Brandon Tran #23
10/24/10 sci/8
Portfolio LA
Chapter 3
Basic living unit of an organism
Discovered by Robert Hooke using
microscope
Cell
Cell theory
Widely excepted theory about cells and
organisms
All living things are made of cells, cells
are the basic structure all cells are made
from cells
Unicellular
One celled organism
Multicellular
Many celled organism
Brandon Tran #23
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Group of cells working together to do a
specific function
Tissue
Organ
Many tissues that work together
Organ system
Group of organs that perform a major
function
Organelle
Structures in a cell Do functions in a cell
Rigid nonliving layer surrounds plant
cells and some other organisms
Cell wall
Cytoskeleton
Protein in a organisms that gives it shape
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Barrier that separates cell from the
environment can let stuff in and keep
others out
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Control center of the cell contains
chromosomes
Material in the cell gel like fluid
Cytoplasm
mitochondria
Makes energy for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
Passage way carries material throughout
the cell
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Ribosome
Produce proteins
Golgi body
Transports proteins and releases
materials outside the cell
Chloroplast
Green organelles in plants and some
organisms that capture sunlight and
make food
Vacuole
Stores food and other needed materials
lysosome
Organisms contain chemicals that
breakdown certain materials in the cell
Substance that can’t be broken down any
simpler
Element
Compound
2 or more elements chemically combined
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Carbohydrate
Energy rich compound made of carbon
hydrogen and O2
Protein
Large organic molecules made of
hydrogen O2 nitrogen and in some
carbon
Make up proteins
Amino acid
Enzyme
Type of protein that speeds up chemical
reaction in organisms
Lipid
Energy rich compounds made of carbon
hydrogen and O2 more energy than
carbohydrate
Nucleic acid
Very long organic molecules made of
carbon O2 hydrogen nitrogen
phosphorus
Brandon Tran #23
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DNA
Genetic material carries info about an
organism and is passed from parent to
offspring
RNA
Nucleic acid that plays an important role
in the production of proteins
Some substances can pass through
while some can’t
Selectively permeable
Diffusion
Process were molecules move from
areas of high concentration to areas of
low concentration
Diffusion of H2O through a selectively
permeable membrane
Osmosis
Passive transport
Movement of materials through a cell
membrane without the cells energy
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Movement of materials through a cell
membrane using energy
Active transport
Chapter 4
Photosynthesis
Process where cell captures sunlight and
uses it make food
Autotroph
Organism make its own food
Heterotroph
Organism that can’t make its own food
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Pigment
Colored chemical compound that absorbs
light
Chlorophyll
Main photosynthetic pigment in
chloroplast
Stomata
Opening under leaf absorbs CO2
Respiration
Process cell gets energy from glucose
Fermentation
Energy releasing process that doesn’t
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need energy. Makes less energy than
respiration
Cell cycle
Cycle of growth and development in a
cell.
Interphase
Grows and makes a copy of its DNA
Replication
Cell makes an exact copy of its DNA
Mitosis
Nucleus divides into 2 nuclei 1 copy of
DNA to each daughter cell
Chromosome
Cytokinesis
Double rod structure containing DNA
Cytoplasm divides and organelles evenly
distributed
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Differentiation
Cells change in structure become
specialized and can carry specific
functions
Stem cell
Special cells that can differentiate
throughout there life
Chapter 5
Heredity
Passing of physical traits from parent to
offspring
Trait
Forms of characteristics like height or
seed color
Genetics
Study of heredity
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Fertilization
New organism that begins to form when
sperm and egg join
Purebred
Offspring of many generations of the
same trait
Gene
Factors that control a trait
Alleles
Different forms of genes
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Dominant allele
Trait that shows up whenever allele is
present
Recessive allele
Trait that shows up whenever dominant
allele is not present
Hybrid
Organism with 2 different allele for a trait
Probability
Punnett square
How likely an certain event is to occur
Chart that shows all possible combination
of alleles in a genetic cross
Organisms physical appearance
Phenotype
Genotype
Organisms genetic makeup
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Organism with 2 identical alleles for a trait
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Organism with 2 different alleles for a trait
Allele is neither dominant or recessive it
both will show up
Codominance
Sexual reproduction
Genetic material from 2 parents combine
to make a new organism
Cell containing 2 sets of chromosomes 1
from each parent
Diploid
Meiosis
Process where chromosomes are split in
half to form sex cells
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Copies coded DNA from nucleus to
ribosome in cytoplasm
Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Carries amino acid to ribosome
mutation
Any change in gene or chromosome
Chapter 6
Multiple alleles
3 or more alleles make a gene to code a
single trait
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Sex chromosomes
Pair of chromosomes that determine
whether a person is male or female
Sex-linked gene
Gene that carries X or Y chromosome
Carrier
Person who has 1 recessive allele for a
trait and 1 dominant allele
Abnormal condition person inherits
through genes or chromosomes
Genetic disorder
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Pedigree
Family tree that track family members of
a particular trait
Karyotype
Picture of all the chromosomes in a cell
Selective breeding
Selecting parents with desired trait to be
parent of next gen.
Inbreeding
Crossing individuals with similar
characteristics
Hybridization
Crossing 2 genetically different
individuals for the best traits
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Clone
Organism with the exact same genes as
the organism it was produced from
Genetic engineering
Genes from one organism are moved to
the DNA of another organism
Gene therapy
Inserting copies if a gene into a persons
cell to correct genetic disorders
genome
All the DNA in one cell of an organism