For More Information:
Climate Change
Botkin, D. B., H. Saxe, M. B. Araújo, R. Betts, R. H. W. Bradshaw, T. Cedhagen, P. Chesson, T. P.
Dawson, J. R. Etterson, D. P. Faith, S. Ferrier, A. Guisan, A. Skjoldborg Hansen, D. W. Hilbert, C.
Loehle, C. Margules, M. New, M. J. Sobel and D. R. B. Stockwell, 2007. Forecasting the effects of
global warming on biodiversity. BioScience, vol. 57, pp. 227-236.
Broome, J., 2008. The ethics of climate change. Scientific American, vol. 298, pp. 96-102.
Harley, C. D. G., A. R. Hughes, A. Hultgren, K. M., Miner, B. G., Sorte, C. J. B., Thornber, C. S., L. F.
Rodriguez, L. Tomanek and A. L. Williams, 2006. The impacts of climate change in coastal
marine systems. Ecology Letters, vol. 9, pp. 228-241
Hays, G.C., A. J. Richardson, and C. Robinson, 2005. Climate change and marine plankton. Trends
in Evolution and Ecology, vol. 20, pp. 337-344.
IPCC, 2007. Climate change 2007: Synthesis report. Summary for policymakers.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 22pp.
http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf
McClintock, J., H. Ducklow, and W. Fraser, 2008. Ecological responses to climate change on the
Antarctic Peninsula. American Scientist, vol. 96, pp. 302-310.
New Scientist, 2007. Climate myths. New Scientist, vol. 194, pp. 34-42.
Rosenzweig, C., D. Karoly, M. Vicarelli, P. Neofotis, Q. Wu, G. Casassa, A. Menzel, T. L. Root, N.
Estrella, B. Seguin, P. Tryjanowski, C. Liu, S. Rawlins, and A. Imeson, 2008. Attributing physical
and biological impacts to anthropogenic climate change. Nature, vol. 453, pp. 353-357.
Stern, N., 2007. The economics of climate change: The Stern review. Cambridge University Press,
692 pp.
http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/sternreview_index.htm
USGS, 2008. Abrupt climate change.United States Geological Survey, 460 pp.
http://downloads.climatescience.gov/sap/sap3-4/sap3-4-final-report-all.pdf
Ocean Acidification
Guinotte, J. M. and V. J. Fabry, 2008. Ocean acidification and its potential effects on marine
ecosystems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1134, pp. 320-342.
Kleypas, J. A., R. A. Feely, V. J. Fabry, C. Langdon, C. L. Sabine, and L. L. Robbins, 2006. Impacts of
ocean acidification on coral reefs and other marine calcifers: A guide for future research. Report
of a workshop hel 18-20 April 2005, St. Petersberg, FL, 88 pp.
http://www.ucar.edu/communications/Final_acidification.pdf
The Royal Society, 2005. Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Royal Society of the United Kingdom, Policy Document 12/05, 60 pp.
http://royalsociety.org/displaypagedoc.asp?id=13539
Wootton, J. T., A. A. Pfister, and J. D. Forester, 2008. Dynamic patterns and ecological impacts of
declinging ocean pH in a high-resolution multi-year dataset. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, vol. 105, pp. 18,848-18,853.
http://www.pnas.org/content/105/48/18848.full.pdf+html
The Nitrogen Cascade
Diaz, R. J. and R. Rosenberg, 2008. Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine
ecosystems. Science, vol. 321, pp. 926-929.
Galloway, J.N., Dentener, F.J., Capone, D.G., Boyer, E.W., Howarth, R.W., Seitzinger, S.P., Asner,
G.P., Cleveland, C.C., Green, P.A., Holland, E.A., Karl, D.M., Michaels, A.F., Porter, J.H.,
Townsend, A.R. and Vörösmarty, C.J. (2004). Nitrogen Cycles: Past, Present, and Future.
Biogeochemistry 70: 153–226
Galloway, J.N., Bekunda, M., Cai, Z., Erisman, W.J., Freney, J., Howarth, R.W., Martinelli, L.A.,
Scholes, M.C. and Seitzinger, S.P. (2004). A Preliminary Assessment of Changes in the Global
Nitrogen Cycle as a Result of Anthropogenic Influences. Report prepared by the International
Nitrogen Initiative Steering Committee for presentation at the Third International Nitrogen
Conference October 12-16, 2004 Nanjing, China, Draft of October 2004, 33 pp.
http://www.initrogen.org/fileadmin/user_upload/2005_products/INI_Pre-Assessment_final.pdf
Howarth, R. W., 2008. Coastal nitrogen pollution: A review of sources and trends globally and
regionally. Harmful Algae, vol. 8, pp. 14-20.
Seitzinger, K. and Lee, R. (in press). Land-based sources of nutrients to large marine ecosystems,
In: Sherman, K. and G. Hempel (eds.), The UNEP Large Marine Ecosystems Report. A perspective
on changing conditions in LMEs of the world’s Regional Seas, UNEP-GPA Coordination Office.
Selman, M., S. Greenhalgh, R. Diaz, and Z. Sugg, 2008. Eutrophication and hypozia in coastal
areas: A globalassessment of the state of knowledge. WRI Policy Note. Water Quality:
Eutrophication and Hypoxia, No. 1. World Resources Institute, 6 pp.
http://pdf.wri.org/eutrophication_and_hypoxia_in_coastal_areas.pdf
UNEP and WHRC. Reactive nitrogen in the environment: Too much or too little of a good thing?
United Nations Environment Programme, 51 pp.
http://www.initrogen.org/fileadmin/user_upload/2007_docs/2007-reactive-N-UNEP-WHRCINI.pdf
UNESCO-SCOPE, 2007. Human alteration of the nitrogen cycle. Threats, benefits and
opportunities. UNESCO-SCOPE Policy Breifs, April 2007, No. 4.
http://www.initrogen.org/fileadmin/user_upload/2007_docs/2007-N-joint-policy-brief.pdf
Habitat Loss
Burke, L., Y. Kura, K. Kassem, C. Ravenga, M. Spalding, and D. McAllister, 2000. Pilot
Assessment of Global Ecosystems: Coastal Ecosystems. World Resources Institute, 100 pp.
http://archive.wri.org/publication_detail.cfm?pubid=3054
Kappel, C. V., 2005. Losing pieces of the puzzle: Threats to marine, estuarine, and diadromous
species. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol. 3, 275-282.
Molnar, J. L. , R. L. Gamboa, C. Revenga, and M. D. Spalding, 2008. Assessing the global threat of
invasive species to marine biodiversity. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol. 6, pp. 485492.
Polunin, N. V. (Ed.), 2008. Aquatic ecosystems: Trends and global prospects. Cambridge
University Press, 512 pp.
UNEP, 2006. Marine and coastal ecosystems and human well-being.: A synthesis report based
on the findings of the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. United Nations Environment
Programme. 64 pp.
http://www.unep.org/pdf/Completev6_LR.pdf
The Fisheries Crisis
Cheung, W.L.W., Close, C., Lam, V.W.Y., Sarmiento, J., Kearney, K., Watson, R. and Pauly, D. (in
press) Projections of global marine biodiversity impacts under climate change scenarios. Fish
and Fisheries
Daskalov, G. M., A. N. Grishin, S. Rodionov, and V. Mihneva, 2007. Trophic cascades triggered by
overfishing reveal possible mechanisms of ecosystem shift regimes. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, vol. 104, pp. 10,518-108523.
http://www.pnas.org/content/104/25/10518.full.pdf+html
Frank, K. T., B. Petrie, J. S. Choi, and W. C. Leggett, 2005. Trophic cascades in a formerly coddominated ecosystem. Science, vol 308, pp. 1621-1623.
Jacquet, J.L. (in press) Silent water: A brief examination of the marine fisheries crisis.
Environment, Development and Sustainability.
Mills, C.E., 2001. Jellyfish blooms: are populations increasing globally in response to changing
conditions? Hydrobiologia, vol. 451, pp. 55-68.
Sumaila, U.R., Alder, J. and Keith, H. (2006) Global scope and economics of illegal fishing. Marine
Policy, vol. 30, pp. 696-703
Worm, B., Barbier, E.B., Beaumont, N., Duffy, J.E., Folke, C., Halpern, B.S., Jackson, J.B.C., Lotze,
H., Micheli, F., Palumbi, S.R., Sala, E., Selkoe, K.A., Stachowicz, J.J. and Watson, R., 2006. Impacts
of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science, vol. 314, pp. 787-790.