Psychology 202
Exam 4 Study Guide
Schizophrenia (Chapter 15)
 Emil Kraepelin, dementia praecox, Eugene Bleuler
 Positive symptoms
 Delusions: persecutory & grandiose
 Hallucinations: auditory, visual
 Relative activity in Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas during hallucinations
(McGuire et al. study presented in class)
 Thought disorders
 Disorganized/catatonic behavior
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Negative symptoms
 Flattened emotional response
 Poverty of speech
 Lack of initiative and persistence (avolition)
 Anhedonia
 Social withdrawal
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Distinction between and prognosis for Type I and Type II schizophrenia (presented
in class)
Lifetime prevalence
Evidence regarding heritability
Dopamine hypothesis
 3 pieces of evidence supporting (from text or lecture)
 Possible role of mesolimbic system and nucleus accumbens
 2 pieces of evidence contradicting (from lecture)
 Mesocortical system and prefrontal cortex (from lecture)
 Hypofrontality
 Clozapine and chlorpromazine (including specific dopamine receptor sites of
action)
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Brain abnormalities
 Ventricle size
 Hippocampal neuron organization (from lecture)
 2 Possible environmental correlates of schizophrenia, seasonality effect
Affective Disorders (Chapter 15)
 Basic symptoms of Unipolar (Major Depression, Dysthymia. Seasonal affective
disorder) and Bipolar (Bipolar, Cyclothymia) Depression
 Lifetime Prevalence of Major Depression and gender ratio
 Heritability: Concordance rates for “any affective disorder”
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Type of depression with strongest genetic contribution (presented in lecture)
Three drug treatments for depression and respective sites of action/neurotransmitters
affected
Two additional physiological treatments for depression: lithium and ECT
Monoamine hypothesis
Tryptophan depletion procedure (Delgado 1990) and who it affects
Brain abnormalities: amygdala, subgenual ACC (note relevant controversy),
ventricular size (lecture) and hemispheric activation differences (lecture)
Role of the 5-HT (serotonin) transporter in depression
Sleep abnormalities in depression
Impact of REM sleep deprivation and total sleep deprivation on depression
Drug Abuse (Chapter 16)
 Substance abuse vs. substance dependence
 Tolerance symptoms vs. withdrawal symptoms
 Physical dependence vs. psychic dependence
 Examples of how classical and operant conditioning can be used to explain drug
abuse/dependence
 Importance of the mesolimbic system and nucleus accumbens
 Behavioral effects and neurotransmitters affected by the following drugs
 Opiates: endorphins
 Cocaine and amphetamines: dopamine
 Nicotine: ACh, conditioned place preference
 Alcohol and barbiturates: NMDA and GABAA receptors,
 Cannabis: THC receptors, hippocampus
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Heritability
 Steady vs. binge drinkers
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Treatments for drug abuse (for each of the drugs below, be able to briefly describe its
site(s) of action)
 Opiate addiction: methadone maintenance therapy & buprenorphine
 Cocaine and amphetamine addiction: note general lack of effective treatments,
discuss problems of either blocking or stimulating dopamine receptors,
interesting results of the Carrera et al. (1995) “immunization” study
 Nicotine addiction: varenicline, bupropion, rimonabant, & nicotine
gum/patches
 Alcohol addiction: naltrexone, acamprosate