Introductions to the Kingdoms of Life
Chapter 19
19.2 Advent of Multicellularity
Half of the biomass on Earth is _________________ prokaryotes and eukaryotes
_________________
–No ______________ or coordination between cells
–_______________ associated
–Cell walls stick together or form filaments
–Examples: Volvox and Cyanobacteria
______________
–______________ collection of cells
–Example: Plasmodial Slime
______________
–Composed of many cells that are ______________ associated
–Allows for increased size
Remember: single cells cannot be large and survive
–Allows for ______________
Movement
______________
Reproduction
______________
______________ make-up ______________ which make-up ______________
which make-up ______________
Muscle cells make-up Muscle Tissue which make-up ______________ which
makes-up part of ____________________________
Kingdom ____________________________
A.k.a. Bacteria
Prokaryotes
O.1 to 15 μm
Found practically everywhere
Cell wall contains ____________________________
Kingdom ____________________________
Prokaryotes
More closely related to ______________ than bacteria
No peptidoglycan in cell wall
Have ______________ in genes
Kingdom ______________
Protists
Most diverse kingdom
Eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals
Many are unicellular
All have cell ______________, some have cell ______________
______________ and ______________
Many move
Normally asexual reproduction but may be sexually
Kingdom ______________
Most Multicellular
–______________ are unicellular (only unicellular eukaryote not a protist)
______________ in cell wall
–Like shell of a crab
Bodies have long strands of cells called ______________
No movement
No ______________ or photosynthesis
Heterotrophs but don’t ingest, external ______________
Kingdom ______________
Plants
Multicellular autotrophs
–Primary ______________
–Release ______________
–Cycle phosphorous, water, nitrogen, carbon
Different cell types organized into tissues
______________ tissue
–Transport ______________ and dissolved ______________
______________ in cell walls
No movement
–May have motile sperm
–Spores and seeds allow for ______________
Everywhere except extreme polar regions and highest mountaintops
Very small Duckweed Wolffia microscopica (1mm) to extremely large Giant
Sequoia Redwood Sequoia sempervirens (90m)
______________
–No vascular tissue
–Relatively small
–No real ______________, ______________, or ______________
–Example: Mosses
Vascular - Larger and more complex
–______________
Surfaces coated with waxy covering
Reproduce with ______________
Haploid and diploid phases
 Example: Ferns
–Seeds
Non-flowering = ______________
–Seeds, no flowers
–______________
–Examples: Pines and Spruces
Flowering = ______________
–Flowers
–______________ disperse seeds
Kingdom Animalia
Animals
–Multicellular _______________ (can’t make own food)
–No cell wall
–Mostly _______________ phase
–Cells organized into _______________
–Zygotes develop through several stages
–Muscle tissues allow for quick movement
–_______________ – unique to animals
–Reproduce _______________
–99% are invertebrates (no backbone)
Vertebrates have backbones
–35 Phyla – most of these in sea
Different Phyla
_______________
–No tissues
–Specialized cells
_______________
–Mostly marine
–Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, Corals
_______________
–Flat ribbon-like bodies
–Some are parasitic
_______________
–A.k.a. _______________
–Long, slender
–Freeliving or parasitic
–Heartworm, elephantiasis, hookworm
_______________
–A.k.a. _______________
–Water and soil
–Leeches, Earthworms, Feather duster worms
_______________
–Saclike cavity (_______________) encloses internal organs
–Aquatic and terrestrial
–Snails, Clams, Octopuses
_______________
–Most diverse and 2/3 of all animal species
–_______________ skeleton
–Jointed _______________
–High rate of reproduction
–Crabs, Insects, Arachnids
_______________
–“_______________”
–Can regenerate lost limbs
–Sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars
Invertebrate Chordates
–No _______________
–Aquatic
–Swim or attached
Vertebrates
–Internal _______________ of bone
–Backbone protects _______________
–Head has brain enclosed in skull
–Mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians