Name: __________________
INTRODUCTION TO
3-DIMENSIONAL ART
As we explore the four processes of sculpture and produce sculptures of our own, it is
important to remember that 3-Dimensional art has a long and wonderful history. It is tempting to
forget about the past and focus only on our own art production, but looking at earlier sculptures
and learning about how and why they were created is also important. In the coming weeks, we
will look at pieces of 3-Dimensional artwork from a variety of time periods and places. You will
likely recognize some of the sculptures and structures, as well as the artists that produced them.
Some pieces will appeal to your personal sense of aesthetic, and others may not.
Everyone’s sense of aesthetic is a little different. We will explore the pieces chronologically, or
in order from oldest to most modern. Keep in mind that much art was created before Neolithic
people made Stonehenge many centuries ago, and that many pieces have been produced since
Dale Chihuly finished Rio Delle Torreselle in 2001. We are not covering every style or time
period in art; this list is just a small sampling.
This packet contains valuable information about the history of art and includes a list of
terminology, concepts and time periods. This material will be covered during class, but it should
be studied outside of class in preparation for Slide Quizzes, Content and Terms Quizzes and the
Final Examination. In each description there is one “KEY SENTENCE” that is bolded and
italicized. Be sure to know this information, as it will be required writing on Slide Quizzes.
1
The SEVEN ELEMENTS of art:
As we explore these 12 pieces, think about how each one of them uses the seven elements. Some of the pieces
will use many of the elements, and others may use only one or two. Understanding how artists have used the
elements in their work is a great way to learn about how art is produced and make your own work better.
Space:
(studied mostly in Introduction to 3/D Art)
Space is the distance or area between, above, below, and within things. Artists show space or depth in
many ways, including overlapping, size, focus, placement, intensity and value, and linear perspective.
3-Dimensional art depicts actual space (both positive space and negative space), while 2-Dimensional
art creates the illusion of space on a flat surface. Space can be shallow or deep.
Texture:
(studied mostly in Introduction to 3/D Art)
Texture is how something feels, or looks as though it might feel, if it were touched. Texture can be
actual (real texture built up on a piece of art) or implied (a piece of art made to look like it is textured).
Form:
(studied mostly in Introduction to 3/D Art)
Form is the use of three-dimensional objects. Like shapes, forms can be organic or geometric. Forms
can be used to create actual space, not just the illusion of space.
Value:
(studied mostly in Introduction to 2/D Art)
Having control over lightness or darkness allows an artist to show depth and tell the viewer where the
light source is. Using shadows and highlights to create contrast is a common way in which artists use
value in 2-Dimensional artwork.
Color:
(studied mostly in Introduction to 2/D Art)
Color is in nearly every piece of 2-Dimensional art. Artists use color to control the mood of their work
and to show emotion. The four color schemes (monochromatic, complimentary, analogous and warm
vs. cool) are often used in paintings. The use of color can influence the way a piece of art is interpreted.
Line:
(studied mostly in Introduction to 2/D Art)
Lines can be vertical, horizontal, diagonal, curved or zigzag. Artists control line quality by making them
smooth, rough, sketchy or broken. Artists control line variety by making them thick or thin, long or
short, heavy or light depending on how they wish to depict their subject.
Shape:
(studied mostly in Introduction to 2/D Art)
Artist use shapes in many ways. Shapes are areas on the picture that are defined by boundaries.
Shapes can be geometric (regular edged, like squares, triangles or circles.) or they can be organic
(irregular edged, like clouds, puddles or leaves).
2
3-Dimensional Art
a few basic things…
There are four major processes of sculpture:
1. Modeling:
The process in which a soft, pliable (bendable) material is built up and
shaped into a sculptural form. Generally done with clay, wax or
plasticine. This is an additive process.
2. Assembly:
The artist gathers and joins together a variety of different materials to
construct a 3-dimensional work of art. Generally done with wire, metal,
string, wood or found objects. This is an additive process.
3. Carving:
Cutting or chipping away from a given mass. Generally done with
wood, marble, stone, plaster or other hard substance. This is a
subtractive process.
4. Casting:
A melted down metal or other liquid is poured into a mold to harden.
Many copies of the same sculpture can be made quickly by using
casting. Generally done with plaster, slip, bronze, copper or gold. This
is neither additive nor subtractive.
You should know what these terms mean and be able to list the four
processes of sculpture. You should be able to look at a piece of 3Dimensional art and tell which process of sculpture was used.
3
12 PIECES OF 3-DIMENSIONAL ART
THAT EVERYONE SHOULD KNOW…
(Listed chronologically)
TITLE
ARTIST
YEAR
1.
Stonehenge
Neolithic
2750 BCE
2.
King Tut’s Mask
Egyptians
1350 BCE
MEDIUM
PROCESS
(3)
Stone
Assembly
(1)
Gold and jewels
Assembly
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------3.
Discus Thrower
Myron
450 BCE
(1)
Marble
Carving
4.
David
Michelangelo
1504
(1)
Marble
Carving
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------5.
Forever Free
Edmonia Lewis
1867
(1)
Marble
Carving
6.
The Thinker
Auguste Rodin
1889
(1)
Bronze
Casting
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------7.
Reclining Figure
Henry Moore
1939
(2)
Elm Wood
Carving
8.
Bull’s Head
Pablo Picasso
1943
(2)
Bronze
Casting
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------9.
Feather Plate
Maria Martinez
1950
(2)
Earthenware
10.
Untitled Mobile
Alexander Calder
1976
(3)
Aluminum, tubing Assembly
Modeling
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------11.
Jockeys and Horses
Bruce Howdle
1995
(1)
Stoneware
Modeling
12.
Rio Delle Torreselle
Dale Chihuly
2001
(3)
Glass
Assembly
===========================================================================================
The three basic types of art are representational, non-representational, and abstract. Most art falls into one of these
categories. Representational is when an artist attempts to capture exact reality in their work. Abstract is when an artist
shows recognizable subjects but distorts their appearance. Non-representational is when an artist makes no attempt to
portray real subjects in their work. Each of the 12 pieces is labeled according to the guide below:
(1) Representational
(2) Abstract
(3) Non-Representational
4
SLIDE SET 1
1.
TITLE
ARTIST
YEAR
MEDIUM
SCULPTURE TYPE
Stonehenge
Outer stone circle is 106’ diameter
Neolithic
2750 BCE (3)
Stone
Assembly
(likely built in four stages beginning around 2750 BCE and ending around 2100 BCE)
Stonehenge is a structure that is shrouded in mystery. It is a
cromlech that has no subject. Stonehenge was built by
Neolithic people on the Salisbury Plain in England. Their
medium was rocks and there are many theories on how the
rocks were carved, moved and assembled. Stonehenge was
built without mortar to hold the pieces together. The rocks are
placed in the shape of three circles; each one progressively
larger, with a large circular ditch dug around the outside.
Experts say that the ditch was dug first, and then the rings
were built in three separate stages separated by hundreds of
years. There were originally thirty upright stones, the tallest of
which were about 24 feet high and weighed around 50 tons.
Stonehenge was built using post and lintel construction.
The posts are the vertical stones and the lintels are the horizontal stones balanced on top. It may have been built for sun-worshipping rituals, as an observatory, a calendar, or as a
place for planting and harvest rituals. The creators of Stonehenge were less worried about aesthetics and more
concerned with how it would be used. Stonehenge is about the size of a large basketball court.
2.
King Tut’s Mask
Piece is life-sized
Egyptians
1350 BCE (1)
Gold and jewels Assembly
Due to rules of succession, Tutankhamun abruptly became
King of Egypt when two older men died. King Tut assumed the
throne at the age of ten! King Tut was not a major figure in
Egyptian history, and he died at age 19. He likely died of
malaria, and he had a cleft palette and club foot. King Tut
walked with a cane his entire life. This symmetrical mask bore
his likeness and was created as a funerary case. This bust
goes along with the ancient Egyptians’ ideas regarding the
afterlife. King Tut’s tomb had many rooms filled with furniture,
clothes, weapons, chariots, works of art, and other functional
items. King Tut was actually placed inside three separate
coffins, the outer two being made of wood and the interior one,
weighing around 250 pounds, constructed of solid gold. We
know about King Tut because his tomb is the only one
discovered in our time that had not been robbed centuries
ago. Howard Carter, an English Egyptologist, found the tomb
in 1922. This smooth and polished piece is quite tactile.
5
SLIDE SET 2
TITLE
3.
ARTIST
Discus Thrower
Piece is 5’ 1” tall
YEAR
MEDIUM
SCULPTURE TYPE
Myron
450 BCE (1)
Marble
Carving
Artist lived 60 years (490 BC-430 BC, age 40 at completion of piece)
Myron was a sculptor during the Greek Classical period that was
famous for his sculptures of athletes in bold poses. He executed this
sculpture over a ten year span. The statue shows a man in the
moment before releasing a discus as he is about to swing forward and
fling the object through the air. Myron studied human anatomy, which
helped him create this lifelike artwork. Myron was very careful to
accurately show the bones, tensed muscles and stretched tendons.
This piece represents a major change in the evolution of sculpture.
Before Myron, most sculptures of people were rigid and stiff—people
were standing straight up or seated in a formal posture. Discus
Thrower was different; it showed a pose of action. Many sculptors
after Myron have used this idea. The athlete is poised in perfect
balance in an asymmetrical composition. This is nearly a freestanding
sculpture; the only support is the small post that supports the athlete’s
left leg. The original work was a bronze cast, not a marble carving.
Myron’s bronze original was melted down many centuries ago to make
weapons; this is a Roman copy.
4.
David
Piece is 13’ 5” tall
Michelangelo
1504
(1)
Marble
Carving
Artist lived 89 years (1475-1564, age 29 at completion of piece)
David was carved in Florence, Italy. The image of David was the symbol of this city
because he defeated Goliath in a story from the Old Testament. David was a young
Israelite soldier who was challenged to fight Goliath, a giant from another army. David
won the battle with a slingshot and a few stones. The people of Florence wanted to
demonstrate to the world that they would fight for themselves, even if they were
a small city. In 1463 the city leaders commissioned an artist, Agostino di Duccio, to do
a sculpture of David, but he gave up on the project. Thirty five years later, Michelangelo
was hired and given the same piece of marble that di Duccio had started on. The statue
shows David in his time of greatest courage, the moment before he fights Goliath. The
content of this statue is courage and faith. David is standing with most of his body
weight on his right leg, which is a contropasto pose. Before making a sculpture or
painting, Michelangelo did many thumbnails to work out his design. David was originally
meant to be placed high above ground on top of Florence Cathedral to be viewed from
the street below, which explains why the scale is incorrect. David’s head is oversized
and his feet are small in comparison. This piece is done during the Renaissance.
“The statue already exists inside the block of marble, it is my task to set it free”
-Michelangelo Bounarroti
6
SLIDE SET 3
5.
TITLE
ARTIST
YEAR
MEDIUM
SCULPTURE TYPE
Forever Free
Piece is 3’ 5” tall
Edmonia Lewis
1867
(1)
Marble
Carving
Artist lived approximately 67 years (c. 1845-c. 1911, around 22 at completion of piece)
Edmonia Lewis was born in New York state. Her mother was Native American
and her father was African American. Edmonia, whose birth name was Wildfire,
was orphaned as a child, so she and her older brother were raised by
members of their mother’s family. She attended Oberlin College in Ohio, and
then moved to Boston to study art. Many Americans during this era did not
appreciate art made by a minority, especially a female. She grew frustrated
with American society and moved to Rome, Italy, in 1867. In Rome, Edmonia
saw architecture and sculpture that inspired her to work in the Neoclassical
style. Edmonia carved Forever Free while in Rome. This subtractive sculpture
celebrated the ratification of the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery in
the U.S. The focal point is the newly-freed man breaking his chains and
stepping on the ball that once held him down. He raises his hands as a woman
kneels next to him, thanking God for their freedom. The content of Forever
Free is triumph over adversity and hope for the future. Despite her skills,
some doubted that a minority female artist could produce great art. To prove
herself, Edmonia stood next to her sculptures during art shows and explained
her work, proving to the crowd that she was indeed the sculptor. This piece is
in the permanent collection at Howard University in Washington, D.C.
6.
The Thinker
Piece is 2’ 4” tall
Auguste Rodin
1889
(1)
Bronze
Casting
Artist lived 77 years (1840-1917, age 49 at completion of piece)
This is the most famous piece done by the French sculptor Auguste Rodin.
This casting shows a man in deep thought—so deep that his toes are clutching
the ground and his muscles are tense. The Thinker is meditating as he tries to
find an answer to an important question. The Thinker was originally meant to
be a small part of a much larger project known as The Gates of Hell. This
sculpture, based on the 12th century epic poem Inferno by Dante, was
supposed to be a door for an art museum in Paris, but Rodin never finished it.
He later used portions of the doors, like The Thinker, to do small sculptures.
The Thinker was meant to represent Dante as he struggled to write his story.
Rodin worked in the style of Expressionism, which means that his work was
concerned with emotion, not intricate details. Rodin was an admirer of
Michelangelo’s and he often studied figure sculptures from the Renaissance,
but his work is not as refined as Michelangelo’s. This is a casting, which means
that Rodin first modeled the piece from a substance like plasticine. After that,
he made a plaster mold and finally poured in liquid bronze. There are many
copies of The Thinker in outdoor venues around the world which have a green
patina from years of being in the weather.
7
SLIDE SET 4
7.
TITLE
ARTIST
YEAR
MEDIUM
SCULPTURE TYPE
Reclining Figure
Piece is approximately 5’ long
Henry Moore
1939
(2)
Elm Wood
Carving
Artist lived 88 years (1898-1986, age 41 at completion of piece)
Henry Moore grew up in England, where he modeled
small clay sculptures as a young boy. He was an
elementary art teacher and served in World War I. As
an adult, he taught art at a college and he was
inspired by art from the Renaissance, especially
Michelangelo’s sculptures. Henry was very interested
in nature and organic forms, and often used natural
materials. The medium for this piece is unique; he
used the wood of an elm tree. Moore was also
interested in the relationship between positive space
and negative space. He liked the voids created by
making holes and dents in his figures. This piece has
a large amount of concave and convex surfaces.
Moore had three major themes in his career: the mother and child, the family group, and the reclining figure.
Moore’s most common theme was the reclining figure, which he made many versions of during his career. This piece is
highly stylized, which is common for this artist and other Modernism artists.
8.
Bull’s Head
Piece is 1’ 4” tall
Pablo Picasso
1943
(2)
Bronze
Casting
Artist lived 92 years (1881-1973, age 62 at completion of piece)
Pablo Picasso is considered by many to be the greatest artist
of the 20th century. He was born in Spain but spent much of
his life working in France. He began his career as an artist at
age 15 and lived a long life full of creativity and
experimentation. Picasso made over 20,000 individual pieces
of art in a wide range of mediums. He was a painter, a
sculptor, a graphic designer, a ceramicist, a printmaker, a
writer and he invented the art of collage. This piece is a
casting—Picasso took a bicycle handlebar and seat and
cleverly arranged them to look like a bull’s head. He made a
mold of these objects and produced a bronze casting.
Picasso’s work was often controversial and political, but this
piece is more playful. The bull was a major theme of
Picasso’s, a recurring subject in many of his artworks. He is
known for his use of geometric forms in his sculptures, as well
as geometric shapes in his 2-dimensional art. Much of
Picasso’s work involves a leap of imagination, or the
ability to create something new and different. His creativity
was like none other, and his sense of aesthetic was diverse
and original.
8
SLIDE SET 5
TITLE
9.
ARTIST
Feather Plate
Piece is 11.375" diameter
YEAR
MEDIUM
SCULPTURE TYPE
Maria Martinez
1950
(2)
Earthenware
Modeling
Artist lived 93 years (1887-1980, age 63 at completion of piece)
For nearly 100 years, Maria Martinez lived in the San Ildefonso pueblo
in New Mexico. As a young woman, Maria became known for her thinwalled ceramic vessels. As she continued to make pottery, Maria saw
pieces of prehistoric Native American pottery that had been
rediscovered by local excavations in 1908 and 1909. An archaeologist
named Edgar Hewett asked her to duplicate some of the black pottery
that had been found around San Ildefonso. Maria became inspired by
these pieces and began making pottery of her own using the geometric
patterns found on the prehistoric work. Maria married Julian (Hoo-leeun) Martinez, who was also an artist. Maria modeled the earthenware
into shape and Julian painted on the geometric designs and fired the
pieces. They enjoyed an artistic collaboration that would last for many
decades, and they often both signed each piece of pottery. Most of
their work was in the “black-on-black” style, where glossy and
matte black shapes make up the design. Maria Martinez is one of
the few potters who can claim worldwide fame. She taught many of her friends and family how to make pottery. Through
her hard work and sharing of her techniques, Maria reintroduced pottery making to her people and enabled them to keep
some aspects of the pueblo way of life. This piece is in the permanent collection at the Indianapolis Museum of Art.
10.
TITLE
ARTIST
YEAR
MEDIUM
SCULPTURE TYPE
Untitled Mobile
Piece is 76’ long and 29’ tall
Alexander Calder
1976
(3)
Aluminum & tubing Assembly
Artist lived 78 years (1898-1976, deceased at completion of piece)
Born in Philadelphia, Calder is famous for his invention of mobiles and
stabiles. Calder came from an artistic family, his father and grandfather
were both sculptors, and his mother was a painter. Alexander was
interested in engineering and design as a teenager. He earned a
degree in mechanical engineering at age 21, and then became
intrigued by art. He used his design skills and engineering knowledge
to make his art, which are usually additive sculptures. Calder invented
kinetic art, or art that moves freely. His mobiles are a perfect example
of this, since they swing in the breeze. His pieces vary greatly in size,
some are small enough to hold in your hand and others are nearly 60
feet tall. The National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.,
commissioned Calder to make a metal sculpture for this space. This
piece is a mobile, which means that it is free to twist in the breeze. It
took around 6 years to come to fruition and is made mostly of organic
shapes. Calder died just before the piece was installed.
9
SLIDE SET 6
TITLE
11.
ARTIST
Jockeys and Horses
The piece is 23’ long x 7 tall’
YEAR
MEDIUM
Bruce Howdle
1995
(1)
Stoneware
Artist is living (born in 1947, age 48 at completion of piece)
SCULPTURE TYPE
Modeling
This large sculptural mural was created for The
National Jockey Club in Cicero, Illinois. Bruce
Howdle, who has been making ceramic sculptures
since 1976, builds relief sculpture on the side of walls
using stoneware. His work ranges from freestanding
six foot high wheel-thrown forms to 52 foot long relief
murals that require many tons of clay. Works by
Bruce are in large public institutions, banks,
corporations, private offices, and homes. The process
of making relief sculptures such as this one is very
long. Jockeys and Horses is modeled out of clay, not
carved from stone. That means that the clay was first modeled by hand, then allowed to dry and become
greenware, then fired in a kiln, and finally removed from the kiln as a bisque fire piece. The mural is cut into
pieces so they can be fired. After the firing, the pieces are reassembled and installed at their final location on the wall.
12.
Rio Delle Torreselle
Piece is 11’ tall X 7’ wide
Dale Chihuly
2001
(3)
Glass
Artist is living (born in 1941, age 60 at completion of piece)
Assembly
Dale Chihuly was born in Tacoma, Washington. He was introduced to
glass blowing when he was studying interior design at the University of
Washington. In his late twenties, Chihuly began using glass forms to
create room-sized installations of organic, freestanding, plantlike
sculptures. Since the early 1980s, Chihuly's work has been marked by
vibrant color and subtle linear decoration. His fascination with abstract
flower forms is caused by his memories of his mother's garden in
Tacoma. Over the past forty years, Chihuly's sculptures have
explored the elements of color, line, and form. Chihuly is best
known for his multipart glass compositions. Many glass pieces are
attached to specially engineered metal structures that dominate large
exterior and interior spaces. These installations confirm the artist's
interest in natural light and how lighting affects the appearance of the
glass. This blue chandelier was created in Finland for display in
Venice, Italy. In Venice, this assemblage hung across a canal. As a
dominant presence in the art world, Dale Chihuly and his work have
provoked considerable controversy as part of the “art vs. craft” debate.
This piece is a part of the permanent collection at the Cincinnati Art
Museum.
10
TERMS, TIME PERIODS and CONCEPTS for:
INTRODUCTION TO 3-DIMENSIONAL ART
You are responsible for knowing the following terms, time periods and concepts. This
information will be on the Content and Terminology Quizzes and the Final Examination.
TERMS:
1.
Cromlech:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2.
Subject:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3.
Medium:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4.
Post & Lintel Construction: ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
5.
Aesthetics:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
6.
Symmetrical:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
7.
Likeness:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
8.
Bust:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
9.
Functional:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
10.
Tactile:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
11.
Credit Line:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
============================
END OF SLIDE SET 1
11
============================
12.
Asymmetrical:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
13.
Freestanding Sculpture: ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
14.
Marble:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
15.
Content:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
16.
Contropasto:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
17.
Thumbnails:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
18.
Scale:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
============================
19.
Subtractive Sculpture:
END OF SLIDE SET 2
============================
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
20.
Plasticine:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
21.
Patina:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
============================
22.
Organic Form:
END OF SLIDE SET 3
============================
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
23.
Positive Space:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
24.
Negative Space:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
25.
Concave:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
26.
Convex:
____________________________________________________________________________
12
____________________________________________________________________________
27.
Stylized:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
28.
Geometric Form:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
============================
29.
Ceramic:
END OF SLIDE SET 4
============================
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
30.
Pottery:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
31.
Earthenware:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
32.
Matte:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
33.
Mobile:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
34.
Stabile:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
35.
Additive Sculpture:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
36.
Kinetic Art:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
============================
37.
Relief:
END OF SLIDE SET 5
============================
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
38.
Stoneware:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
39.
Greenware:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
40.
Kiln:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
13
41.
Bisque Fire:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
42.
Installation:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
43.
Assemblage:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
44.
Loop Tool:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
45.
Rib Tool:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
46.
Slip:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
============================
END OF SLIDE SET 6
============================
TIME PERIODS:
1.
Neolithic:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2.
Egyptian:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3.
Greek:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4.
Renaissance:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
5.
Neoclassical:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
6.
Expressionism:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
7.
Modernism:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
8.
Native American:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
14
CONCEPTS:
1.
2.
3.
The seven elements of art:
Space:
____________________________________________________________________________
Texture:
____________________________________________________________________________
Form:
____________________________________________________________________________
Value:
____________________________________________________________________________
Color:
____________________________________________________________________________
Line:
____________________________________________________________________________
Shape:
____________________________________________________________________________
The three major styles of art:
Representational:
____________________________________________________________________
Abstract:
____________________________________________________________________
Nonrepresentational:
____________________________________________________________________
The four major processes of sculpture:
Modeling:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Assembly:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Carving:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Casting:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
15