Appendix 1
Parameterizations for the model
Average bottom temperature is 16.39°C. Average surface temperature is 17.39°C. Average is
16.89°C, mainly for Q/B estimates of the benthopelagic fishes. Average depth and total area
of East China Sea Shelf used for parameterizations was 72 m and 500,500 km2 (Zheng et al.,
2003).
1. Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton communities in the ECSS were dominated by diatoms (over 99% in numbers
during a survey in the early 2000s), following by dinoflagellates and other groups (Zheng et
al., 2003).
Biomass and P/B ratio of phytoplankton in the 2000s model were estimated from survey data.
The survey estimated chlorophyll a concentration in each season. C/chlorophyll a ratio is
considered to be 52. Thus the average depth-integrated chlorophyll a concentration was
converted to carbon units using a conversion factor of 52 (Table A1). The estimated biomass
amounted to 16.85 t km–2.
Table A1. Estimation of phytoplankton biomass in the ECSS
Estimated chlorophyll a density (mg chl.a m–3)
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter
Average
0.62
0.33
0.60
0.24
0.45
Depth-integrated chlorophyll a density (mg chl.a m–2)
32.4
Primary production (mg C m-2 d-1)
560.3
Estimated phytoplankton biomass (t km-2)
16.85
By summing up the estimated daily phytoplankton production in each season in the late
1990s and early 2000s, I estimated the annual phytoplankton production to be 204.51 t km-2
year-1. Assuming 1 g C =10 g wet weight (Dalsgaard & Pauly, 1997), the estimated annual
total production in wet weight was 2045.1 t km-2 year-1 Thus the P/B ratio of phytoplankton
was estimated to be 122 year-1 (Li et al., 2004)
2. Benthic producer
Benthic producer consists of benthic algae. Biomass and P/B ratio were based on the values
reported in Pauly & Christensen (1995), i.e., 7.83 t km-2 year-1 and 11.9 year-1. Catch data was
estimated from the national landings statistics from Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Fujian provinces in
2000.
3. Detritus
Rough estimates of the standing stock of detritus in marine ecosystems may be obtained
from:
log10 D  2.41  0.954  log10 PP  0.863log10 E
Where D is the standing stock of detritus, in gC m-2, PP the primary production in gC m-2
year-1, and E is the euphotic depth in meters (Pauly & Christensen, 1993). In the absence of a
readily available estimates of mean euphotic depth for ECSS, the detritus standing stock
estimated by this equation for the South China Sea, of 100 t km-2 (Cheung, 2007). The
precise value of this estimate has no effect on the computation of detritus flows.
Bacteria (incl. bacterioplankton) are not included in the model: it is assumed that bacteria
consume only detritus, and that the fluxes associated with this consumption can be treated as
if they occurred in another, adjacent ecosystem, i.e., that in which detritus accumulates when
it leaves ECSS. This omission of bacterial fluxes has no impact whatsoever on the other
estimates of fluxes estimated by Ecopath.
4. Zooplankton
Zooplankton biomasses in ECSS was estimated to be 4.572 t km-2 (Xu et al., 2006). P/B and
Q/B ratios were assumed to be the same as the value used in the South China Sea ecosystem
model (Cheung, 2007). Catches in the 2000s model was based on the national landings
statistics from Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Fujian provinces, in which the group ‘Mo shrimp’
(Acetes spp.) amounted to 0.095 t km-2.
5. Jellyfish
The jellyfish group consists of medusae of the phylum Cnidaria. Since extrapolation of this
estimate to the entire ECSS may not be valid, biomass was left to be estimated by assuming
ecotrophic efficiency of 0.95. Local estimates for P/B and Q/B ratios are not available. Thus
estimates from the Gulf of Daya (P/B = 5.011year-1, Q/B = 25.05 year-1) – the closest region
where estimates were available.
Catches were based on national landings statistics from Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Fujian
provinces of 0.06 t km-2 (Cheng et al., 2006).
6. Benthos
Benthos is sub-divided into five functional groups: polychaetes, echinoderms, benthic
crustaceans, mollusks and other invertebrates. Their biomasses were estimated from survey
conducted in 1998–2000 (Zheng et al., 2003) (Table A2). Local estimates on P/B and Q/B
ratio for these groups were not available, thus I used estimates from other similar ecosystems.
Catch estimates from the Sea Around Us Project catch database was used.
Table A2. Survey estimated biomass for polychaetes, echinoderms, benthic crustaceans,
mollusks and other invertebrates in the ECSS in the late 1990s
Functional groups
Biomass (t km-2)
Polychaetes
3.13
Echinoderms
3.46
Benthic crustaceans
1.60
Molluscs
9.51
Other invertebrates
3.16
Table A3. P/B and Q/B ratio from other similar ecosystems
Functional groups
Parameters
Value
Sources
Polychaetes
P/B (year-1)
6.7
(Li et al., 2004)
Q/B (year-1)
24.2
(Optiz, 1996)
P/B (year-1)
1.2
(Optiz, 1996)
Q/B (year-1)
3.7
(Pauly & Christensen, 1993)
P/B (year-1)
6.56
(Zheng et al., 2003)
Echinoderms
Benthic crustaceans
(Cheng et al., 2006)
Molluscs
Other invertebrates
Q/B (year-1)
26.9
(Optiz, 1996)
Catch
0.042
(Xu et al., 2006)
P/B (year-1)
3
(Christensen & Walters, 2004)
Q/B (year-1)
7
(Optiz, 1996)
Catch
0.308
(Xu et al., 2006)
P/B (year-1)
1
(Optiz, 1996)
Q/B (year-1)
9
(Optiz, 1996)
7. Shrimp
Based on the trawl survey conducted in the late 1990s, biomass of shrimps in the ECSS was
estimated to be 0.0623 t km-2 (Zheng et al., 2003). However, because of the low catchability
of shrimps by the survey trawl nets, the biomass of shrimps was likely to be under-estimated.
Thus biomasses of shrimps was left to be estimated by the model by assuming EE. P/B ratio
was based on the averaged total mortality estimates of Trachypenaeus curvirostris (3.6 year-1)
(3.1–4.1 year-1). Q/B ratio of penaeid shrimps was based on the estimates available from
Okey & pugliese, (2001). Landings of shrimp were estimated based on national statistics to
be 0.432 t km-2.
8. Crabs
This group consists of Portunus trituberculatus, P. sanguinplentus, Ovalipes punctatus,
Charybdis feriatus, and C. miles, C. japonica, C. riversandersoni. Based on the late 1990s
trawl survey, biomass of crabs in the ECSS was estimated to be 0.423 t km-2. P/B and Q/B
raito were assumed to be similar to the South China Sea during the same period (3 year-1 and
12 year-1 respectively) (Cheung, 2007). Catch was obtained from the average value in Zheng
et al., (2003) and Sea Around Us Project database (0.232 t km-2).
9. Cephalopods
In ECSS, Loligo squid was the dominant group of cephalopods, consisting of Loligo edulis
and L. chinensis. Estimated Logilo squid biomasses from acoustic and trawl surveys in the
late 1990s were 1.42 t km-2 and 0.13 t km-2, respectively (Zheng et al., 2003). Report from the
survey suggested that the actual biomass of Loligo squid in ECSS might probably lie between
these two values. Thus, I used their average (0.78 t km-2) as the biomass estimated for the
model. P/B ratios were assumed to be similar to the South China Sea during the same period
(3.1 year-1 and 8.0 year-1 respectively) (Cheung, 2007).
The catch estimates of the ECSS were obtained from the database of Sea Around Us Project,
which amounted to 0.417 t km-2.
10. Threadfin bream (nemipterids)
This group consists of fish from the family Nemipteridae, including Nemipterus virgatus, N.
bathybius and N. japonicus. Based on acoustic survey in the late 1990s, biomass of
nemipterids in ECSS was estimated be 0.34 t km-2. P/B ratio was assumed to be the total
mortality rate, was estimated to be 3.08 year-1. Q/B ratio was estimated from empirical
equations (Palomares & Pauly, 1998) based on the growth indices, to be 15.4 year-1 (Cheung,
2007).
Catch data in the model was obtained from national landing statistics to be 0.32 t km-2.
11. Bigeyes (Priacanthids)
Bigeyes consists of fishes from the family Priacanthidae, mainly dominated by Priacanthus
macracanthus. Acoustic and trawl surveys in the late 1990s estimated that the biomass of
Bigeyes was 0.252 t km-2 and 0.0103 t km-2, respectively. The average of the two estimates
was used as the biomass in the model (0.132 t km-2). P/B ratio was assumed to be similar to
the Northern South China Sea Shelf ecosystem during the same period (2.74 year-1) (Zheng et
al., 2003) (F=1.87; M=0.87). Q/B ratio was estimated from the empirical equation (Palomares
& Pauly, 1998), to be 9.16 year-1.
Catch data was obtained from national landing statistics to be 0.025 t km-2.
12. Lizardfish (Synodontids)
Fishes of the family Synodontids are included in this group. The major species in the ECSS
include Saurida undosquamis Saurida elongate, Harpadon nehereus, Saurida wanieso,
Saurida elongate, Synodus macrops and Trachinocephalus myops. Based on the trawl survey
in the late 1990s, total biomass of these species was estimated to be 0.0257 t km-2. It was
considered that the trawl survey estimates were usually under estimated. Thus we used the
mass-balance routine in Ecopath to estimate the biomass. The average total mortality was
estimated using B-H models to be 2.46 year-1 (Lin et al., 2006b). The average Q/B ratio was
estimated from an empirical equation (Palomares & Pauly, 1998), to be 9.80 year-1. Catch
data was estimated based on the Sea Around Us Project database (0.0089 t km-2).
13. Hairtails (Trichiurids)
This group is composed of fishes from the family Trichiuridae. This group has been seriously
over-exploited and is now dominated by juvenile fishes (73.82% at age 1 or less) (Zheng et
al., 2003). We segregated this group into two multi-stanza groups – juvenile (age 1 or less)
and adult – using multi-stanza routine in Ecopath (Christensen et al., 2005). In the late 1990s,
biomass of Trichiurus lepturus – a dominant species of this group in the ECSS – from
acoustic and trawl surveys in the late 1990s were estimated to be 0.659 t km-2 and 0.096 t
km-2; the average was 0.378 t km-2 by trawl survey (Zheng et al., 2003). Since catch of T.
lepturus was mainly composed of juvenile fish, we allocated the entire estimated biomass to
the juvenile stage, and we used the multi-stanza routine to estimate the adult stage biomass.
P/B and Q/B ratios for the juvenile were assumed to be similar to the South China Sea during
the same period (3.08 year-1 and 14.9 year-1 respectively). P/B ratio for the adult group was
estimated to be 2.9 year-1 using the B-H model. Q/B ratio was estimated to be 10.5 year-1
from an empirical equation (Palomares & Pauly, 1998).
Landing of hairtails reported in the national statistics in 2000 was 294,559 t based on the Sea
Around Us Project database. Since the majority of the hairtails caught in the 2000s were
reported to be juveniles (1<year) which take up to 73.82% of the total biomass (Zheng et al.,
2003), the biomass of juvenile and adult were 0.282 t km-2and 0.101 t km-2, respectively.
14. Pomfrets (Stromateids)
Members of this group are fish from the family Stromateidae, mainly dominated by Pampus
cinereus and Pampus argenteus. Estimated pomfrets biomasses from acoustic surveys in the
late 1990s were 0.812 t km-2 (Zheng et al., 2003). P/B raito was estimated to be 1.28 year-1
(Lin et al., 2006b). (Estimates of total mortality or explotation rates were mainly available for
demersal or pelagic species, but not benthopelagic species. Thus P/B ratios were left to be
estimated by the model, assuming P/Q ratio of 0.2). Q/B ratio was estimated to be 6.40 year-1
from an empirical equation (Palomares & Pauly, 1998). Catch data was obtained from the
national landing statistics (0.292 t km-2).
15. Snappers
Members of this group are from the family Lujanidae, including Lutjanus Argentimaculatus
and Lutjanus Vaigiensis. The biomasses of snappers was estimated by assuming EE = 0.95.
Natural mortality rate was estimated from Pauly’s empirical equation (Pauly, 1980). Since
independent estimate of fishing mortality was not available, we assumed that the group was
under similar exploitation rate as the South China Sea. The total mortality rate was roughly
estimated to be 1.75 year-1. Q/B ratio was estimated to be 8.98 year-1 from an empirical
equation (Palomares & Pauly, 1998). Since landings of snappers were not reported in the
national statistics in the 2000s, estimates from the Sea Around Us Project database were used
in the model (0.001 t km-2).
16. Groupers
Members of this group are from the family Serranidae. Biomass estimates were not available
and thus they were estimated in the models by assuming EE to be 0.95. Natural mortality rate
was estimated to be 0.67 year-1 from Pauly’s empirical equation. Since independent estimate
of fishing mortality was not available, we assumed that the group was under similar
exploitation rate as the South China Sea (Cheung, 2007). The total mortality rate was roughly
estimated to be 1.24 year-1. Q/B ratio was estimatedto be 6.27 year-1 from an empirical
equation (Palomares & Pauly, 1998). Catches were based on national landings statistics from
Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Fujian provinces of 0.044 t km-2.
17. Small croakers
Members of this group are from the family Sciaenidae, with total length less than or equal to
30 cm. Commercially important species include Argyrosomus Spp. and Pennahia spp.
Estimated biomasses of the commercially important small croakers from acoustic surveys in
the late 1990s were 0.0584 t km-2. The ratio of commercial to non-commercial demersal
species in the Northern South China Sea was about 1:0.9 (Jia et al., 2004). Scaling the
biomass of commercially fishes with this ratio, total biomass of small croakers in the model
was estimated to be 0.111 t km-2. P/B ratio was estimated to be 4.30 year-1(Lin et al., 2006b).
Q/B ratio was estimated to be 16.0 year-1 from an empirical equation (Palomares & Pauly,
1998). Catches of small croakers in the model were calculated from the estimated biomasses
and fishing mortality rates (0.037 t km-2).
18. Large croakers
Large croakers are Sciaenidae with maximum total length of more than 30 cm. This group
was seriously over-explored, and is currently composed of mostly juveniles (more than 90%
in landings) (Zheng et al., 2003), including the mainly commercially important species
Larimichthys crocea and Larimichthys polyactis. Acoustic surveys in the late 1990s estimated
that the biomass was 0.170 t km-2. P/B ratio was obtained from the B-H model to be 2.13
year-1 (Lin et al., 2006b). Q/B ratio was estimated to be 8.25 year-1 from an empirical
equation (Palomares & Pauly, 1998). Landings of the commercially important species
Larimichthys crocea and Larimichthys polyactis were reported to be 0.219 t km-2 in national
landing statistics.
19. Small benthopelagic fishes
This group consists of benthopelagic fish with maximum total length less than or equal to 30
cm. benthopelagic fish was defined as fish living and feeding near the bottom as well as in
mid-water or near the surface (www.fishbase.org).
Biomass estimates were not available and thus they were estimated in the models by
assuming EE to be 0.95. Natural mortality rates of fishes in this group were estimated by
using Pauly’s empirical equation. The average natural mortality rate from the member species
was 1.54 year-1(Lin et al., 2006b). Exploitation rate (q) in the 2000s was estimated to be
about 0.5 (Zheng et al., 2003). Thus total mortality rate was approximately 3.08 year-1. Q/B
ratio was estimated from a P/Q ratio of 0.2. Landings of this group in the late 1990s were
estimated based on the SAUP database (0.643 t km-2).
20. Large benthopelagic fishes
This group consists of benthopelagic fish with maximum total length more than 30 cm.
Biomass estimates were not available and thus they were estimated in the models by
assuming EE to be 0.95. Natural mortality rates of fishes in this group were estimated by
using Pauly’s empirical equation. The average natural mortality rate from the member species
was 0.86 year-1 (Li et al., 2006). Exploitation rate (q) in the 2000s was estimated to be about
0.5 for pelagic fishes (Zheng et al., 2003). Thus total mortality rate was approximately 1.72
year-1. Q/B ratio was estimated from a P/Q ratio of 0.2. Landings of this group in the late
1990s were estimated based on the SAUP database (0.430 t km-2).
21. Small pelagic fishes
This group consists of 18 species of pelagic fish with maximum total length less than or equal
to 30 cm. In the late 1990s, total biomass of commercially important small pelagic fish,
including sardine, thryssa, anchovy, etc. was estimated to be 1.772 t km-2. P/B ratio was
estimated to be 4.26 year-1 considering the species weight of abundance contribution in
landings. P/B ratio was assumed to be similar to the Northern South China Sea Shelf
ecosystem during the same period (4.26 year-1) (Zheng et al., 2003). Q/B ratio was estimated
from the empirical equation (Palomares & Pauly, 1998), based on the survey data, to be 17.04
year-1.
Catch data was obtained from the SAUP database to be 0.765 t km-2.
22. Large pelagic fishes
This group consists of pelagic fish with maximum total length greater than 30 cm (except
those species that have been included in other functional groups). Based on acoustic survey,
biomass of commercially valuable large pelagic fishes in the late 1990s was about 0.169 t
km-2 (Zheng et al., 2003). The ratio of commercial to non-commercial pelagic nekon biomass
was estimated to be 4.9:1 (Jia et al., 2004). Based on this ratio, small pelagic fish biomass
was estimated to be 0.204 P/B was estimated to be 1.37 year-1 (Lin et al., 2006b). Landings
were obtained from the SAUP database and national landing statistics to be 0.453t km-2.
23. Sharks and rays
Elasmobranchs were divided into demersal and pelagic groups. Demersal sharks and rays
represented about 0.5% of the bottom trawler’s catches in the late 1990s (Zhang, 2005). This
was assumed to represent the relative abundance of demersal elasmobranchs relative to total
demersal biomass during the same period. Thus biomass was estimated to be about 0.003 t
km-2. However, this biomass level was found to be too low to support the fishery. Pelagic
sharks and rays were ill-presented in demersal trawlers. Thus the biomass of pelagic sharks
and rays were left to be estimated by the model by assuming EE of 0.95. P/B and Q/B for
both groups were obtained from the NSCS models during the same period (Cheung, 2007).
Landings were obtained based on the SAUP database to 0.0147 t km-2.
24. Seabirds, marine turtles and marine mammals
Since the parameters for these groups were not available for the whole modeled region, the
input parameters values were assumed to be the same as the ecosystem models of NSCS
(Cheung, 2007).
25. Flatfishes
Members of this group are fish from the families Bothidae, Paralichthyidae and Soleidae.
Based on the acoustic survey in the late 1990s, the estimated total biomass of the dominated
species Pleuronichthys cornutus, Crossorhombus azureus and Cynoglossus robustus was
0.022 t km-2. The average natural mortality was approximately 1.4 year-1. Exploitation rate (q)
in the 2000s was estimated to be about 0.8 for demersal fishes (Zheng et al., 2003). Thus total
mortality rate was approximately 1.75 year-1. Q/B ratio was estimated to be 8.75 year-1 by
assuming the P/Q ratio of 0.2. Catch data was obtained to be national statistics.
26. Small reef-associated fishes
This group consists of reef-associated fish with maximum total length less than or equal to 30
cm (except those species that have been included in other functional groups). The
commercially valuable species were mainly from the families Cantherhines and Serranidae.
Biomass estimates were not available and thus they were estimated in the models by
assuming EE to be 0.95. P/B was estimated to be 1.92 year-1(Optiz, 1996). Q/B was estimated
to be 7.97 year-1 from the empirical equation (Palomares & Pauly, 1998). Landings were
obtained from the SAUP database and national landing statistics to be 0.003 t km-2.
27. Large reef-associated fishes
This group consists of reef-associated fish with maximum total length greater than 30 cm
(except those species that have been included in other functional groups). Biomass estimates
were not available and thus they were estimated in the models by assuming EE to be 0.95.
P/B was estimated to be 0.38 year-1 (Optiz, 1996). Q/B was estimated to be 3.9 year-1 from
the empirical equation (Palomares & Pauly, 1998). Landings were obtained from the SAUP
database and national landing statistics to be 0.001 t km-2.
28. Demersal fishes
Demersal fish 1 consists of 34 different species based on the results of Cluster analysis. P/B
value for demersal fish 1 was estimated to be 3.4 year-1 using Z = F+M; M = empirical
equation from Pauly (1980). Q/B ratio was obtained from empirical equation (Palomares and
Pauly 1998). Biomass were estimated from trawling survey (1998–2001) in the East China
Sea Shelf (Zheng et al., 2003) to be 0.13 t km-2. Catch data were obtained from the SAUP
database to be 0.02 t km-2. Demersal fish 2 consists of 32 different species based on the
results of Cluster analysis. P/B value for demersal fish 2 was estimated to be 4.2 year-1 using
Z = F+M; M = empirical equation from Pauly (1980). Q/B ratio was obtained from empirical
equation (Palomares & Pauly, 1998). Biomass was estimated from trawling survey
(1998-2001) in the East China Sea Shelf (Zheng et al., 2003) to be 0.312 t km-2. Catch data
were obtained from the SAUP database to be 0.43 t km-2. Demersal fish 3 consists of 24
different species. Biomass estimates were not available and thus were left to be estimated by
the model by assuming EE of 0.95. P/B and Q/B for both groups were obtained from the
NSCS models during the same period (Cheung, 2007). Catch data were obtained from the
national statistics and SAUP database.
Appendix 2
Standardized factors for cluster analysis for different demersal species.
Group Number
Famliy
Species
Aspect ratio
Food type
Linf
(log)
1
Acropomatidae
Doederleinia berycoides
1.67
0
3.69
2
Acropomatidae
Acropoma japonicum
2.25
0
3
3
Acropomatidae
Synagrops japonicus
2.62
0
3.76
4
Aploactinidae
Erisphex pottii
1.28
0
2.48
5
Apogonidae
Apogon quadrifasciatus
1.69
0
2.56
6
Apogonidae
Apogon lineatus
2.46
0
2.2
7
Ariidae
Arius thalassinus
2.55
0
5.22
8
Ariidae
Arius sinensis
2.55
0
3.81
9
Ateleopodidae
Ateleopus purpureus
0.7
0
4.25
10
Banjosidae
Banjos banjos
2.53
0
3.22
11
Bembridae
Bembras japonicus
1.28
0
3.61
12
Blenniidae
Xiphasia setifer
1.1
0.85
4.17
13
Callionymidae
Callionymus beniteguri
0.84
0
3
14
Callionymidae
Repomucenus huguenini
1.05
0
2.89
15
Callionymidae
Repomucenus richardsonii
0.84
0
3.04
16
Callionymidae
Bathycallionymus kaianus
1.03
0
3
17
Callionymidae
Repomucenus virgis
1.03
0
2.4
18
Centriscidae
Macroramphosus scolopax
2.06
0.1
3
19
Cepolidae
Acanthocepola krusensterni
0.7
0
3.69
20
Cepolidae
Acanthocepola limbata
0.7
0
3.91
21
Congridae
Alloconger anagoides
0.7
0
3.93
22
Congridae
Anago anago
0.7
0
4.09
23
Congridae
Rhynchoconger ectenurus
0.7
0
4.17
24
Congridae
Ariosoma shiroanago
0.7
0
3.69
shiroanago
25
Congridae
Conger myriaster
0.7
0
4.61
26
Dactylopteridae
Daicocus peterseni
1.38
0
3.58
27
Gobiidae
Ctenotrypauchen
1.12
0.4
2.89
microcephalus
28
Gobiidae
Ctenotrypauchen chinensis
0.79
0.65
3.22
29
Gobiidae
Cryptocentrus filifer
1.11
0.4
2.58
30
Gobiidae
Chaeturichthys stigmatias
0.8
0.4
2.71
31
Gobiidae
Amblychaeturichthys
0.86
0.4
2.2
hexanema
32
Leiognathidae
Leiognathus brevirostris
2.5
0.2
2.64
33
Leiognathidae
Leiognathus bindus
2.54
0.2
2.4
34
Leiognathidae
Secutor ruconius
1.94
0.24
2.08
35
Leiognathidae
Leiognathus elongatus
1.73
0.19
2.48
36
Leiognathidae
Leiognathus lineolatus
2.23
0.22
2.25
37
Lophiidae
Lophiomus setigerus
1.03
0
3.69
38
Lophiidae
Lophius litulon
1.08
0.02
5.21
39
Malacanthidae
Branchiostegus argentatus
1.58
0
3.53
40
Mugilidae
Liza macrolepis
2.66
1
4.25
41
Mullidae
Upeneus quadrilineatus
2.26
0
2.83
42
Muraenesocidae
Muraenesox cinereus
0.7
0
5.39
43
Muraenidae
Gymnothorax reticularis
0.7
0
4.09
44
Myxinidae
Eptatretus burgeri
0.7
0
4.09
45
Nomeidae
Nomeus gronovii
2.92
0
3.66
46
Ogcocephalidae
Halieutaea stellata
0.7
0
3.4
47
Ogcocephalidae
Malthopsis luteus
0.7
0
2.4
48
Ophichthidae
Ophichthus apicalis
0.7
0
3.81
49
Ophichthidae
Ophichthus evermanni
0.7
0
4.47
50
Ophichthidae
Xyrias revulsus
0.7
0
4.53
51
Ophichthidae
Ophichthus stenopterus
0.7
0
4.38
52
Ophidiidae
Sirembo imberbis
0.7
0
3.22
53
Ophidiidae
Hoplobrotula armata
0.7
0
4.45
54
Perciformes
Branchiostegus japonicus
1.57
0
3.83
55
Percophidae
Acanthaphritis grandisquamis
1.81
0
2.4
56
Percophidae
Spinapsaron barbatus
1.23
0
2.3
57
Peristediidae
Satyrichthys rieffeli
2.32
0
3.33
58
Pinguipedidae
Parapercis aurantiaca
1.12
0
3.04
59
Pinguipedidae
Parapercis sexfasciata
1.81
0
2.48
60
Platycephalidae
Onigocia macrolepis
1.48
0
2.71
61
Platycephalidae
Onigocia spinosa
1.53
0
3.22
62
Polynemidae
Polydactylus sextarius
1.9
0.1
3.4
63
Scorpaenidae
Scorpaena neglecta
1.43
0
3.62
64
Scorpaenidae
Parapterois heterurus
1.01
0
3.14
65
Sebastidae
Sebastiscus marmoratus
1.21
0
3.4
66
Sparidae
Acanthopagrus schlegeli
1.88
0.83
4.11
67
Sparidae
Dentex tumifrons
2.35
0
3.56
68
Sparidae
Pagrus major
2.31
0
4.8
69
Stichaeidae
Zoarchias uchidai
1.08
0.86
2.5
70
Synanceiidae
Minous monodactylus
1.09
0
2.71
71
Synanceiidae
Minous coccineus
1.1
0
2.3
72
Synaphobranchidae
Dysomma anguillare
0.7
0
3.95
73
Tetraodontidae
Lagocephalus inermis
1.99
0
4.7
74
Tetraodontidae
Takifugu niphobles
1.44
0.1
2.71
75
Tetraodontidae
Takifugu porphyreus
1.67
0.2
3.95
76
Tetraodontidae
Takifugu xanthopterus
1.47
0.2
4.11
77
Tetraodontidae
Liosaccus cutaneus
1.47
0.2
3.7
78
Tetraodontidae
Gastrophysus spadiceus
2.01
0.18
2.99
79
Triacanthodidae
Triacanthodes anomalus
2.2
0.2
2.56
80
Triglidae
Chelidonichthys spinosus
1.48
0
3.69
81
Triglidae
Lepidotrigla japonica
1.57
0
3
82
Triglidae
Lepidotrigla alata
1.57
0
3
83
Triglidae
Lepidotrigla abyssalis
1.57
0
2.83
84
Triglidae
Lepidotrigla guentheri
1.58
0
3
85
Triglidae
Pterygotrigla hemisticta
2.32
0
3.4
86
Triglidae
Lepidotrigla kishinouyei
1.56
0
3
87
Triglidae
Lepidotrigla microptera
1.56
0
1.61
88
Uranoscopidae
Uranoscopus oligolepis
1.27
0
2.64
89
Uranoscopidae
Zalescopus tosae
1.92
0
3.22
90
Uranoscopidae
Uranoscopus japonicus
1.26
0
2.89