Path of a Protein – the organelles of the Eukaryotic Cell:
Nucleus
Holds DNA and all the components of proteins.
All Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and the rest of
the membrane-bound organelles
Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus
Ribosomes
Take the amino acids and package them into protein
chains.
Ribosomes are on the outside of the endoplasmic
reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelle that transports the completed protein
within the cell
Golgi Apparatus
Transports the completed protein from the ER to the
outside of the cell. Vesicles carrying the proteins
break off the Golgi apparatus moving the proteins
outside of the cell
Plasma Membrane
Selectively permeable membrane that allows passage of
many materials into and out of the cell.
Transport proteins on the surface help send out messenger
proteins to other cells.
Once proteins leave the cell they will be received by another cell. In this way, cells are able to communicate with each other. All
cells have protein receptors on them which recognize specific proteins.
Diffusion refers to movement from high concentration to low - hypertonic solutions are higher in solute concentration than their
surroundings. Hypotonic solutions are lower in concentration. Isotonic solutions are equal. Passive transport refers to this
movement across a membrane – which because it is selectively permeable allows for diffusion of small and non-polar (charged)
molecules
Osmosis refers to the movement of water from areas of high water concentration to where water is less concentrated. Osmosis,
like diffusion is passive transport and requires no energy.
Plant Cells have cell walls for structural support. In animals, the skeleton provides this function
Plant cells have chloroplasts –the site of photosynthesis which converts energy from the sun and carbon dioxide to sugars. These
sugars are used to produce energy in the mitochondria. ALL CELLS have mitochondria
Energy In Cells
Mitochondria
Site of energy production in all cells. ATP is the high energy
molecule produced in the mitochondria during the process of cellular
respiration. Sugar is converted to this high energy molecule in the
membrane of this organelle. Increased surface area, provided by
folds in the walls allows for greater amounts of ATP to be produced
Chloroplasts
Present only in plant cells, chloroplasts convert CO2 and the sun’s
energy into sugars during the process of photosynthesis. The
sugars are then transported into the mitochondria where cellular
respiration occurs.
The chloroplasts can often be seen as small circular blobs around
the outer wall of plant cells