Anatomy & Physiology Lecture
Chapter 19 - Blood Vessels
I.
Overview
A. Blood Vessel Structure
B. Arteries
C. Capillaries
D. Veins
E. Blood Pressure
F. Principal Arteries of the Body
G. Principal Veins of the Body
H. Blood Vessel Disorders
I. Fetal Circulation
II. Blood Vessel Structure
A. Blood leaving the heart passes through a ______ route in the body
1. Blood moves ______ from the heart to body tissues through _________ to arterioles
to capillaries
2.
Blood moves back ___ the heart from capillaries to venules to _______
B. The walls of arteries & veins are composed of three _____ (layers)
1. Tunica _________ (adventitia) - outermost layer, composed of loose fibrous CT;
protects the blood vessel
2.
Tunica ________ - middle layer, composed of smooth _______ and elastic fibers
a. Sympathetic nerves cause smooth muscle contraction (vaso_____________),
which increases blood pressure
b. Parasympathetic nerves cause smooth muscle relaxation (vaso__________),
which decreases blood pressure
3.
4.
Tunica _________ (interna) - innermost layer, of endothelium and elastin
The ________ is the central blood-filled space in the vessel
C. Some _____________ between arteries & veins:
1. Arteries have a thicker T. _______ and are rounder than veins in cross section
2. Veins are usually partially collapsed, and many have _______ that are absent in
arteries
D. ________ - carry blood (usually oxygenated) _____ from the heart
1. Large _________ arteries (e.g.: _______ & major branches) have many ________
fibers, thus expand when BP rises as heart contracts, then recoil when the heart
relaxes
2.
_________ arteries are smaller arteries and are less elastic with a thicker layer of
smooth _______ in relation to their diameters
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3.
___________ are the smallest arteries with only 1-2 layers of smooth muscle over
endothelium
E. ___________ - narrowest of the blood vessels; the functional units of the circulatory
system
1.
2.
Capillary walls are composed of just one layer of ___________ in a basal lamina
It is across capillary walls that ________ (O2 & CO2), _______, and __________ are
exchanged with tissues
3.
Precapillary __________ at the junction of arterioles and capillaries regulate blood
flow into capillary beds
F. ______ - vessels that carry blood from capillaries back __ the heart
1. BP is very ____ in veins & venules due to their distance from the heart
2. Blood is returned to the _______ largely via
a. Skeletal ________ pumps: as skeletal muscles contract, they squeeze associated
____, pumping the blood toward the heart
b. ____________ movement during breathing causes a pressure difference between
the abdominal cavity and thoracic cavity that pulls blood upward
3. One way venous ________ prevent blood backflow in veins. __________ veins result
if these valves break down.
G. Blood ________ - force exerted by the blood on inner vessel walls
1. BP is much higher in _________ & arterioles than in capillaries, venules, and veins
2. Arterial BP can be measured with a ______________meter and a stethoscope
3. Normal adult BP is about ___/___, where 120 mm Hg is the systolic pressure and 80
mm Hg is the diastolic pressure
a. _________ pressure is created by blood flow through arteries during ventricular
________ (contraction)
b. _________ pressure is a measurement of arterial pressure during ventricular
__________ (relaxation)
4. ______________ is an elevated BP, dangerous because of the damage to heart and
other vital organs caused by it
III. Principal ________ of the Body
A. ___________ trunk emerges from the R. ventricle and branches into L. and R.
pulmonary arteries that carry ___oxygenated blood to the lungs
B. The _______ is the largest artery in the body, emerging from the L. ventricle, then
branching into arteries of the head, arms, trunk, and legs in the following manner
C. The aortic _____ has three major branches: the brachiocephalic trunk, left common
carotid, & left subclavian arteries (_______)
1. ________________ trunk - first branch, supplies blood to the shoulder, arms, and
right side of head. This vessel branches into
a. Right _________________ artery - extends to the right neck & head. (Note:
“common” means that other vessels of the same name branch from the vessel)
b. Right ____________ artery - carries blood to the right shoulder & arm.
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D. Arteries of the Neck & Head
1. L. & R. ________ ________ arteries - both common carotid arteries are found on the
sides of the _______ and supply blood to the _______. They branch at the larynx into
the:
a. __________ carotid artery - enters the skull through the carotid canal to supply
the eye orbit & __________
b. ___________ carotid artery, which branches to the thyroid, larynx, tongue
(lingual), ______, scalp, & chewing (maxillary) muscles
2. ____________ arteries branch off the subclavian arteries and also supply blood to
the _______
E. Arteries of the Shoulder & Upper Extremity - major branches of the _____________
arteries include the
1. ________ A. - continuation of subclavian in the axillary region
2. ________ A. - continuation of axillary through the brachial area; on the medial
humerus, it is the most common site for determining ____. This artery branches into the
3. _______ & ________ arteries, which parallel their respective bones to the hand
F. The ________ _______ is a continuation of the aortic arch in the thoracic cavity, superior
to the diaphragm
G. Branches of the Descending Abdominal Aorta
1. The _________ _______ is the segment between the diaphragm & lumbar vertebrae,
where it branches into the L. & R. common iliac arteries. From the diaphragm
downward, major _________ of the abdominal aorta are:
2. _________ trunk - arises just inferior to the diaphragm, divides into 3 arteries:
a. _________ - to the spleen
b. Left _________ - to the stomach
c. Common _________ - to the liver
3. Superior ____________ artery - emerges inferior to the celiac trunk; supplies blood
to much of the small & large _________
4. ________ arteries (L. & R.) - supply kidneys with blood
5. _________ arteries (L. & R.) - supply blood to the gonads
6. Inferior __________ - last major branch of the abdominal aorta, supplies blood to the
_______ & rectum
7. ________ arteries branch off the length of the abdominal aorta to serve the muscles &
spinal cord in the lumbar region
H. Arteries of the Pelvis & Lower Extremities
1. The abdominal aorta divides into the L. & R. _______________ arteries, each of
which divides into
2. External & Internal ________ arteries
a. The ________ iliac branches to supply the gluteal muscles and pelvic organs
b. The ____________ iliac passes out of the pelvic cavity & branches into the
c. __________ artery, which branches into the
d. _______ femoral artery to the hamstrings
e. ___________ artery passes behind the knee, then divides into
f. Anterior & posterior _______ arteries, which supply blood to the crural region &
foot
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IV. Principal _______ of the Body
A. _________ veins bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to the L. atrium
B. Veins from the rest of the body converge into the superior & inferior ____________,
which empty into the R. atrium
C. Veins may be superficial and deep
1. _____________ veins may be seen through the skin
2. ______ veins often parallel principal _______ of the same name
D. Veins Draining the Head & Neck
1. External _________ veins (L. & R.) on lateral sides of the neck; they drain blood from
the scalp, ____, and neck, and empty into the
2. L. & R. __________ veins (posterior to the clavicles)
3. Internal _________ veins (L. & R.) drain blood from the brain, deep face & neck;
adjacent to common _______ arteries and ____ nerve. Internal jugulars converge with
the
4. ________________ veins (L. & R.), which merge to form the
5. Superior _____________, which drains into the R. atrium
E. Veins of the Upper Extremities
1. Toward the arm, the _______________ veins become the
2. R. & L. _____________ veins, which branch to form the
3. ___________ (medial) & cephalic (lateral) veins; the axillary branches into the
4. Basilic (medial) & _________ vein, which branches to form the
5. _________ & _________ veins
6. The median ________ vein courses diagonally across the inner elbow from the
cephalic vein (lateral) to the basilic vein (medial). The median cubital is often the site of
_______ withdrawal
F. Veins of the Lower Extremities
1. Posterior & anterior _______ veins originate in the foot and pass upward behind the
knee to form the
2. ___________ vein, above the knee this becomes the
3. ________ vein, which continues up the thigh and receives blood from the
4. _______ femoral vein near the groin. Above this point, the femoral vein receives the
5. Great ___________ vein, and then becomes the
6. __________ iliac vein, which merges with the
7. __________ iliac vein to form the
8. __________ iliac vein, left & right merge to form the
9. Inferior ___________
G. Veins of the Abdominal Region
1. The inferior ___________ parallels the abdominal _______
2. As the inferior vena cava ascends, it receives ___________ that correspond to adjacent
arteries previously described. These tributaries include
3. 4 paired ________ veins drain the posterior abdomen
4. ________ veins - drain blood from the kidneys & ureters
5. _________ veins drain blood from the gonads
6. R. & L. ________ veins take blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava
immediately below the diaphragm
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7. Blood from ________ organs must pass through capillaries in the _______ (via the
hepatic portal system) before passing to the hepatic veins
H. Hepatic __________ System - consists of veins that drain blood from capillaries in the
intestines, pancreas, spleen, and stomach, into liver capillaries (sinusoids)
1. Absorbed products of digestion must first pass through the ____ to be processed before
entering general circulation
2. The hepatic _________ _____ receives blood from the digestive organs and takes it to
the liver; it is formed by the union of the
a. Superior ___________ vein (from the small intestine)
b. _________ vein (from the spleen). The splenic vein has 3 tributaries:
1) Inferior ___________ - from the large intestine
2) ___________ vein - from the pancreas
3) ___________ vein - from the stomach
3. Note that the ________ receives blood from 2 sources:
a. The hepatic _______ supplies oxygen rich blood to the liver
b. The hepatic __________ vein transports nutrient rich blood from the digestive
organs for processing
V. Blood Vessel Disorders
A. ________sclerosis (hardening of the arteries) - thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial
walls
B. ________sclerosis - most common type of arteriosclerosis; the arterial tunica intima
thickens with atherosclerotic _________ that narrow and can eventually block the artery
lumen, causing
1. __________ if an artery to the brain is blocked
2. Myocardial __________ if a coronary artery is blocked
C. An ___________ is a bulge in an artery or vein that puts the vessel at risk of rupturing
1. May result from a congenital defect, ____________, or arteriosclerosis
2. Usually occurs in the abdominal ______ and arteries of the brain & kidneys
VI. Differences in Fetal Circulation
A. ________ Vessels to & from the Placenta
1. The _______ is a shared structure of the fetus and mother across which nutrients &
oxygen diffuse from mother to child and wastes & CO2 diffuse from fetus to mother
2. Paired _________ __________ branch from fetal internal iliac arteries and carry
___oxygenated blood to placenta to pick up oxygen & nutrients
3. A single ________ _____ returns oxygenated blood to the fetus’ hepatic portal vein or
through the _________________, where it proceeds into the hepatic veins, inferior vena
cava, and R. atrium.
4. At birth, the umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum _______; the ductus venosus
becomes the ligamentum __________
B. Shunts Away from the Pulmonary Circuit
1. Foramen ________ - hole (valve) in the interatrial septum that diverts some blood
from the R. atrium to the L. atrium; this closes at birth to become the fossa ________
2. Ductus ____________ - short artery that diverts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the
aorta; closes at birth to become the ligamentum _____________