TRADITIONAL PHILOSOPHY
CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY
Society and Education
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Formal education begins with the
school; schools are considered the
major institution of the child's
education.
School transmits the common culture;
individual's major responsibility is
to society, performing societal
roles; conformity and cooperation are
important.
Education is for the aims of society;
it involves authority and moral
restraint.
1.
Certain subjects and knowledge
prepare students for democracy and
freedom.
Education formulated mainly in
cognitive terms: focus on academic
subjects.
Values and beliefs tend to be
objective and, if not absolute, then
based on agreed standards or truths.
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Formal education begins with the
family; the parents are considered
the most important influence in the
child's education.
School improves society;
individual's fulfillment and
development can benefit society;
independence and creativity are
important.
Education involves varied
opportunities to develop one's
potential and engage in personal
choices.
Democratic experience in school help
prepare students for democracy and
freedom.
Education concerned with societal,
moral, and cognitive terms; focus on
the whole child.
Values and beliefs are subjective,
based on the individual's view of
the world.
Knowledge and Learning
7.
Emphasis on knowledge and
information
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Emphasis on subjects (content).
Subject matter selected an organized
by teacher.
Subject matter organized in terms of
simple to complex, centered on the
past.
Unit/lesson plans organized
according to topics or concepts.
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12.
Subject matter is compartmentalized
according to distinct fields,
disciplines, or study areas.
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Textbooks and workbooks dominate;;
teaching and learning largely
contained to classroom.
Whole-group learning, fixed
schedules, and uniform time periods.
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15.
Homogeneous grouping; tracking of
students into special programs
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Passive involvement of students in
assimilating what teacher or
textbook says.
Emphasis on uniformity of classroom
experiences and instructional
situations.
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Emphasis on resolving problems and
functioning in one's social
environment.
Emphasis on students (learners).
Subject matter planned by teacher
and students.
Subject matter organized in terms of
understanding relationships,
centered on present or future.
Unit/lesson plans organized
according to problems or student
interests.
Subject matter is integrated;
includes more than one related
subject.
Instruction
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17.
Varied instructional materials;
teaching and learning include
community resources.
Whole, small, and individualized
groups, flexible schedules, and
adjustable time periods.
Heterogeneous grouping; some
tracking of students but widely
differentiated programs.
Active involvement of students in
seeking information that can be used
or applied.
Emphasis on variability of classroom
experiences and instructional
situations.
Purpose and Programs
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Emphasis on liberal arts and
science.
Emphasis is on specialization or
scholarship.
Curriculum is prescribed; little
room for electives.
Excellence and high standards;
special consideration for high
achievers.
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Mix of liberal arts, practical, and
vocational subject.
Emphasis is general and for the
layperson
Curriculum based on student needs or
interests; room for electives.
Equality and flexible standards;
special consideration for low
achievers.