Supplementary Information Table 1. Studies and individual numbers included in the analyses. Species performance was averaged within genera. Description Species Individuals Study 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay 30 Second Delay Detour Detour Detour Detour Detour Detour Detour Detour Detour Detour Invisible displacement Invisible displacement Invisible displacement Invisible displacement Invisible displacement Invisible displacement Invisible displacement Invisible displacement Invisible Cebus capucinus Cercocebus ayts Cercopithecus aethiops Cercopithecus mona Hylobates lar Varecia variegata Macaca fascicularis Macaca mulatta Macaca nemestrina Macaca sylvanus Mandrillus leucophaeus Mandrillus sphinx Mandrillus sphinx Pan troglodytes Papio cynocephalus Papio cynocephalus Papio hamadryas Papio papio Papio ursinus Pongo pygmaeus Lagothrix sp. Varecia variegata Cebus apella Cercopithecus nictitans Lagothrix sp. Lemur catta Macaca arctoides Macaca mulatta Macaca mulatta Macaca nemestrina Pan troglodytes Saimiri scuireus 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 2 4 4 4 8 1 7 1 7 Maslow and Harlow 1932 Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932 Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932 Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932 Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932 Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932 Tinklepaugh 1932 Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932 Maslow and Harlow 1932 Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932 Maslow and Harlow 1932 Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932 Maslow and Harlow 1932 Tinklepaugh 1932 Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932 Maslow and Harlow 1932 Maslow and Harlow 1932 Harlow, Uehling and Maslow Maslow and Harlow 1932 Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932 Maslow and Harlow 1932 Maslow and Harlow 1932 Davis and Leary 1968 Davis and Leary 1968 Davis and Leary 1968 Davis and Leary 1968 Davis and Leary 1968 Davis and Leary 1968 Davis et al 1957 Davis and Leary 1968 Davis et al 1957 Davis and Leary 1968 Cebus apella 3 Dumas and Brunet 1994 Gorilla gorilla 7 Barth and Call 2007 Gorilla gorilla 1 Natale et al 1986 Macaca fuscata 1 Natale et al 1986 Macaca mulatta 5 De Blois et al 1999 Pan paniscus 4 Barth and Call 2007 Pan troglodytes 2 Collier-Baker et al 2006 Pan troglodytes Pongo pygmaeus 7 7 Barth and Call 2006 De Blois et al 1998 displacement Invisible displacement Invisible displacement Invisible displacement Invisible displacement Learning sets Learning sets Learning sets Learning sets Learning sets Learning sets Learning sets Learning sets Learning sets Learning sets Learning sets Learning sets Learning sets Learning sets Learning sets Learning sets Learning sets Learning sets Learning sets Learning sets Learning sets Oddity Oddity Oddity Oddity Oddity Oddity Oddity Pongo pygmaeus 7 De Blois et al 1999 Pongo pygmaeus 6 Barth and Call 2007 Saguinus oedipus 8 Neiworth et al 2003 Saimiri scuireus Macaca mulatta Ateles geoffroyi Callithrix jacchus Cebus albifrons Cercocebus torquatus Eulemur macaco Gorilla gorilla Gorilla gorilla Lemur catta Macaca mulatta Macaca nemestrina Macaca nigra Macaca silenus Nycticebus coucang Pan paniscus Pan troglodytes Pan troglodytes Pongo pygmaeus Presbytis entellus Saimiri scuireus Saimiri scuireus Gorilla gorilla Macaca nemestrina Macaca nigra Macaca silenus Pan paniscus Pan troglodytes Pongo pygmaeus 9 4 3 3 6 Oddity Cebus apella 9 Oddity Cercopithecus nictitans 2 Oddity Lagothrix humboldti 4 Oddity Lemur catta 4 Oddity Macaca arctoides 5 Oddity Macaca mulatta 11 Oddity Macaca nemestrina 8 Oddity Reversal Reversal Reversal Reversal Reversal Saimiri sciureus Ateles geoffroyi Callithrix jacchus Cebus albifrons Gorilla gorilla Hylobates lar 8 3 2 3 15 6 De Blois et al 1998 Miles and Meyer 1956 Shell and Riopelle 1957 Miles and Meyer 1956 Shell and Riopelle 1957 Behar 1962 Cooper 1974 Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967 Fischer 1962 Ohta 1984 Manocha 1967 Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967 Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967 Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967 Ohta 1983 Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967 Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967 Hayes et al 1953 Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967 Manocha 1967 Shell and Riopelle 1957 Miles 1957 Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967 Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967 Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967 Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967 Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967 Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967 Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967 Davis, Leary Stevens Thompson 1967 Davis, Leary Stevens Thompson 1967 Davis, Leary Stevens Thompson 1967 Davis, Leary Stevens Thompson 1967 Davis, Leary Stevens Thompson 1967 Davis, Leary Stevens Thompson 1967 Davis, Leary Stevens Thompson 1967 Davis, Leary Stevens Thompson 1967 Crawford 1962 Cotterman et al 1955 Crawford 1962 Rumbaugh and Pate 1984 Rumbaugh and Pate 1984 7 5 6 2 2 2 6 1 5 5 4 3 3 4 2 1 2 1 3 3 Reversal Reversal Reversal Reversal Reversal Reversal Reversal Reverse reward Reverse reward Reverse reward Reverse reward Reverse reward Reverse reward Reverse reward Reverse reward Reverse reward Reverse reward Reverse reward Reverse reward Reverse reward String String String String String String String String String String String String String String String Lemur catta Macaca fascicularis Macaca mulatta Macaca mulatta Miopithecus talopoin Pan troglodytes Saimiri scuireus Cercocebus torquatus Eulemur fulvus Eulemur macaco Gorilla gorilla Macaca fuscata Macaca mulatta Pan paniscus Pan troglodytes Pan troglodytes Pongo pygmaeus Pongo pygmaeus Saguinus oedipus Saimiri scuireus Ateles geoffroyi Cebus capucinus Cercocebus torquatus Cercopithecus nictitans Gorilla gorilla Gorilla gorilla Macaca fascicularis Macaca mulatta Macaca mulatta Macaca nemestrina Mandrillus sphinx Mandrillus sphinx Pan troglodytes Papio cynocephalus Pongo pygmaeus 4 3 4 9 5 15 5 3 6 4 5 3 6 4 4 2 5 2 6 8 1 2 3 3 6 8 6 3 4 1 Rumbaugh and Pate 1984 Crawford 1962 Rumbaugh and Pate 1984 Meyer 1951 Rumbaugh and Pate 1984 Rumbaugh and Pate 1984 Rumbaugh and Pate 1984 Albiach-Serrano 2007 Genty et al 2001 Genty et al 2001 Vlamings, Uher, Call 2006 Silberberg and Fujita 1996 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