Anatomy & Physiology 34A
Lecture Outline Chapter 4- Tissues
I.
Overview
A. Definition & Classification of Tissues
B. Epithelium
C. Connective Tissue
D. Muscle
E. Nervous Tissue
F. Tissue Growth, Death & Repair
II. Definition & Classification of Tissues
A. __________: group of closely associated similar cells that perform related functions
B. ___________ - the study of tissues
C. Four major body _________ types:
1. ___________ tissue ______ body surfaces; _______ hollow body tubes, body cavities
and ducts; and forms glands.
2.
_________ tissue protects and supports the body and its organs, ___________ organs
together, stores energy reserves as fat, provides immunity.
3.
__________ tissue contracts and is responsible for __________ and generation of
force and heat.
4.
Nervous tissue initiates and transmits electrical nerve impulses from one body part to
another; controls body functions
D. Body tissues are formed from 3 embryonic germ layers:
1. Ectoderm – outer layer that becomes the epidermis (epithelium) and nervous system
2. Endoderm – inner layer that becomes mucous membranes (epithelium) of the
digestive, urinary, and respiratory systems
3. Mesoderm – middle layer that becomes muscle, connective tissues, and epithelium
lining body cavities and blood vessels
III. _____________ - includes ___________ (covering and lining), common to skin, linings of
blood vessels, organs, and ____________ epithelium found in glands.
A. Features of epithelial tissues:
1. ___________ or “free” surface is open to an exterior, body cavity, or lining of an
internal organ.
2.
__________ surface is attached to a connective tissue ________ _________
composed of a basal lamina and a deeper reticular layer.
3.
4.
Many cell __________ are present, binding cells to each other
5.
6.
7.
They have a __________ supply
They are _____________; exchange of materials between epithelium and adjacent
connective tissues is by diffusion.
They usually have a high ________ rate
Cancerous epithelial tissues are called carcinomas
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B. _____________ of Membranous Epithelia
1. _____________ from pathogens, physical injury, toxins, and dessication (e.g., in the
epidermis)
2. ______________ – microvilli in GI tract lining absorb nutrients and water
3. ____________ – special mucous and serous membrane cells secrete lubricating fluids
4. _______________ – kidney tubules excrete nitrogenous wastes from the body
5. __________________ – cilia on cells in lungs and reproductive tract move particles
6. _______________ - neuroepithelium in taste buds and nasal areas has a
chemoreceptor function
C. Epithelial tissues are classified by their cell shape and number of layers
1.
Epithelial cell ___________ include:
a. __________ - ______, tile-like; thin cells, usually with large nuclei; allow
substances to diffuse rapidly through these cells.
b. __________ - cube-shaped cells are thicker, adapted for __________ (release of a
fluid by cell) and _____________ (intake of fluids or other substances by cell).
c. ___________ - tall, __________ cells able to protect underlying tissues; again
adapted for absorption and secretion; may have ______ or ______________
extensions on the apical surface
d. ______________ - may look squamous, cuboidal, or columnar under different
conditions (e. g., in urinary bladder)
2.
Epithelial cell ____________ include:
a.
___________ - one layer of cells. Found in areas of diffusion, osmosis, filtration,
secretion, and absorption.
b.
___________ - two or more layers. Protects underlying tissues from wear and
tear.
c.
_______________ - simple columnar layer that looks like it’s stratified but nuclei
are not on the same level, nor do all cells reach the apical surface.
D. Epithelial Tissue _________
1. ____________ Epithelium
a. _____________ - one layer of flat, tile-like cells
1) Found in areas with little _______ and tear
2) Functions include __________ & ___________ in lungs & kidneys, osmosis
& secretion in serous membranes.
3) _______________ lines heart and blood vessels
4) _______________ lines thoracic and pelvic cavities and covers organs within
them.
b.
______________ - one layer of cube-like cells
1) Adapted for ___________ and _____________
2) Found covering the ovaries, in __________ and eyes, and lining some
glandular ducts
c.
_____________ (nonciliated) - one layer of nonciliated, rectangular cells.
1) Lines most of the ____ tract, where specialized cells with ____________
perform absorption and _________ cells secret mucus.
2) Forms glandular _______ and found in gall bladder.
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d.
2.
3.
Columnar (___________) - Found in _________ tubes, uterus, paranasal sinuses,
and central canal of spinal cord. Associated _______ move fluids or particles.
_____________ Epithelium - has 2 or more layers of cells; has a ___________
function that is enhanced by rapid cell divisions; classified according to the shape of
the ___________ cells
a.
__________ SE- has a variable number of cell layers that are flattest at the
surface; _______ occurs at the deepest layers and new cells move to the surface;
two types of this tissue include:
1) _____________ SSE - contains tough keratin protein; makes up the outer
layer of skin (____________); makes skin somewhat waterproof and protects
from bacteria
2) _______________ SSE - lines the ______ and nasal cavities, pharynx, vagina,
and anal canal; withstands moderate abrasion but not fluid loss
b.
__________ SE - mostly 2-3 layers of cuboidal cells; lines sweat gland ducts,
salivary glands, and the _________
c.
__________ SE - superficial cells are columnar, deeper cells are irregular;
functions in protection and ________; found in some _____, the conjunctiva, part
of urethra, and anus lining
d.
______________ E - similar to nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium,
except the surface cells are _________ rather than flat; lines urinary ___________
and ureters; specialized for _____________
________________ Columnar Epithelium - appears stratified because nuclei are at
different levels; contains many _________ cells and may have a ciliated apical
surface.
a.
___________ PSE lines ______ and bronchial tubes; cilia move foreign particles
in mucus from lower respiratory sys.
b.
__________ PSE lines male sperm ducts & large gland ducts
F. _______________ Epithelia
1. ___________ are categorized as either endocrine or exocrine
a. ___________ glands are _______ and secrete their hormones into the blood or
surrounding extracellular fluid
b.
___________ glands are connected to the epithelium by ____ and secrete their
products onto body surfaces or into body cavities. The two major types of
____________ glands are:
1) Unicellular glands - ________-celled glands, such as _______ cells; these are
found in linings of the respiratory and digestive systems; cells secrete
________ to lubricate and protect the linings
2) _____________ glands - composed of both secretory cells and cells of duct
walls; may be classified as simple or compound, by the shape of their
secretory portion, or according to the way they release their product
a) ____________ glands- secrete a watery substance via exocytosis; includes
salivary, pancreatic, and some sweat glands
b) _____________ glands – secrete a milky substance via exocytosis;
includes some sweat glands
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c) _____________ glands – cells accumulate a product, then burst to release
the product (e.g., sebaceous glands)
IV. Connective tissues (___) – most abundant tissue; binds other body tissues together,
protects, and provides for the metabolic needs of body organs
A. __________________ of connective tissues include:
1. Most are highly ____________ (except cartilage, tendons, and ligaments)
2. They are composed of many _______ types including:
a. _______________ - most common cell type in CT, secretes collagenous, elastic,
and reticular fibers
3.
b.
c.
__________________ - fat cells
d.
e.
f.
g.
Erythrocytes - _____ blood cells (RBCs)
________ cells - dispersed throughout CT surrounding blood vessels; they
produce _____________ (an anticoagulant) and ________________, which is a
vasodilator
Leucocytes - _______ blood cells (WBCs)
_______________ - phagocytic WBC derived from monocytes
___________ cells – WBC derived from B-lymphocytes
They have a lot of noncellular ___________ between the cells. This extracellular
matrix (_____) has two components:
a.
____________ substance composed mainly of proteoglycans and polysaccharides
(e.g.: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate); may be liquid, semisolid, gel-like, or
hard
b.
Protein __________ provide support and include collagen (white), elastic
(yellow), and reticular (fine collagenic) fibers
B. ____________ syndrome is a genetic disorder of connective tissue
1. ______________ protein in elastic fibers is defective
2. Results in ________-jointedness, long limbs, fingers and toes, visual problems, and
weakened blood vessels (esp. the ___________)
C. The major ____________ of CT include:
1. Embryonic ____________- undifferentiated tissue from which other CTs are derived
2. Connective tissue ___________ - areolar, adipose, reticular; regular, irregular, and
elastic dense fibrous CT
D.
3.
4.
5.
____________ - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
1.
________ __________ Connective tissue, which has 3 types
________ (osseous) tissue
________
Connective Tissue ___________ includes:
a.
_________ CT - has gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells are fibroblasts,
macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, other WBCs, & adipocytes. Locations
include:
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1) Composes ________ that binds the skin to underlying muscle and is highly
2)
3)
2.
vascular
Surrounds blood ____________ and nerves
Wraps & cushions _________
b.
_____________ tissue - contains numerous adipocytes
1) Functions in _________ reserve, support and protection of organs
2) Found in skin __________, around kidneys, heart surface, omentum, around
joints, in women’s breasts
c.
Reticular CT - has a network of _____________ fibers in a gel matrix and
phagocytic cells; found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen
_________ ____________ CT also has 3 types:
a.
__________ - composed primarily of parallel collagen fibers and some
fibroblasts; found in _________ that attach muscle to bone and ______________
that attach bone to bone
b.
_____________ - mostly irregularly arranged collagen fibers and some
fibroblasts; found in skin ________, submucosa of the GI tract, and fibrous
capsules of organs and joints
c.
Elastic - has yellowish, irregular __________ fibers; found in large artery walls,
larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes
D. ________ - has a semisolid matrix (chondroitin sulfate) containing collagen or elastic
fibers and _________cytes; it is surrounded by a __________________ (of dense
irregular connective tissue)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Chondro__________ produce the matrix and give rise to chondrocytes
Chondro____ occur within spaces called lacunae in the matrix
Chondro________ break down cartilage
Cartilage has no ________ vessels or nerves
Three major _________ of cartilage are:
a.
___________ C. - most abundant cartilage in body; has fine collagen fibers in a
______ matrix
1) Found in embryonic skeleton, at ends of bones, _________ cartilage, in
_______, and in respiratory structures
2) Allows smooth movement at ________, provides support.
b.
_________cartilage - contains bundles of collagen in matrix
1) Found in pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, and _____ menisci – areas
subject to compression
2) Acts as a “shock absorber”
c.
____________ C. - contains elastic fibers in the matrix
1) Found in ext. _____, epiglottis, Eustachian tubes
2) Provides flexible support and maintains ________
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E. Bone (__________ tissue) - has a ________ matrix containing calcium phosphate and
collagen fibers and cells called _____cytes; surrounded by a peri___________ of fibrous
CT
a.
Osteo_______ build bone tissue and give rise to osteocytes; osteo________ break
down bone
b.
_________ (Haversian system) is basic unit of compact bone, consists of a central
__________ canal surrounded by _______ rings interspersed with ____________
containing ______cytes; _____________ extend between lacunae to connect
osteocytes
c.
Functions: supports, protects, stores __________, houses blood forming tissue (bone
marrow).
F. _________ (vascular tissue) - has liquid matrix called _________ and formed elements
that include:
1.
_________cytes - RBCs lack a nucleus; function to transport O2 to cells and CO2
away from cells
2.
_________cytes – WBCs have a nucleus; involved in phagocytosis, allergic
reactions, and immunity
3.
4.
_____________ - cell fragments that function in blood clotting.
Cancers of WBCs are called leukemia
G. _____________ - epithelial layer + underlying connective tissue = epithelial membrane.
1. _________ M. - lines tubes that open to the exterior (i.e., digestive, respiratory, and
urogenital tracts); underlying connective tissue is called ________ _______; secretes
mucus
2.
___________ M. - (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum) lines body cavities
(____________) that do not open to exterior and covers organs (____________)
within the cavities; secretes serous fluid.
3.
__________ M. - line joint cavities, bursae, and tendon sheaths; do not contain
epithelium; secrete lubricating _________ fluid.
V. ____________ Tissue contractile tissues; consists of 3 types:
A. __________Muscle - multinucleated, _________, cylindrical fiber that form fascicle
bundles
1.
2.
Spans joints of skeleton via ___________
Function is ______________ movement of the skeleton.
B. __________ Muscle - Branched, striated fiber, each with a single nucleus and
__________ ___________ between cells
1.
2.
Found in __________ wall
Function in _________________, rhythmic heart contractions
C. ___________ Muscle - elongated, spindle-shaped cell fibers with a single nucleus
(nonstriated)
1.
2.
Found in walls of hollow internal _________
Function in _____________ movements of internal tubes (digestive, respiratory, and
urinary tracts)
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VI. ___________ Tissue
is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and is composed of
neurons and neuroglia
A. ____________ have long processes that extend from their cell body
1. Cell __________ contains most of the cellular organelles
2. ________________ are processes that receive and respond to stimuli
3. ___________ is a single process that transmits nerve impulses away from the cell
body to other cells and organs
B. ______________ (glial cells) are smaller cells that nourish, insulate, and support neurons
VII. Tissue Growth, Development, Death, & Repair
A. ___________ in Tissue Type – some tissues can change from one form to another
1. _____________________ occurs in the embryo when mesenchyme tissue becomes
specialized into other tissue types
2. ______________ is the change of one mature tissue type to another, as when cuboidal
epithelium lining a girl’s vagina changes to stratified squamous epithelium at puberty
B. Tissue Growth
1. Hyper_________ is tissue growth via mitotic cell division, as in the growth of a child
2. Hyper____________ is the enlargement of existing cells, such as muscle cell growth
during exercise
3. __________________ is the development of a tumor (neoplasm), benign or malignant,
composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue
C. Tissue Shrinkage & Death
1. ______________ is the shrinkage of a tissue via loss in cell mass or number
2. _______________ is the death of tissue due to trauma, toxins, infection, etc.
a. ________________ is tissue necrosis due to an insufficient blood supply
b. ________ gangrene is necrosis of a wound resulting from infection by Clostridium
bacteria
c. ________________ is the sudden death of tissue that occurs when its blood supply
is cut off (e.g., myocardial infarction)
d. _______________ ulcer (bed sore) occurs when continual pressure to an area cuts
off blood flow to part of the body
D. Tissue ______________ can occur in two ways, regeneration and fibrosis
1. _______________ – replacement of dead or damaged cells by new cells identical to the
original cells. (e.g., repair of minor skin injuries and liver damage)
2. _____________ is the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, which holds an
organ together but does not restore its function. (e.g., repair of severe cuts and burns)
3. _____________ of cut healing involve inflammation, fibrosis and regeneration:
a. Bleeding in the cut causes mast cells to release ______________, which increases
blood flow and makes capillaries “leaky”
b. Blood plasma carries antibodies, _______ proteins, and blood cells into the wound
c. A blood ________ forms and hardens into a scab over the wound.
d. _________________ clean up tissue debris under the scab
e. New capillaries and fibroblasts form a soft mass called ________________ tissue
under the scab
f. ______________ occurs as macrophages dissolve the blood clot, while fibro_____
deposit collagen to replace it
g. __________________ takes place as epithelial cells multiply beneath the scab, and
the scab sloughs off.
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