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Supplementary Information
Table 1. Studies and individual numbers included in the analyses. Species performance was averaged
within genera.
Description
Species
Individuals
Study
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
30 Second Delay
Detour
Detour
Detour
Detour
Detour
Detour
Detour
Detour
Detour
Detour
Invisible
displacement
Invisible
displacement
Invisible
displacement
Invisible
displacement
Invisible
displacement
Invisible
displacement
Invisible
displacement
Invisible
displacement
Invisible
Cebus capucinus
Cercocebus ayts
Cercopithecus aethiops
Cercopithecus mona
Hylobates lar
Varecia variegata
Macaca fascicularis
Macaca mulatta
Macaca nemestrina
Macaca sylvanus
Mandrillus leucophaeus
Mandrillus sphinx
Mandrillus sphinx
Pan troglodytes
Papio cynocephalus
Papio cynocephalus
Papio hamadryas
Papio papio
Papio ursinus
Pongo pygmaeus
Lagothrix sp.
Varecia variegata
Cebus apella
Cercopithecus nictitans
Lagothrix sp.
Lemur catta
Macaca arctoides
Macaca mulatta
Macaca mulatta
Macaca nemestrina
Pan troglodytes
Saimiri scuireus
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
2
4
4
4
8
1
7
1
7
Maslow and Harlow 1932
Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932
Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932
Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932
Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932
Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932
Tinklepaugh 1932
Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932
Maslow and Harlow 1932
Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932
Maslow and Harlow 1932
Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932
Maslow and Harlow 1932
Tinklepaugh 1932
Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932
Maslow and Harlow 1932
Maslow and Harlow 1932
Harlow, Uehling and Maslow
Maslow and Harlow 1932
Harlow, Uehling and Maslow 1932
Maslow and Harlow 1932
Maslow and Harlow 1932
Davis and Leary 1968
Davis and Leary 1968
Davis and Leary 1968
Davis and Leary 1968
Davis and Leary 1968
Davis and Leary 1968
Davis et al 1957
Davis and Leary 1968
Davis et al 1957
Davis and Leary 1968
Cebus apella
3
Dumas and Brunet 1994
Gorilla gorilla
7
Barth and Call 2007
Gorilla gorilla
1
Natale et al 1986
Macaca fuscata
1
Natale et al 1986
Macaca mulatta
5
De Blois et al 1999
Pan paniscus
4
Barth and Call 2007
Pan troglodytes
2
Collier-Baker et al 2006
Pan troglodytes
Pongo pygmaeus
7
7
Barth and Call 2006
De Blois et al 1998
displacement
Invisible
displacement
Invisible
displacement
Invisible
displacement
Invisible
displacement
Learning sets
Learning sets
Learning sets
Learning sets
Learning sets
Learning sets
Learning sets
Learning sets
Learning sets
Learning sets
Learning sets
Learning sets
Learning sets
Learning sets
Learning sets
Learning sets
Learning sets
Learning sets
Learning sets
Learning sets
Learning sets
Oddity
Oddity
Oddity
Oddity
Oddity
Oddity
Oddity
Pongo pygmaeus
7
De Blois et al 1999
Pongo pygmaeus
6
Barth and Call 2007
Saguinus oedipus
8
Neiworth et al 2003
Saimiri scuireus
Macaca mulatta
Ateles geoffroyi
Callithrix jacchus
Cebus albifrons
Cercocebus torquatus
Eulemur macaco
Gorilla gorilla
Gorilla gorilla
Lemur catta
Macaca mulatta
Macaca nemestrina
Macaca nigra
Macaca silenus
Nycticebus coucang
Pan paniscus
Pan troglodytes
Pan troglodytes
Pongo pygmaeus
Presbytis entellus
Saimiri scuireus
Saimiri scuireus
Gorilla gorilla
Macaca nemestrina
Macaca nigra
Macaca silenus
Pan paniscus
Pan troglodytes
Pongo pygmaeus
9
4
3
3
6
Oddity
Cebus apella
9
Oddity
Cercopithecus nictitans
2
Oddity
Lagothrix humboldti
4
Oddity
Lemur catta
4
Oddity
Macaca arctoides
5
Oddity
Macaca mulatta
11
Oddity
Macaca nemestrina
8
Oddity
Reversal
Reversal
Reversal
Reversal
Reversal
Saimiri sciureus
Ateles geoffroyi
Callithrix jacchus
Cebus albifrons
Gorilla gorilla
Hylobates lar
8
3
2
3
15
6
De Blois et al 1998
Miles and Meyer 1956
Shell and Riopelle 1957
Miles and Meyer 1956
Shell and Riopelle 1957
Behar 1962
Cooper 1974
Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967
Fischer 1962
Ohta 1984
Manocha 1967
Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967
Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967
Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967
Ohta 1983
Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967
Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967
Hayes et al 1953
Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967
Manocha 1967
Shell and Riopelle 1957
Miles 1957
Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967
Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967
Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967
Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967
Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967
Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967
Rumbaugh and McCormick 1967
Davis, Leary Stevens Thompson
1967
Davis, Leary Stevens Thompson
1967
Davis, Leary Stevens Thompson
1967
Davis, Leary Stevens Thompson
1967
Davis, Leary Stevens Thompson
1967
Davis, Leary Stevens Thompson
1967
Davis, Leary Stevens Thompson
1967
Davis, Leary Stevens Thompson
1967
Crawford 1962
Cotterman et al 1955
Crawford 1962
Rumbaugh and Pate 1984
Rumbaugh and Pate 1984
7
5
6
2
2
2
6
1
5
5
4
3
3
4
2
1
2
1
3
3
Reversal
Reversal
Reversal
Reversal
Reversal
Reversal
Reversal
Reverse reward
Reverse reward
Reverse reward
Reverse reward
Reverse reward
Reverse reward
Reverse reward
Reverse reward
Reverse reward
Reverse reward
Reverse reward
Reverse reward
Reverse reward
String
String
String
String
String
String
String
String
String
String
String
String
String
String
String
Lemur catta
Macaca fascicularis
Macaca mulatta
Macaca mulatta
Miopithecus talopoin
Pan troglodytes
Saimiri scuireus
Cercocebus torquatus
Eulemur fulvus
Eulemur macaco
Gorilla gorilla
Macaca fuscata
Macaca mulatta
Pan paniscus
Pan troglodytes
Pan troglodytes
Pongo pygmaeus
Pongo pygmaeus
Saguinus oedipus
Saimiri scuireus
Ateles geoffroyi
Cebus capucinus
Cercocebus torquatus
Cercopithecus nictitans
Gorilla gorilla
Gorilla gorilla
Macaca fascicularis
Macaca mulatta
Macaca mulatta
Macaca nemestrina
Mandrillus sphinx
Mandrillus sphinx
Pan troglodytes
Papio cynocephalus
Pongo pygmaeus
4
3
4
9
5
15
5
3
6
4
5
3
6
4
4
2
5
2
6
8
1
2
3
3
6
8
6
3
4
1
Rumbaugh and Pate 1984
Crawford 1962
Rumbaugh and Pate 1984
Meyer 1951
Rumbaugh and Pate 1984
Rumbaugh and Pate 1984
Rumbaugh and Pate 1984
Albiach-Serrano 2007
Genty et al 2001
Genty et al 2001
Vlamings, Uher, Call 2006
Silberberg and Fujita 1996
Murray, Kralik, Wise 2005
Vlamings, Uher, Call 2006
Vlamings, Uher, Call 2006
Boysen and Berntson 1995
Vlamings, Uher, Call 2006
Schumaker et al 2001
Kralik, Hauser, Zimlicki 2002
Anderson, Awazu,Fujita 2000
Harlow and Settlage 1934
Harlow and Settlage 1934
Harlow and Settlage 1934
Balasch et al 1974
Fischer and Kitchener 1965
Riesen et al 1953
Harlow and Settlage 1934
Harlow and Settlage 1934
Riopelle et al 1964
Harlow and Settlage 1934
Harlow and Settlage 1934
Balasch et al 1974
Finch 1941
Harlow and Settlage 1934
Fischer and Kitchener 1965
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