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"Aprob"
Prorector pentru calitate şi integrare în învăţământ
IP USMF “Nicolae Testemiţanu”
Profesor universitar
Olga Cerneţchi
List of Questions for the examination in Human Anatomy
Faculty of Medicine, the Ist semester (theory)
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I.
General data
Human anatomy as a science, its object of study. Importance of Human Anatomy for medical disciplines.
Traditional and contemporary methods of examination used in Human Anatomy.
Historical evolution of the Human Anatomy. Anatomy in ancient period and in the Middle Ages.
The role of Renaissance in anatomy development. Leonardo da Vinci and bases of modern anatomy.
Development of anatomy in the XVIII-XX centuries.
History of Human Anatomy as a science in Moldova.
The main stages of the development of the human body. Development and growth of the body during antenatal
period of development (intrauterine period).
Development and growth of the body during postnatal period of development (extrauterine period).
General data concerning norm, variants of norm, abnormalities.
Integrity of the human body. Human organism and external environment.
Age and its periods. Growth periods of the human organism. Periods of impetuous growth.
Constitutional types, applied anatomy concerning typology in medicine.
Habitus and stand (posture), their clinical importance.
Referent elements (such as planes, axis, lines), used by Human Anatomy and practical medicine. Anatomical
language.
II. General and special osteology
Bone as an organ, its structure. Structure of the periosteum. The scheme of osteon and a long tubular bone.
The bone functions.
Classification of bones according to: their shape, topography, structure, development.
Development of bones.
Abnormalities of the bony system.
Structural characteristic features of the skeleton of the upper and lower limbs, applied anatomy.
Structural characteristic features of the bones of the skull (distribution of compact and spongy substance,
pneumatization, pillars of resistance) and practical value.
Influence of the external environmental factors on development and postnatal changes of bones.
General data concerning vertebral column. General structure of a vertebra, anatomical position. Vertebral
abnormalities.
Regional and individual characteristic features of the vertebrae: cervical, thoracic, lumbar.
The sacrum and coccyx anatomical position, structure, functions, gender differences, abnormalities.
The breastbone (sternum) and the ribs, anatomical position, structure, abnormalities. Anatomical structures that
can be palpated on alive person and applied anatomy.
Bones of the shoulder girdle – anatomical position, structure, functions. Referent points on a living person.
The humerus – external shape, anatomical position, functions. Referent points that can be palpated on a living
person.
Bones of the forearm - anatomical position, structure, functions. Exploration on a living person.
Bones of the hand – classification, topography, structure, functions. Referent points on alive person.
The hip bone - external shape, anatomical position, functions. Referent points that can be palpated on a living
person and applied anatomy.
The femur - anatomical position, structure, functions. Exploration on a living person. X-rays anatomy of tubular
bones.
Bones of the leg - anatomical position, structure, functions. Referent points that can be palpated on a living
person.
Bones of the foot – topography, structure, functions. Exploration on a living person.
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35. The skull - components and compartments, functional role. Referent points that can be palpated on a living
person.
36. The frontal bone – location, anatomical position, parts, structure, functional role. Referent points that can be
palpated on a living person.
37. The sphenoid bone – location, anatomical position, parts, orifices, structure, functional role. X-ray examination.
38. The occipital bone – location, anatomical position, parts, structure, functional role. Exploration on a living
person.
39. The parietal bone – location, anatomical position, structure, functional role.
40. The ethmoid bone – location, anatomical position, parts, structure, functional role. Applied anatomy of the
ethmoidal cells.
41. The temporal bone – location, anatomical position, parts, functional role. Clinical aspects regarding its divisions.
Exploration on a living person.
42. The pyramid of the temporal bone: surfaces, margins, structure, functional role. Canals and cavities of the
temporal bone, topography and content.
43. The maxilla – location, anatomical position, parts, structure, functional role. Topographical relations of the dental
sockets with the maxillary sinus. The hard palate – topography and structure.
44. The palatine bone - anatomical position, parts, structure, functional role. The small bones of the facial skull –
topography, structure, functional role.
45. The mandible – location, anatomical position, parts, structure, functional role. Referent points that can be
palpated on alive person.
46. Topography of the vault of the skull. The boundary line that separates the vault of the skull from its base. Clinical
and anthropometrical aspects concerning the vault of the skull.
47. Topography of the exobase of the skull. Functional role of the orifices and canals located at the level of the
exobase of the skull.
48. Topography of the endobase. Functional role of the orifices and canals located at the level of the endobase of the
skull.
49. The orbit, position, walls, compartments, communications.
50. The nasal cavity – position, walls, compartments, connections. Clinical significance of anatomical knowledge
concerning nasal cavity.
51. The paranasal sinuses, position, structure, connections, functions. Relationship between paranasal sinuses and
neighbouring anatomical structures, their clinical significance.
52. The temporal, infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae – location, walls, communications, functional role.
53. Individual specific features of the skull concerning its shape and dimensions.
54. Gender and age peculiarities of the skull. Postnatal changes of the skull.
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III. General and special arthrosyndesmology
Arthrosyndesmology – general data, classification of the joints (scheme), exploration on a living person.
Synarthroses – general characteristics, types of synarthroses, examples.
Diarthroses - general characterization, main and auxiliary elements of joints, examples (scheme of a diarthrosis).
Uniaxial, biaxial and multiaxial joints, variants, examples.
Biomechanics of joints. Factors that influence joints mobility. Notion of goniometry.
Congruence of the articular surfaces. Factors that contribute to shaping of the articular surfaces.
Joints of the bones of the skull. The temporomandibular joint, structure, muscles that influence the joint,
movements, exploration on a living person.
The atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints - structure, classification, muscles that influence the joints,
movements.
Joints between the vertebrae - structure, classification, muscles that influence the joint, movements.
The vertebral column as a whole. Movements of the vertebral column and muscles that influence them.
Joints of the ribs with the sternum and with the vertebrae - structure, muscles that influence the joints,
movements.
Thoracic cage as a whole, shapes of the thorax, excursions of the thorax and muscles that influence the
movements. Bony and muscular landmarks of the thorax.
Joints of the shoulder girdle bones – structure, movements and muscles that influence the joints.
The shoulder joint - structure, movements muscles that influence the joint, radiological image.
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The elbow joint - structure, movements muscles that influence the joint, radiological image.
Joints between the bones of the forearm - structure, movements, muscles that influence the joints.
The radiocarpal (wrist) joint - structure, movements, muscles that influence the joint, radiological image.
Joints between the bones of the hand - classification, movements muscles that influence the joint. The hard
foundation of the hand.
Joints of the pelvic girdle, structure, movements. Proper syndesmoses of the pelvis.
Pelvis as a whole – walls, compartments, apertures, orifices. Gender differences of the pelvis, notion of the
pelvimetry.
Dimensions of the female pelvis, applied anatomy and clinical significance. Conductive (obstetrical) axis and
inclination of the pelvis.
The hip joint - structure, movements muscles that action the joint. X-rays image of the hip joint.
The knee joint - structure, muscles which move it, X-rays image.
Joints between the bones of the leg, their structure.
The talocrural (ankle) joint - structure, movements, muscles that influence the joint.
Joints of the foot bones structure, movements, muscles that action the joints.
The foot as a whole. The arches of the foot. The hard foundation of the foot. Active and passive structures that
maintain the arches of the foot. Clinical aspects.
IV. General and special myology
82. Muscle as an organ. General data concerning the structure of muscles.
83. Classification of muscles dependent on: shape, topography, structure, origin, functions, development (scheme).
84. Auxiliary structures of muscles. Structural peculiarities of the fasciae. The role of the fasciae in muscle activity.
Scheme of synovial vagina.
85. Levers of muscles and the work of muscles. Muscular crossings and muscular chains.
86. Structural similitude and differences between the muscles of the upper and lower limbs.
87. The impact of function under the structure of bones, joints and muscles.
88. Static and dynamic elements of the human body. The amortization role of some anatomical structures in the
locomotor apparatus.
89. The superficial muscles of the back - structure, topography, functions. Referent points of the muscles of the back.
Exploration on a living person.
90. Deep muscles of the back - structure, topography, functions. The weak places of the posterior wall of the back.
Clinical significance.
91. Muscles of the thorax - classification, structure, topography, functions. The main and auxiliary muscles of
respiration (breath). Exploration on a living person.
92. The diaphragm - structure, topography, functions. Developmental abnormalities. The weak places of the
diaphragm, clinical significance.
93. Muscles and fasciae of the abdomen - classification, structure, topography, functions. Muscular referent points of
the abdomen.
94. The weak places of the anterior abdominal wall. The white line and the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle structure, topography, clinical significance.
95. The inguinal canal – walls, orifices, content, trajectory, clinical significance.
96. The superficial muscles of the neck and muscles of the hyoid bone - structure, topography, functions.
97. The deep muscles of the neck - structure, topography, functions.
98. The fasciae of the neck (regions, triangles, spaces) (scheme). The interfascial spaces of the neck. Clinical
significance of the spaces of the neck.
99. Muscles of the head - classification. Muscles of facial expression – structural characteristic features, functions,
exploration on a living person. The gesture (physiognomy).
100. Muscles of mastication - structure, topography, functions. The fasciae of the head - structure, topography, the
interfascial spaces of the head.
101. Muscles of the shoulder girdle - structure, topography, functions, exploration on a living person.
102. Muscles of the arm - structure, topography, functions, exploration on a living person.
103. Anterior group of muscles of the forearm - structure, topography, functions, exploration on a living person.
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104. Posterior group of muscles of the forearm - structure, topography, functions, exploration on a living person.
105. Muscles of the hand - structure, topography, functions. The palmar aponeurosis.
106. Topography of the axillary region (the axillary fossa, axillary cavity – walls, orifices, triangles, content), scheme.
107. Topography of the arm and of the cubital region. Bony and muscular landmarks.
108. Topography of the forearm and of the hand. Osteofibrous canals and tendon sheaths of the hand (scheme).
109. Muscles of the hip region - structure, topography, functions.
110. Muscles of the thigh - classification, structure, topography, functions, exploration on a living person.
111. Muscles of the leg - classification, structure, topography, functions, exploration on a living person.
112. Muscles of the foot - classification, structure, topography, functions.
113. The fasciae of the lower limb - structure, topography, derivatives.
114. The osteofibrous canals and synovial sheaths of the foot.
115. Topographical structures of the hip region – orifices, canals, lacunae – their walls and content. The femoral ring,
femoral canal and saphenous opening or fossa ovalis.
116. Topography of the thigh and of the popliteal fossa – grooves, canals, orifices and their content. Muscular
landmarks.
117. Topography of the leg and foot – canals, grooves, content. Muscular landmarks.
118. Muscular referent points of the trunk and limbs.
119. Dynamics of the upper and lower limbs.
120. Organization and specific features of walking. Age characteristic features of walking (gait).
Questionnaire for practical skills control for Human Anatomy
Demonstrate:
I. Osteology
1. Give examples of the tubular bones.
2. Give examples of the plate bones.
3. Give examples of the spongy bones.
4. Give examples of the pneumatic bones.
5. Give examples of the sesamoid bones.
6. Give examples of the monoepiphyzar bones.
7. Divisions of the long tubular bone.
8. Structural components of the vertebrae.
9. The I and II cervical vertebrae.
10.The VI and VII cervical vertebrae.
11.The I, X, XI and XII thoracic vertebrae.
12.The lumbar vertebrae.
13.Anatomical position of the vertebrae.
14.Anatomical position of the sacral bone.
15.The curvatures of the vertebral column.
16.Bony elements of the vertebral column which can be palpated on an alive person.
17.Anatomical position of the ribs.
18.The I, II, XI and XII ribs.
19.Anatomical position of the sternum.
20.Sternal angle (of Louis).
21.Costal arch.
22.Infrasternal angle.
23.Costoxiphoid angle.
24.Bony landmarks of the thorax.
25.Bones of the upper limb.
26.Anatomical position of the shoulder girdle bones.
27.Descriptive elementes of the scapula.
28.Descriptive elementes of the clavicle.
29.Bony elements of the scapula and clavicle, which can be palpated on an alive person.
30.Radiograph of the shoulder girdle bones.
31.Anatomical position of the humerus.
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32.Descriptive elementes of the humerus.
33.Bony elements of the humerus, which can be palpated on an alive person.
34.Radiography of the humerus.
35.The bones of the forearm.
36.Anatomical position of the bones of the forearm.
37.Bony elements of the forearm bones, which can be palpated on an alive person.
38.Radiography of the forearm bones.
39.The bones of the hand.
40.The carpal bones.
41.The metacarpal bones
42.Elementes of the hand skeleton, which can be palpated on an alive person.
43.The bones of the lower limb.
44.The bones of the pelvis.
45.Anatomical position of the coxal bone.
46.Parts of the coxal bone.
47.Descriptive elementes of the coxal bone.
48.Anatomical position of the pelvis.
49.False pelvis.
50.True pelvis.
51.The promontorium.
52.Linia terminalis.
53.Superior aperture of the pelvis.
54.Inferior aperture of the pelvis.
55.Pelviometrical points which can be palpated on an alive person.
56.Dimensions of the pelvis.
57.Anatomical position of the femur.
58.Descriptive elementes of the femur.
59.Bony elements of the femur, which can be palpated on an alive person
60.Radiography of the femur.
61.The leg bones.
62.Anatomical position of the leg bones.
63.Bony elements of the leg bones, which can be palpated on an alive person
64.Descriptive elements of the tibia.
65.Radiograph of the leg bones.
66.The foot bones.
67.The tarsal bones.
68.Anatomical position of the calcaneus.
69.The metatarsal bones.
70.Bony elements of the foot, which can be palpated on an alive person.
71.The plantar arches.
72.The bones of the cerebral skull.
73.Elementes of bones of the cerebral skull which can be palpated on an alive person.
74.The bones of the facial skull.
75.Elementes of bones of the facial skull which can be palpated on an alive person.
76.Parts of the frontal bone.
77.Parts of the ethmoid bone.
78.Parts of the sphenoid bone.
79.Parts of the occipital bone.
80.Parts of the temporal bone.
81.Parts of the maxilla.
82.Parts of the palatine bone.
83.Parts of the mandible.
84.The bordering line between the calvaria and the base of the skull.
85.Localization of the fontanelles of the new-born.
86.Fossae of the endobase of the skull.
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87.Descriptive elements of the anterior cranial fossa.
88.Descriptive elements of the middle cranial fossa.
89.Descriptive elements of the posterior cranial fossa.
90.The exobase of the skull
91.Fossae of the facial skull.
92.Communications of the pterigopalatine fossa.
93.The walls of the orbit.
94.Communications of the orbit.
95.The walls of the nasal cavity.
96.Paranasal sinuses, their communications.
97.Communications of the cavity of the skull.
98.The craniometrical points
II. Arthrosyndesmology
1. Examples of the synfibroses (syndesmoses).
2 . Examples of the synchondroses
3. Examples of the synostoses.
4. Examples of the hemiarthroses.
5. Examples of uniaxial joints.
6. Trochoid joints (gynglimus).
7. Trochlear joints (cylindrical).
8. Screw joints (cochlear, the snail).
9. Examples of the biaxial joints.
10. Condyloid joints.
11. Ellipsoid joints.
12. Saddle-shaped joints.
13. Examples of the pluriaxiale joints.
14. Ball-and socket joints.
15. Cotyloid joints.
16. Plane joints.
17. Examples of amphiarthroses.
18. Examples of the simple joints.
19. Examples of the compound joint.
20. Examples of the complex joints.
21. Examples of the combined joints.
22. Joints of the vertebral column.
23. Intervertebral disks.
24. Ligaments of the joints of the vertebral column.
25. Ligaments of the joints of the vertebral column with the skull.
26. Radiography of the spine.
27. Skull sutures.
28. Temporomandibular joint.
29. Radiography of the skull.
30. Joints of the ribs with the vertebrae.
31. Joints of the ribs with sternum.
32. Radiography of the chest bones and joints.
33. Sternoclavicular joint.
34. Acromioclavicular joint.
35. Proper ligaments of the scapula.
36. Articular surfaces of the scapulohumeral joint.
37. Cartilaginous glenoid lip (labrum glenoidale).
38. Tendon of the long head of the biceps and its synovial sheath.
39. Movements in the scapulohumeral joint.
40. Radiography of the scapulohumeral joint.
41. Articular surfaces of the elbow joint.
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42. Elbow joint ligaments.
43. Functions of the elbow joint.
44. Radiography of the elbow joint.
45. Joints of the forearm bone joints.
46. Articular surfaces of the forearm bones joints.
47. Articular surfaces of the radiocarpal joint.
48. Ligaments of the radiocarpal joint.
49. Ligaments of the hand joints.
50. Radiography of the radiocarpal joint and joints of the hand.
51. Pelvic joints.
52. Pelvic ligaments.
53. Sciatic foramena.
54. Obturator foramen.
55. Radiography of the pelvic bones and joints.
56. Articular surfaces of the coxofemural joint.
57. Fibrocartilaginous ring (labrum acetabulare).
58. Ligaments of the coxofemurale joint.
59. Functions of the coxofemural joint.
60. Radiography of the coxofemural joint.
61. Anatomical position of the knee joint.
62. Articular surfaces of the knee joint.
63. Auxilliary elements of the knee joint.
64. Functions of the knee joint.
65. Radiography of the knee joint.
66. Joints of the leg bones.
67. Articular surfaces of the talocrural joint.
68. Ligaments of the talocrural joint.
69. Functions of the talocrural joint.
70. Radiography of the talocrural joint.
71. Transverse joint of the foot (Chopart).
72. Key ligament of the Chopart's joint.
73. Tarsometatarsal joints (Lisfranc’s).
74. Radiography of the bones and joints of the foot.
75. Palpable elements of the temporomandibular joint.
76. Palpable elements of the upper limb joints.
77. Palpable elements of the lower limb joints.
III. Myology
1. Auxilliary elements of the muscles.
2. Superficial muscles of the back.
3. Deep muscles of the back.
4. Lumbar triangle (Petit’s triangle).
5. Grynfeld-Lesgaft‘s area.
6. Fasciae of the back.
7. Muscle elements in the region back, which may be inspected on an alive person.
8. Muscles of the thorax.
9. Diaphragm.
10. Portions of the diaphragm.
11. Fasciae of the chest.
12. Chest muscles, palpable on an alive person.
13. Abdominal muscles.
14. Sheath of the rectus abdominal muscle.
15. Arcuate and semilunar lines.
16. White line.
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17. Tendinous intersections of m. rectus abdominis.
18. Abdominal fasciae.
19. Inguinal canal.
20. Walls and rings of the inguinal canal.
21. Topographical formations of the abdominal muscles palpable on an alive person.
22. Muscles of the shoulder girdle.
23. Muscle and topographical formations of shoulder region palpable on an alive person..
24. Muscles of the arm.
25. Heads of the brachial biceps.
26. Aponeuroses brachial biceps.
27. Groups of the forearm muscles.
28. Anterior muscles of the forearm.
29. Posterior muscles of the forearm..
30. Muscles performing the forearm flexion.
31. Muscles responsible for forearm extension.
32. The groups of muscles of the hand.
33. Palmar muscles of the hand.
34. Dorsal muscles of the hand.
35. Axillary cavity walls and apertures.
36. Trilateral and quadrilateral openings.
37. Triangles of the anterior wall of the axillary cavity.
38. Humeromuscular canal.
39. Bicipital grooves.
40. Fossa cubiti.
41. Supinator canal.
42. Grooves on the anterior surface of the forearm.
43. Cellular space of Paron (Pirogov’s space).
44. Carpal canal. Radial and ulnar canals of the carpus.
45. Palmar aponeuroses.
46. Osteofibrous canals and synovial sheats of the flexors of the hand and fingers.
47. Osteofibrous canals and synovial sheats of the dorsal surface of the hand.
48. Muscle and topographical elements of the axillary cavity palpable on an alive person.
49. Muscle and topographical elements of the arm region palpable on an alive person.
50. Muscle and topographical elements of the forearm palpable on an alive person.
51. Muscle and topographical elements of the hand palpable on an alive person.
52. Internal muscles of the pelvis.
53. Muscles of the buttocks.
54. The groups of muscles of the thigh.
55. Anterior muscles of thigh.
56. Heads of the m. quadriceps femoris.
57. Medial muscles of the thigh.
58. Posterior muscles of the thigh.
59. Anterior muscles of the leg.
60. Lateral muscles of the leg.
61. Posterior muscles of the leg.
62. Muscles, performing the flexion of knee joint.
63. Dorsal muscles of the foot.
64. Plantar muscles of the foot.
65. Muscles, which support the plantar arches.
66. Suprapiriform and infrapiriform openings.
67. Muscular and vascular lacunae.
68. Femoral triangle (Scarpe’s).
69. Femoral ring.
70. Walls and rings of the femoral canal.
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71. Oval fossa (hiatus safenus).
72. Obturator canal.
73. Adductor canal (Hunter’s).
74. Cruropopliteal canal (Grouber’s).
75. Popliteal fossa.
76. Cruropopliteal canal.
77. Musculofibular canals.
78. Plantar grooves.
79. Fascia lata of the thigh.
80. Iliotibial tract.
81. Fasciae of the leg and their derivatives.
82. Pirogov's canal.
83. Plantar aponeuroses.
84. Osteofibrous canals and synovial sheaths of the leg and foot region.
85. Muscular landmarks in the region of the buttocks.
86. Anterior muscles of thigh palpable on an alive person.
87. Posterior muscles of thigh palpable onan alive person.
88. Muscle formations of the leg explored on an alive person.
89. Muscular and topographical elements of the ankle joint palpable on an alive person.
90. The groups of muscles of the neck.
91. Muscles, inserted to the hyoid bone.
92. Deep muscles of the neck.
93. Scalenic muscles.
94. Triangles of the neck.
95. Triangle of the lingual artery (Pirogov’s).
96. Muscular and topographical elements of the neck palpable on an alive person.
97. Muscles of the facial expression.
98. Muscles of mastication.
99. Muscular landmarks of the region of the head palpable on an alive person.
Graphical representation of classification and structure of the supporting locomotor apparatus
1. Classification of the bones.
2. Scheme of the osteon.
3. Divisions of the long tubular bone.
4. The main elements of a diarthrosis.
5. Auxiliary elements of a diarthrosis.
6. Classification of the bone joints.
7. Classification of the synarthroses.
8. Classification of the diarthroses.
9. Classification of the muscles.
10. Sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle.
11. Triangles of the neck.
12. Fasciae of the neck.
13. Triangular and quadrangular orifices.
14. Structure of the ostiofibrous and synovial sheaths on the cross-section.
15. Synovial sheaths of the hand (palmar surface).
16. Synovial sheaths of the hand (dorsal surface).
17. Muscular and vascular lacunae.
Aprobat la şedinţa catedrei Anatomia Omului.
Extras din procesul verbal nr. 6 din 06.12.2013
Şef catedră, profesor universitar
I. Catereniuc