be categorised as "Inferred" "Indicated" and
"Proved" depending on the increasing level of confidence.
(iii) "Proved Resource" should be identified on the basis of "Detailed Exploration" only.
(iv) Norms of borehole/grid spacing has been proposed as 200m., 400m.& 800m. for 'Proved',
'Indicated' and 'Inferred' categories, respectively for lignite fields of Rajasthan, Gujarat and J &
K States.
(v)
The resource falling within an area with a radius of 100 m. for Rajasthan, Gujarat and J&K
states from observation points should be categorised under "Proved Resource".
(vi) The resource generated through "Regional Exploration" should be identified as "Indicated" and
"Inferred" categories and the estimation of these categorised resources should be restricted to
the influence areas with a radius of 200 m. & 400 m.
(vii) The resources falling beyond the area of influence of inferred category may be termed as
"Prognosticated" resource.
(viii) For calculation of resource, lignite seam of thickness 0.50 m. and more is to be considered.
(ix) Lignite resource is to be reported as lignite: Overburden ratio as <1:5, 1:10, 1:15.
(x) For estimation of resource of lignite, bulk density of 1.15 is proposed for tonnage calculation.
(xi) For arriving at net resource, 10% should be deducted from the gross resource on account of
fault, washout etc.
(xii) NLC has suggested the following gradewise classification of lignite, based on Ash% +Moisture
%( Insitu moisture basis) and Gross Calorific value:
Grade
GCV(K.cal/kg)
Ash%+Moisture%
Lignite-A
>3000
<55%
Lignite-B
2000-3000
55-65%
Lignitic/carbonaceous
1000-2000
65-75%
In case of non-availability of Gross Calorific Value (GCV) for lignite seam, the following
empirical formula be considered for arriving at GCV:
GCV (k.cal/kg.)= 6751.80-71.3 x (Ash%+Moisture% on insitu moisture basis).
Likely Investment in Lignite Mining and Mineral Based Industries
(a) It is estimated that 6-10 Power Plants will be installed in coming 10 years with a capacity of
1500 MW and there will be likely investment of more than Rs. 48000 million of rupees.
(b) More than 10-20 No. of new lignite mines will be put under operation by- public sector and
private sector with an investment of more than Rs. 9000 million of rupees.
Suggestions
For speedy exploration of potential lignite resources of Rajasthan following points are
suggested. These will likely put the proved prospects into early exploitation and increased
realisation of mineral revenue. Moreover, investment under "FDI" and "JV" for establishment
of lignite based/mineral based industries will further boost up economy of State which has low
agricultural productivity.
(i) Separate Policy for Lignite be framed and
implemented. In the Policy, there may be provision for constitution of a "High Power
Departmental Committee" to dispose pending lignite allotment application in a time bound
manner.
(ii) At State Government level, the investment proposals exceeding Rs. 50.00 carores related to
lignite be disposed off within stipulated time frame. Such an high power Committee should
also resolve the matters related with acquisition of mining/mineral based industry land,
requirements of initial power, water and providing other infrastructural facilities.
(iii) The Departmental Committee (of DMGR) should organise trade fairs, seminars, work shops in
India and abroad to attract "FO!" & "JV" in this potential Lignite sector of the State.
(iv) Disposal of lignite application for grant of PL/ML be attended strictly in a fixed time-scheduled
manner and defaulter be taken in to task. This will speed up exploitation of lignite in the State.
(v) The lignite reserves of state be revised as per recommendations of the joint expert
committee of
GSI, NLC and MECL. It will enhance level of confidence and will lead to speedy investment
decision by the entrepreneurs. .
(vi)
There is need of popularisation of latest lignite mining machineries for its adoption by the
public and private sector.
(vii) Although information regarding availability of lignite areas in Rajasthan is available on DMGR
website."www.dmg-raj.com." yet potential free areas which are available for leasing be
published in National/Regional News Papers from time to time.
(viii) Special package of incentives be included in Lignite Policy for entrepreneurs who are being
granted lignite mines and who intend to set up power plants with in stipulated time period.
(ix) Lignite mineral be immediately considered for leasing in private sector for captive use in power
generation in cement and iron industries. A few private companies are intending to explore
such possibilities under "JV" (Joint Venture).
(x) DMGR may take up "Detail Exploration" as per norms in the, already regionally explored areas
of Western Rajasthan for arriving at early investment decision by the interested entrepreneurs.
(xi) Large tract of left out Tertiary rocks and likely lignite bearing areas be explored by DMGR in
gap areas of known lignite prospects of Barmer, Jaisalmer, Bikaner and Nagaur districts.
(xii) Only a few proven areas be kept reserved for power generation and others be leased for other
captive use.
(xiii) For granting Mining lease in the State, Central Government has made a "Screening Committee'
in which M/s. NLC is one of the agency. As M/ s. NLC is himself a leassee in the State, it is
suggested that M/s. NLC may be omitted from Screening Committee.
(xiv) Presently number of areas have been kept reserved for major power plants but presently
number of
private entrepreneurs have applied for smaller blocks for minor power plant i.e. <
100 M.W. for which about 20 million tonne reserves are needed.to accelerate the grant of
lignite leases according to reserve position of the blocks, blocks may be classified and
published for leasing.
Power Plants in Pipe Line
1.
Lignite based Power Plant (125 MW capacity) to beset up at Giral area in Barmer
district. The cost estimates in Rs. 618 carores and it will be a first lignite based power project
in the state. Foundation stone was layed by Hon'ble Chief Minister of Rajasthan on dated 19th
July, 2003. This plant is being set up by M/S. Rajasthan Vidhut Utpadan Nigam Limited
(RVUN). M/s. R.S.M.M.L. will supply lignite from its mine located at Giral village. About
3000 tonnes of lignite will be required 'per day by the plant. The project will likely be
completed by 33 months. The power generation will cost@ Rs. 2.45 unit during first year
(Source: The Times of India, July 18, 2003). The location of Giral proposed Power Plant is
about 12 km. from Bhadka village which is in turn 32 Km. far from Barmer town.
2
M/s. Marudhar Power Ltd. will install 77 MW lignite based Power station based on
sanctioned lease area near village Raneri in Bikaner district to M/s. RSMDC (now merged with
M/s. RSMM Ltd). (Source: times of India, New Delhi dated 7.8.2003).
3
At Barsingsar area of district Bikaner, M/s. RSMM Ltd. will likely to install a lignite
based power plant of 125.00 crores will be spent on power plant. (Source: Danik Bhaskar dated
28th May, 2003).
In the last, it may again be pin pointed that in the State, potential lignite deposits of Western
Rajasthan be developed speedly. This could go a long way in obviating the imbalance that
exists today in power availability and demand for smooth growth of industry in Rajasthan.
Amalgamation of Rajasthan State Mineral Development Corporation Limited
with Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Limited
RSMML No: F. 7 (3) Amalgamation/CR - 03:785
Dated 1-3-2003
The Department of Company Affairs Order No. S.O.207 (E) dated 19th February, 2003 published
in Gazette of India (Extraordinary) issue No. 173 dated 20th February, 2003 have approved
amalgamation of Rajasthan State Mineral Development Corporation Limited with Rajasthan State
Mines & Minerals Limited with effect from 20th February, 2003.The Rajasthan State Mineral
Development Corporatin Ltd. stands dissolved with effect from 20th February, 2003.
In view of the above notification of amalgamation of Rajashtan State Mineral Devlopment
Corporation with Rajasthan State Mines & Mineral Limited, the following structions/orders are
issued for immediate compliance:
1. Henceforth all correspondence, legal commitments and any other transactions be made in the
name of Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Limited.
2. Henceforth no cheques, agreements or documents shall be executed or issued in the name of
Rajasthan State Mineral Development Corporation Limited.
3. No cash receipt in the name of Rajasthan State Mineral Development Corporation Limited shall
be issued. However, the cheques/drafts received in the name of RSMDC be accepted and deposited
with the Banks, for which separate instructions are being issued to the Banks. The cash receipts
will be issued in the name of Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Limited.
4. Henceforth all bills, invoices, challans,. ravannas, receipt etc. shall be issued in the name of
Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Limited. For administrative convenience in existing bill books,
invoice books, challan
books, Ravanna books a seal stating that Now known as Rajasthan State & Minerals Limited by
operation of Law be affixed after the name of RSMDC. For example - RSMDC (Now known as
RSMML by operation of Law). All parties be directed to issue cheque/draft in the name of
Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Limited in place of Rajasthan State Mineral Development
Corporation Limited.
For purposes of clarifying any issues in respect of change of name on consequential effect of
amalgamation, a cell has been created at Jaipur. All clarifications required in the matter of
amalgamation, especially by the Units/Offces of the erstwhile RSMDC, can be referred to the
cell which will be called the Amalgamation-Monitoring, Inquiry
and Control Cell and will function at Khanij Bhawan, Tilak Marg, Jaipur. The follwoing
members of the cell can . be contacted at the following phone Nos./Offices:
1.
Ms. Urmila Joshi
Financial Advisor
Phone No. (0) 2227301 (R) 2304777
2.
Shri P.K. Jain
Senior Manager (Company Affairs) Phone No. (0) 5103349 (R) 2395948
3.
Shri R.P. Sharma
Senior Manager (Admn.)
Phone No. (D) 2743934 (R) 2550897
(Sd.)
Sr. Manager
(COMPANY AFFAIRS)
NO. F-14 (5) Mines/Gr. - 2/2002/PT
Jaipur Dated: 18.6.03
You are fully aware that the environmental issues have now become extremely important for
attaining a sustainable development in mining sector.
The mining activities tends to effect the environment by way of land dgradation, felling of treees in
mining areas adverse effect on ground water resources, water pollution and air pollution etc. There
are sufficient existing provisions in various laws to take care of measures required to protect
environment mining areas. Some of the provisions are being highlighted as under:
A. Minor Mineral Concession Rule, 1986 : - Rule 18(7), Rule 18 (8a), Rule 18 (8b) (iii), Rule
18 (8b), (iv).
B.
M.C.D.R., 1988 : Rule 31,32,33 and Rule 34.
C. Granite COhservation and Development Rules: Rule 29,30,31 and 32.
D. Marble Development Conservation Rul~s, 2002 : Rule 22,25,26,27 and Rule 28. .
E.
Marble Policy, 2002: Provision 16(2) (iii), Provision 16 (2) (iv), Provision 16 (2) (v) and
provision 16 (2) (vii).
These provisions have to be enforced very strictly and action may be initiated against defaulting
lease holders as per rules.
You might be knowing that Environment Protection Plan for ensuring eco-friendly mining has
already been drafted and would be put in force very soon. However, looking to the fact that the
rainy season is fast approaching, following directions are being issued to be implemented strictly
in the mining areas for taking a strong step towards achieving eco-friendly mining in the state:
1. It may be ensured that the mining plans/mining schemes, as required under the prevailing law
and existing rules, are submitted by the lessees for approval by the lease holders of major
minerals, Marble and Granite leases and quarry liecences of minor minerals etc.
2. It may be ensured that whenever the lessees dig out the available top soil they may store it
separately in such a manner that it could be utilized for stabilizing of dumps created by
depositing over burden, by- intensive plantation.
3. All lease holders may be asked to check the water channels in their mining lease areas and
clear/clean them before the rains start. Water should flow in its natural path and there should be
no obstruction created by way of unplanned mining activites.
4. If some diversion of water channels becomes necessary due to availability of mineral in lease
area at a particular location only, new drains following the contours be constructed by lessees,
so that water flows un-obstructed to main water bodies/ponds/tanks/natural reservoirs.'
5. The over burden should not be dumped in such a manner that it flows with water in the nearby
tanks, reservoirs and ponds etc. The lease holders should dump the over burden in such a.
manner that it does not get washed away to the nearby water tanks and lakes etc. during the
rainy season.
6. All mining lease holders/quarry liecence holders be requested to plant a specific number of trees
based on their area of lease so that they survive for longer time to come. It has to be ensured
here that the mine owners to report the achievement of the target of tree plantation by way of
giving number of plants that survive and not by the number of plants planted by them.
7. In all leases that are located adjacent to forest areas, it should be ensured that a safe distance, as
provided in the rules, is left by lease holders between the actual mining area and the forest
boundary.
Moreover, the lessees of such leases may be asked to plant a specific number of trees to create
a green buffer zone between the mining area and the forest. Such lessees may also be requested
to construct loose stone/ Pakka stone wall showing their working boundaries between the
forest and the lease so that there is no possibility of even unintentionally movement towards
the forest areas.
8. It may be ensured that whenever mining reaches to the water table, the lease holder digs a
separate well in the lease area itself in which water from the mining pit is disposed with the
objective of recharging of water table. By doing so there would be no wastage of ground water
due to mining operations close to the water table. In some areas attempts may also be made for
getting the channels created by the lease holders that carry such water free of debris to the
nearby pond/water reservoirs.
9. It may be ensured in the field that water pollution and air pollution clearances, wherever
required, are duly obtained by the lessees from the State Pollution Control Board. As the time
left for rains to come is very short it is enjoined upon all the field officers to immediately contact
the lessees for adopting the measures as indicated above including the intensive plantation in
mining areas.I
It would be worthwhile to request the lessees to prepare "eco-friendly mining plan" including the
action plan on above issues for their, mining area and submit it to the concerned ME/ AME for
approval. Mining Engineer/Assistant mining Engineer would ensure that all land marks indicated
in eco-friendly mining plan submitted by the lessees are strictly adhered to. This exercise would
lead to development of specific eco-friendly mining plans for each and every mining lease/quarry
license, depending upon the local conditions and geographical features.
After the rainy season is over ME/AME would report about the individual mine/quarry on the
compliance of above measures that are essential to be taken/adopted for complying with the
directions issued by the Hon'ble Supreme Court from time to time.
I am very sure that both lease holders and the departmental officers would be able to substantially
implement the action plan prepared by them for achieving objectives as indicated above in an
effective manner with the objective of achieving sustainable development in the state.
Let us join hands toghether in our endeavor to achieve the objective of environment friendly
mining in the state.
In the end would also like to point out that the separate report may be prepared on the lease holders
who do not adopt the above measures for environment protection in their mining area.
(Sd.)
(Rakesh Verma)
Secretary to the Govt.
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