The values of Delta Tau Delta are rooted in our founding and are as applicable today as they were over 150 years ago. Therefore, in order to better understand what it means to be a Delt, an understanding of how our Fraternity began will be helpful. College life was much different in 1858 than it is today. The total number of graduates for the whole country from all colleges and universities was less than 5,000 per year. The schools were small, usually consisting of one building that was home and classroom for students and faculty alike. Each student at a college would graduate with the same degree. There was major focus in the classics: Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. Spoken and written English, literature, penmanship, mathematics, and rudimentary courses in physics, chemistry, biology, or botany were aimed to fill the needs of the students; most were headed for ministry, law, teaching, or perhaps medicine. Others would graduate and return home to the family farm or business. In all of these occupations, the ability to speak and write was paramount. There were no clubs or organizations like you would see in today’s student center posting flyers or recruiting members on the campus quad. There were no college athletics as we know them today; no Saturday afternoon tailgates. Faculty dominated the campus culture. Nothing happened on campus without their full knowledge and approval. On many campuses, literary societies were the only outlet for competition and socialization. The literary societies, under the supervision of the faculty, planned the few social events that were allowed. At Bethany College in the foothills of what is now the West Virginia panhandle, the Neotrophian Literary Society satiated the students’ desire for extracurricular activity. It was the first group to be formed by Bethany College students, with the consent of the faculty, so that the men would have a forum where they could practice their skills, demonstrate their abilities, and compete with one another for prizes in poetry, oratory, and prose. At Bethany, to control the Neotrophian Society was to control campus life. On this particular night in question, the Neotrophian Society had met to decide who was to take the prize in oratory, the most coveted honor on campus. At this meeting, when the candidates for honors were discussed, it turned out that a group of students, who later would become a chapter of Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity, had picked in advance the men they favored, and had joined together to swing enough votes to assure their candidates of success, regardless of the merit of their presentations. Another group of men were indignant to learn the candidates did not have an equal chance. They determined something had to be done to counteract this political alliance that disrupted the competition and gained control of the Neotrophian Society. This group of men, through the influences of Masonic association, strived to form an organization of a student body which would be drawn together by common aims, brotherly regard, and the desire for mutual support. The movement first assumed a tangible shape during December, 1858 when a preliminary meeting of an informal character was held. This meeting was held at the Dowdell Boarding House in the room of Jacob S. Lowe which was over the hill from Old Main, Bethany College’s primary campus building. There were present at this meeting, in addition to those who were subsequently identified with the Fraternity, a few others. William R. Cunninham, being the immediate originator of the movement, called the meeting to order and addressed it at some length upon the exigencies of the occasion; John L. N. Hunt acted as Secretary. Brothers Hunt and Lowe who appear to have been Cunningham’s principal co-workers at that time, were appointed a committee to draw up the constitution and by-laws and they, with Cunningham, gave the new organization its name and motto, originated the unwritten law of the Fraternity and Henry K. Bell designed the old square badge. The participants were eight in number, ranging in age from 17 to 26, and joined to form Delta Tau Delta. Early in 1859, they showed their muscle and accomplished their purpose. Thus our Fraternity was founded. The Founders of Delta Tau Delta Alexander C. Earle, Perhaps the most colorful of all the Founders was Captain Earle. Only 17 years old in 1858, he was the junior member of the pioneer group. He left Bethany early to join the Second South Carolina Volunteers. A year later he organized the cavalry company, of which he was Captain, and fought under General Jenkins in West Virginia until the war ended. For many years, legend had it that Earle was dead, and he was listed as deceased in the early catalogues. He was greeted as a hero returned when he was later found living in Arkansas and he attended the Karneas of 1882, 1907, and 1915. The last four years of his life were spent in the Confederate Veteran’s Home in Austin, Texas where he found real fraternal companionship again with the Delts of the Gamma Iota Chapter at the University of Texas. Richard Havener. Alfred, Ecclesiast and physician, Dr. Alfred was the oldest of the Founders, being 26 at the time that organization was conceived. In the early years and as late as 1897, his name did not appear as an official Founder, but late documentary evidence has since proved conclusively that he not only was a Founder but also one of those who shared the bulk of responsibility. Eugene Tarr accorded him the most prominent place in the infant organization. Alfred was one of the Founders who was also a member of the Masons. After he left Bethany in the spring of 1859, Alfred “read medicine” in Kentucky and South Carolina, and eventually entered the University of Toronto, where he received his degree. Somewhat later he entered the clergy and became a minister in the Church of Disciples. He ultimately withdrew from the ministry and gave himself entirely to the practice of medicine. The Fraternity is indebted to Alfred as the mature member of the embryonic group, the stabilizing influence in an organization that was predominately youthful William Randolph Cunningham, Cunningham, affectionately known as “Lord Chesterfield” in his undergraduate days, was 25 and a freshman in 1858. The force of his leadership is demonstrated by the fact that although he was just a freshman, he presided at the meeting from which evolved the Delta Tau Delta that we know. His Masonic background equipped him to draft the outlines of the new organization. Fighting on the Confederate side of the Civil War, Cunningham was a member of the famous organization known as “Morgan’s Raiders.” Always an interested Delt, he followed closely the development of the Fraternity. He served as the president of the Indianapolis Karnea in 1883. He wrote the introduction for the Catalogue in 1884, declaring that he was … “Proud of our Fraternity, proud of its men and the high honored position which it has won among leading Greek letter fraternities of the land.” Distinguished in public service, he was Assistant Receiver of Public Monies, Olympia, Washington for two years before entering Bethany, and Commissioner of the Provisional Government of Kentucky from 1862-1863. A minister in the Church of the Disciples, he lived his latter years in Ritzville, Washington. John Lucius Newton Hunt, The scholar of the group was John Hunt, who graduated from Bethany in 1862 with “first honors” and received the Greek of Arts in Cursu and was chosen professor of higher mathematics. After a short tenure on Bethany’s faculty, Hunt went to New York and took his law degree in New York University, where he was acclaimed prize essayist and valedictorian of his class. In 1880, he was the Republican nominee for the Representative to the United States Congress from a section that was predominately Democratic. In a hot contest, he was defeated by a slim margin. An eloquent speaker, Hunt was elected Orator of the Twenty-fourth Karnea in 1882. At the time of his acceptance of this honor, he wrote the editor of The Crescent, “… hope to meet large number of Deltas, who now enjoy the fruits of our early struggles, when our plough almost stood still in the field of promise. We built better than we knew, but we laid the foundations deep down on the eternal rock. As a brotherhood throughout the land there is none better or more progressive, none with truer motives, none with purer men. I congratulate you upon the fabrics you have reared… Relax not your efforts until every prominent American college shall be made to see your standard raised and your work advancing…” Jacob Snedeker Lowe The first known meeting of Delta Tau Delta was held in the room of Jacob Lowe. He was a member of the committee that drafted the Constitution and ByLaws. A widely known educator, he was successively principal of Geneva Normal School; President of Farmer College, Ohio; Professor of Mural Philosophy at Bethany; and Professor in the Geneva Normal School. He was born within a few miles of Bethany, but spent most of his life in Ashtabula, Ohio. Lowe was chosen Orator of the Twentieth Karnea in 1878, and addressed the Karnea again in 1889. During that year, he wrote, “The history of the Fraternity for the last thirty years has been so full of interest and prosperity that I dare not allow myself to anticipate the future.” Eugene Tarr An outstanding student and orator, Tarr’s home in Wellsburg, Virginia, was just six miles from Bethany. He attained one of the highest honors at Bethany in 1861 when he was chosen Orator for the Anniversary exercises of the Neotrophian Society. Old convention minutes show that he was the Historian of the Seventeenth Karnea at Meadville in 1875. A lawyer by profession, Tarr served two terms as prosecuting attorney of Brood Country, West Virginia, and for a number of years as proprietor and editor of Panhandle News. By character of a retiring nature, he was a lover of chess and good books. In an early issue of The Crescent, when the first attempt was made to record a history of the Fraternity and the Founders were published by name for the first time, Tarr wrote the editor, protesting good-naturedly, “It was always out deliberate determination to keep the origin of the order, as far as we were concerned, untold; believing that the mystery shrouding it would leave full scope for imagination’s play, and not destroy the pleasant tradition current in the order about it.” This is another interesting sidelight on the character of one of our Founders, which reveals further the modesty, which undoubtedly denied us many significant facts. John Calhoun. Johnson John C. Johnson, nephew of Joseph Johnson the first governor of Virginia chosen by the people, outlived all his founding brothers. Always intensely interested in government, he served two terms in the West Virginia House of Delegates and was widely known as the man who molded the political ideas of John W. Davis, nominee of the Democrats for the President of the United States in 1924. Johnson attended several Karneas, actively corresponded with many of his Delt Brothers, and joyfully conducted pilgrimages to Bethany College. His brother, Richard M. Johnson, Bethany 1860, was also a Delt. One of Johnson's favorite pastimes was conducting tours of Bethany and pointing out the room where Delta Tau Delta was founded. He outlived the other founders by eight years On the Fifteenth anniversary of the Fraternity’s founding he wrote to the editor of The Rainbow, “The past salutes the present, and joins it in hope for the future. Its founders built better than they knew.” . Henry King Bell, One of the most intensely interested and hardest working of the eight founders. A youth whose enthusiasm and loyalty were great, and whose capacity for organization earned him the title, “the great organizer.” Bell was a leader in the early days of the fraternity, and the one man given credit for saving the organization in its infancy when it seemed about to die. Bell left school before he graduated, but maintained a continuing correspondence with his classmates. His brother, Clarence, was a member of the chapter in the class of 1862. In 1861, when the call to arms had prompted students to forsake Fraternity and books alike, and borderline Bethany was seething with turmoil, the future of Delta Tau Delta hung by a very slender thread. In desperation, one undergraduate sent out a call for aid to the alumni. It was Bell who answered first, traveling from his home in Lexington, Kentucky. He quickly recognized the situation, and set to work with an aggressiveness that would do credit to any fraternity. Systematically he inspected almost every college of any educational stature within a radius of 100 miles, deliberately seeking an auditable institution in which to plant the Delt colors. At Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, he found what he was looking for and as a result two Jefferson students, Rhodes S. Sutton and Samuel S. Brown, made the famous ride on February 22, 1861, of twenty-two miles in a severe snowstorm over a perilous mountain trail in order to be initiated into Delta Tau Delta and to carry their torch into the North. Bell’s short but active career ended abruptly with his death in St. Louis in 1867. In 1909 Alexander C. Earle, fellow Founder, wrote a letter to the editor of the Rainbow paying this tribute: “He was the first missionary of the Deltas, and the chapter at (West) Liberty College, Virginia, the first fruit of his zealous care and patient cultivation…. His life could be written justice, courteous, kindly, affectionate esteem and helpful service to all with whom he had to do. May his spirit of Loyalty continue with us.” Since 1858 Delta Tau Delta has continued to have a colorful history filled with many trials and accomplishments. The following is a timeline of some of the important events in Delta Tau Delta history. 1859 – Early expansion Bethany Chapter grants charters to three chapters: West Liberty, West Virginia University (Monongalia Academy); and Jefferson. To establish membership, the new chapters are given a constitution and Ritual, membership badges, and are taught the Fraternity's mottos and purposes, all of which had been devised by the eight founders shortly after the group's initial formation. Whether the founders realized it at the time or not, brotherhood truly did sustain the Fraternity. Had they not had the foresight to extend welcoming arms to other young men interested in becoming Delts, the organization would have dissolved. 1861 – Jefferson Alpha Jefferson Chapter assumes Fraternity control and the Alpha designation. Henry Bell, a founder and alumnus, comes from his home in Kentucky to search for a way to preserve the Fraternity after the last remaining Bethany members leave for the Civil War. In Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, at Jefferson College, he finds Rhodes Sutton and Samuel Brown and persuades them to come to Bethany to be initiated. The two men brave a snowstorm and nearly impassible mountain roads on horseback to be initiated at Bethany on February 22. 1866 – First General Convention The first General Convention is held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania with five chapters represented. The early leaders of the Fraternity, by creating means of communication between the rapidly growing number of chapters, prepared the organization for growth. 1869 – Ohio Wesleyan Alpha Ohio Wesleyan chapter, located in Delaware, Ohio assumes control of the Fraternity and takes on the Alpha designation after Jefferson chapter is reduced to a point where it can no longer function as the governing chapter. The continuity of the Fraternity was given precedence over a chapter's pride. The remaining members of the dwindling Jefferson chapter were men of integrity, accountable to one another and to the organization, and responded to the need for a better-equipped group to manage the Fraternity. They sought out a strong chapter and handed control over. William H. Kirk was instrumental in keeping the Fraternity alive during this transition. 1874 – Four Divisions created Four divisions of the Fraternity are created, the first such step taken by any fraternity. This structural decision was made to provide better leadership to the growing number of chapters in the Fraternity. 1875 – Allegheny Alpha Allegheny Chapter, the fourth and final chapter to hold the Alpha designation, assumes control of the Fraternity after the Ohio Wesleyan chapter disappears. James S. Eaton, Alpha (Allegheny) 1875, a "hero" of the Fraternity, travels to Delaware, Ohio, to collect what remains of the organization's records. After discovering what little he can about the loss of the Ohio Wesleyan members, he brings the "Alpha" designation back with him to Allegheny. There, a well-managed group of undergraduates handle their own chapter affairs as well as the supervision of the whole Fraternity. Delta Tau Delta flourishes during Allegheny's era of control: the magazine is established; 15 chapters are founded, of which eight survive (several others are reestablished later). 1880 - First alumni chapter First alumni chapter is founded in Chicago, Illinois. 1883 – Alpha Chapter turns over control The Executive Council is established to govern the Fraternity, replacing government by the Alpha chapter. For the first time, administration of the Fraternity is passed from the undergraduates to alumni volunteers. The Alpha Chapter, however, makes certain the annual General Convention, to which all chapters send representatives, is still the policymaking body and that the Executive Council's role is to carry out the decisions made at the General Convention. Our present manner of government remains remarkably similar to this early structure, so accurate were the early members in determining the Fraternity's administrative needs. The Executive Council's name became the Arch Chapter, and the General Convention became the Karnea, but the relationship has remained the same. Delegates control the Karnea; the Karnea determines all Fraternity policy; the Arch Chapter carries out orders given at Karnea. 1886 - Rainbow Fraternity The Fraternity merges with the Rainbow Fraternity, an old and respected southern fraternity founded in 1848 at the University of Mississippi. Reaching out once again to invite others to join, the men of Delta Tau Delta provided themselves additional strength as well. Responding to a declining number of chapters in the South, our Delt forefathers took decisive action to fortify the organization. The Rainbow (W.W.W. Society) Fraternity History: In the year 1848 a rebellious class entered the University of Mississippi. Among its members was Col. John B. Herring, and to him and six other are due the honor of being the founders of the Rainbow Fraternity. Founded upon the seven principles of Courage, Self-Control, Honor, Loyalty, Understanding, and Brotherly Love, this purely southern fraternity strived to be a dominant force in the South and they often referred to themselves as the southern aristocrats (S.A.). The W.W.W. is said to stand for wine, women, and wisdom. However, due to being only located in the South, the Rainbow Fraternity suffered much greater losses than any other fraternity. After the war, Rainbow reorganized and grew stronger again in prominence and standing in the South. After the union between the Rainbow and Delta Tau Delta we added Lambda chapter at Vanderbilt University and Pi chapter at the University of Mississippi to our roster. In addition we changed the name of our magazine from The Crescent to The Rainbow and renamed the Southern Division, for a time being, to The Rainbow Division in honor of the merger. 1889 – Alumni Involvement A new Fraternity Constitution establishes the position of chapter advisor and changes the names of the Executive Council to Arch Chapter. Members in this era acknowledged the need for active alumni involvement in the lives of undergraduate Delts. 1909 – National Interfraternity Conference The National Interfraternity Conference (NIC) is formed by a group of men's fraternities (including Delta Tau Delta), recognizing the need to refocus competitive energies, which previously fueled bitter rivalries, into more mature, cooperative activities; James B. Curtis, a Delt, is one of the founders. Throughout the NIC's history, Delts have been active members. Alvan E. Duerr was the Council's first scholarship chairman; he then went on to be president of the NIC not once, but twice. James B. Curtis, A. Bruce Bielaski, Joel W. Reynolds, and Edwin L. Heminger are all Delts who served as presidents of the Fraternity, then went on to become president of the NIC. In 2002, David L. Nagel, former president of the Fraternity, was elected to the NIC Board of Directors. Delta Tau Delta is one of only two fraternities to have had five of its members serve as president of the Conference. The NIC's highest award, the Gold Medal, has been granted to five Delts: former Fraternity President Alvan E. Duerr; former president of Brown University, Henry M. Wriston; former Delt President and United States Supreme Court Justice, Tom C. Clark; former Delt President and founder of the Interfraternity Research and Advisory Council, Joel W. Reynolds; and former Delt President, chairman of the Delta Tau Delta Education Foundation, and newspaper publisher, Edwin L. Heminger. These great men and their achievements provide a diverse array of role models. Each man recognized the importance of becoming involved with not only the Fraternity, but with the whole Greek system. 1913 – Central Office The Central Office is established in New York City. Later, the Central Office is moved to Indianapolis. 1922 – Consultant Program Ralph M. Wray, Beta Kappa 1922, is appointed as the first field secretary. A pioneering step in the fraternity world. Today, field secretaries are called chapter consultants. 1924 – Focus on Academics Delta Tau Delta creates the office of supervisor of scholarship, becoming the first fraternity to place on its governing board an officer concerned solely with fostering high scholarship. Immediately preceding World War I, chapter scholarship declined to such a low point that a direct line could be drawn between fraternity membership and low grades. Several programs were instituted to remedy this situation, including a system of reporting on academic achievement; the Fraternity also set an academic standard for initiation. The office of supervisor of scholarship, added to the Arch Chapter, is now called the director of academic affairs. In order that a man can institute programs and hold office long enough to see them implemented, this office has no term limit. 1926 – Loyalty Fund Undergraduates who realize the Fraternity is operating entirely on current receipts and has not built any major funds establish the Loyalty Fund, the Fraternity's loan fund. This important step resulted in financial stability for the Fraternity and its chapters. From this point on, all Delts start paying into the Loyalty Fund. More than $6 million has been paid into the Loyalty Fund, enabling the Fraternity to keep undergraduate dues reasonable. Loyalty Fund monies cannot be spent, only invested. Many of these investments are mortgages on chapter houses. These investments enable the Fraternity to lend money to chapters to help them build or renovate chapter houses. Interest earned on these loans, and on other investments, is paid into the General Fund to help pay a portion of the Fraternity's operating expenses. 1929 – Distinguished Service Chapter The Distinguished Service Chapter, originally called The Court of Honor, is formed to honor Delt alumni who render outstanding service to the Fraternity. Also, "The Delt Creed," written by Stewart Maclean, Sewanee 1897, is officially adopted. 1934 – Chapter Leadership Guide The first edition of the Chapter Management Guide (now called the Chapter Leadership Guide) and the Good Delt: His Book, the Fraternity's first pledge manual, are published. 1956 – Centennial Development Fund Centennial Development Fund is established to assist new chapters that had limited funds, no alumni, and faced great difficulty in obtaining adequate housing. This fund was originally supported by alumni gifts, but undergraduates, sharing the spirit of brotherhood, voted to have part of their dues go toward the fund as well. After more than 50 years, the Centennial Development Fund continues to fulfill its purpose; a number of chapters today are in houses that would not exist were it not for this fund. 1958 – Centennial Celebration Delta Tau Delta celebrates its first 100 years at the Centennial Karnea in Pittsburgh. 1966 – Hugh Shields Award The first Hugh Shields Awards for Chapter Excellence are announced. Hugh Shields, Beta Alpha 1926, worked as an assistant at the Central Office immediately after graduation; his duties were primarily in the financial area. Then, as comptroller during the Depression years, he did all negotiating for the Fraternity. He recruited hundreds of alumni to give of their time and talents to solve an array of problems in chapters across the country. He developed and wrote much of the first Manual of Organization and Administration, an invaluable reference for chapter officers and committee chairman under the Shields' committee system. During Shields' reign, Delta Tau Delta was lauded in other fraternities' publications as the best managed fraternity of all. Shields upheld and exemplified every single value; his commitment to excellence was constantly focused by his questioning himself before every action with, "Is this the best way to help this chapter?" 1967 – Outstanding Business Practices Delta Tau Delta is honored by The Newcomen Society in North America, the first fraternity so recognized, for outstanding business practices. The Fraternity's commitment to excellence is recognized even by those outside the Greek world. 1977 – Founders House Restored The Fraternity restores the Bethany Founding House, birthplace of Delta Tau Delta. The restoration project, first a dream of Delts at Bethany, was started at the 1970 Karnea in Toronto when Theta Chapter delegates proposed the project. An initial gift of $1000 on the floor of the convention by a young Theta Chapter Delt, Barry Gardner, matched immediately by a gift from former President G. Herbert McCracken, Pittsburgh 1921, prompted an Arch Chapter study of possibilities. This story demonstrates how brotherhood sustains us: a group of Delts had a common goal; they presented their idea to other brothers who responded with enthusiasm. 1980 – Founders House Rededicated The 75th Karnea, meeting in Pittsburgh, makes a pilgrimage to Bethany for the formal dedication of the Founders' House. Both the refurbished Founders' House and the pilgrimage serve as shining examples of Delta Tau Delta's strong foundation in its values, its pride in the past, and its confidence in the future. 1981 – Educational Foundation The Educational Foundation of Delta Tau Delta is established as a non-profit organization to promote the educational and charitable activities of the Fraternity. Today, with assistance from the Educational Foundation, Delta Tau Delta is able to offer its members several opportunities to enhance their educational and leadership knowledge. 1986 – Delts Talking About Alcohol (DTAA) Delta Tau Delta launches a comprehensive program for alcohol abuse prevention called, "Delts Talking About Alcohol." Another step toward excellence, the program represents the Fraternity taking an active role in helping future members prevent problems throughout their lives. DTAA is now powered by the online program GreekLifeEdu. 1990 – Risk Management and the Member Responsibility Guidelines The Fraternity adopts the Chapter Responsibility Guidelines, later called the Member Responsibility Guidelines (MRG), to assist chapters with liability and risk management issues. The Fraternity begins the Delt Insurance and Risk Management Program to give chapters uniform quality and advice on insurance coverage and risk management. 1992 – Leadership Academy The first Delt Leadership Academy is conducted in Chicago, Illinois. The Delta Tau Delta Educational Foundation announces the completion of a $6 million capital campaign. 1995 – Mission and Values Delta Tau Delta desires to examine means to increase its focus on our founding principles with all of its members and constituencies. Under the leadership of International President Jeff Heatherington, the Mission and Values Statement was adopted by the Arch Chapter and Undergraduate Council of Delta Tau Delta Fraternity on January 7, 1995. This vision has proven useful in communicating to non-members what Delta Tau Delta represents, thus defining our organization for those unfamiliar with the Fraternity's Ritual and Delt Creed. 1996 – Hughes Family David B. Hughes, Ohio Wesleyan 1957, is elected International President of the Fraternity. David becomes the first third-generation fraternity man to become International President for his fraternity. David follows his grandfather, Edwin Holt Hughes, Ohio Wesleyan 1889, and his father, Francis Montgomery Hughes, Ohio Wesleyan 1931, in this position. 1997 – Fisher Alumni Conference The John Fisher Certification Conferences are conducted in Chicago and Atlanta, training more than 300 alumni volunteers in the presentation of a values-based chapter planning and leadership retreat for the undergraduate chapters. 2000 – Building on Excellence At the Minneapolis Karnea, the Educational Foundation announces the completion of the Building on Excellence campaign. The $9.5 million raised was in excess of early goals. This money has been set aside to endow the leadership programming of the Fraternity. 2002 – 10000 Allisonville Road In May 2002, Delta Tau Delta moves into the new permanent headquarters for the Fraternity in Fishers, Indiana. This structure now houses the archives of the Fraternity in a permanent museum, a dedicated leadership conference center, a call center to benefit fundraising efforts, and all offices of the Central Office and Educational Foundation staff. 2004 – Presidents and Advisors Retreat The first Presidents and Advisors Retreat is held in Indianapolis. This inaugural event brought together chapter presidents and their advisors from 20 chapters throughout the Fraternity for a weekend of lessons in values-based leadership and decision-making. 2008 - Sesquicentennial Delta Tau Delta celebrates its first 150 years of excellence at the Sesquicentennial Karnea in Pittsburgh. The Delta Tau Delta Educational Foundation announces the completion of its $18 million Honor the Legacy, Look Beyond campaign which helped endow many of the Fraternity’s programs including the Leadership Academies, and Delta Tau Delta’s member education program – The Road.